George H. W. Bush
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This article is about the 41st U.S. president. For the 43rd U.S. president, see George W. Bush. For other persons of the same name, see George Bush (disambiguation).
| George H. W. Bush | |
 | |
| | |
|---|---|
| In office January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 | |
| Vice President | Dan Quayle |
| Preceded by | Ronald Reagan |
| Succeeded by | Bill Clinton |
| | |
| In office January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989 | |
| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | Walter Mondale |
| Succeeded by | Dan Quayle |
| Director of the Council on Foreign Relations | |
| In office 1977–1979 | |
| | |
| In office January 30, 1976 – January 20, 1977 | |
| President | Gerald Ford |
| Preceded by | William E. Colby |
| Succeeded by | Adm. Stansfield Turner |
| | |
| In office September 26, 1974 – December 7, 1975 | |
| President | Gerald Ford |
| Preceded by | David K. E. Bruce |
| Succeeded by | Thomas S. Gates, Jr. |
| | |
| In office 1973–1974 | |
| Preceded by | Bob Dole |
| Succeeded by | Mary Louise Smith |
| | |
| In office 1971–1973 | |
| President | Richard Nixon |
| Preceded by | Charles W. Yost |
| Succeeded by | John A. Scali |
| Member of the United States House of Representatives from Texas's 7th congressional district | |
| In office January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1971 | |
| Preceded by | John V. Dowdy |
| Succeeded by | Bill Archer |
| | |
| Born | June 12, 1924 Milton, Massachusetts |
| Birth name | George Herbert Walker Bush |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Barbara Pierce Bush |
| Children | George Walker Bush Pauline Robinson Bush John Ellis Bush Neil Mallon Bush Marvin Pierce Bush Dorothy Bush Koch |
| Alma mater | Yale University (B.A.) |
| Occupation | Businessman (oil) |
| Religion | Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States |
| Signature |  |
| Website | George Bush Presidential Library and Museum |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1942–45 |
| Rank | Lieutenant (junior grade) |
| Unit | Fast Carrier Task Force |
| Awards | Distinguished Flying Cross Air Medal (3) Presidential Unit Citation |
Bush was born in Massachusetts to Senator and New York Banker Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attacks on Pearl Harbor in 1941, at the age of 18, Bush postponed going to college and became the youngest aviator in the US Navy at the time.[1] He served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, becoming a millionaire by the age of 40.
He became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives, among other positions. He ran unsuccessfully for president of the United States in 1980, but was chosen by party nominee Ronald Reagan to be the vice presidential nominee, and the two were subsequently elected. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation and fighting drug abuse.
In 1988, Bush launched a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as president, defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency; military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf at a time of world change; the Berlin Wall fell in 1989 and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and after a struggle with Congress, signed an increase in taxes that Congress had passed. In the wake of economic concerns, he lost the 1992 presidential election to Democrat Bill Clinton.
Bush is the father of George W. Bush, the 43rd President of the United States, and Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida. He is the last president to have been a World War II veteran. Until the election of his son George W. Bush to the presidency in 2000, Bush was commonly referred to simply as "George Bush"; since that time, the form "George H.W. Bush", "Bush41", or "George Bush, Sr." has come into common use as a way to distinguish the father from the son.
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Early years
Bush began his formal education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich.[3] Beginning in 1936, he attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts,[3] where he held a large number of leadership positions including being the president of the senior class and secretary of the student council, president of the community fund-raising group, a member of the editorial board of the school newspaper, and captain of both the varsity baseball and soccer teams.[4]
World War II
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join the US Navy,[1] so after graduating from Phillips Academy earlier in 1942,[4] he became a naval aviator at the age of 18.[3] After completing the 10-month course, he was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Naval Reserve at Corpus Christi, Texas on June 9, 1943, just three days before his 19th birthday, which made him the youngest naval aviator to that date.[1]He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron (VT-51) as the photographic officer in September 1943.[1] The following year, his squadron was based on the USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, where his lanky physique earned him the nickname 'Skin'.[5] During this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II: the Battle of the Philippine Sea.[1]
After Bush's promotion to Lieutenant Junior Grade on August 1, the San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands. Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima.[6] His crew for the mission, which occurred on September 2, 1944, included Radioman Second Class John Delaney and Lieutenant Junior Grade William White.[1] During their attack, the Avengers encountered intense anti-aircraft fire; Bush's aircraft was hit by flak[7] and his engine caught on fire.[1] Despite his plane being on fire, Bush completed his attack and released bombs over his target, scoring several damaging hits.[1] With his engine afire, Bush flew several miles from the island, where he and one other crew member on the TBM Avenger bailed out of the aircraft;[7] the other man's parachute did not open.[1] It has not been determined which man bailed out with Bush[1] as both Delaney and White were killed as a result of the battle.[7] Bush waited for four hours in an inflated raft, while several fighters circled protectively overhead until he was rescued by the lifeguard submarine USS Finback.[1] For the next month he remained on the Finback, and participated in the rescue of other pilots.
Because of his valuable combat experience, Bush was reassigned to Norfolk Navy Base and put in a training wing for new torpedo pilots. He was later assigned as a naval aviator in a new torpedo squadron, VT-153. Upon the Japanese surrender in 1945, Bush was honorably discharged in September of that year.
Marriage and college years
George Bush married Barbara Pierce on January 6, 1945, only weeks after his return from the Pacific. Their marriage produced six children: George Walker Bush (born 1946), Pauline Robinson Bush ("Robin", 1949–1953, died of leukemia), John Ellis "Jeb" Bush (born 1953), Neil Mallon Bush (born 1955), Marvin Pierce Bush (born 1956), and Dorothy Bush Koch (born 1959).[8]Bush had been accepted to Yale University prior to his enlistment in the military,[9] and took up the offer after his discharge and marriage. While at Yale, he was enrolled in an accelerated program that allowed him to graduate in two and a half years, rather than four.[9] He was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and was elected president. He also captained the Yale baseball team, and as a left-handed first baseman, played in the first two College World Series.[9] As the team captain, Bush met Babe Ruth before a game during his senior year. Late in his junior year he was, like his father Prescott Bush (1917), initiated into the Skull and Bones secret society. He graduated as a member of the Phi Beta Kappa from Yale in 1948 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics.[10]
Oil ventures
After graduating from Yale, Bush moved his family to West Texas. His father's business connections proved useful when he ventured into the oil business, starting as a sales clerk[11] with Dresser Industries,[12] a subsidiary of Brown Brothers Harriman. His father had served on the board of directors there for 22 years. Bush started the Bush-Overby Oil Development company in 1951[13] and co-founded the Zapata Petroleum Corporation, an oil company which drilled in the Permian Basin in Texas, two years later. He was named president of the Zapata Offshore Company, a subsidiary which specialized in offshore drilling, in 1954.[11] The subsidiary became independent in 1958, so Bush moved the company from Midland, Texas to Houston.[12] He continued serving as president of the company until 1964, and later chairman until 1966, but his ambitions turned political.[12] By that time, Bush had become a millionaire.[11]Political career (1964–1980)
Congressional years
Bush served as Chairman of the Republican Party for Harris County, Texas in 1964, but wanted to be more involved in policy making, so he set his stakes high: he aimed for a US Senate seat from Texas.[12] After winning the Republican primary, Bush faced his opponent, incumbent Democrat Ralph W. Yarborough. Yarborough attacked Bush as a right-wing extremist, and Bush lost the general election. Bush's ticket mate, Jack Crichton of Dallas, lost by a much wider margin in the same election to Governor John B. Connally, Jr. Bush and Crichton had shared some of the same podiums in the campaign.[14]
In 1970, Nixon convinced Bush to relinquish his House seat to again run for the Senate against Ralph Yarborough, a fierce Nixon critic. In the Republican primary, Bush easily defeated conservative Robert J. Morris, by a margin of 87.6 percent to 12.4 percent.[17] However, former Congressman Lloyd Bentsen, a more moderate Democrat and native of Mission in south Texas, defeated Yarborough in the Democratic primary.[11] Yarborough then endorsed Bentsen, who defeated Bush, 53.4 to 46.6 percent.[18] Nixon came to Texas to campaign in Longview for Bush and his gubernatorial ticket-mate, Paul Eggers, a Dallas lawyer who was a close friend of U.S. Senator John G. Tower.[19]
1970s
Ambassador to the United Nations
Following his 1970 loss, Bush was well known as a prominent Republican businessman from the "Sun Belt", a group of states in the Southern part of the country.[11] Nixon noticed and appreciated the sacrifice Bush had made of his Congressional position,[12] so he appointed him Ambassador to the United Nations.[10] He was confirmed unanimously by the Senate, and served for two years, beginning in 1971.[12]Chairman of the Republican National Committee
Amidst the Watergate scandal, Nixon asked Bush to become chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1973.[10] Bush accepted, and held this position when the popularity of both Nixon and the Republican Party plummeted.[20] He defended Nixon steadfastly, but later as Nixon's complicity became clear, Bush focused more on defending the Republican Party, while still maintaining loyalty to Nixon.[12] As chairman, Bush formally requested that Nixon eventually resign for the good of the Republican party.[12] Nixon did this on August 9, 1974; Bush noted in his diary that "There was an aura of sadness, like somebody died... The [resignation] speech was vintage Nixon—a kick or two at the press—enormous strains. One couldn't help but look at the family and the whole thing and think of his accomplishments and then think of the shame... [ Ford's swearing-in offered] indeed a new spirit, a new lift."[21]Envoy to China
Gerald Ford, Nixon's successor, appointed Bush to be Chief of the US Liaison Office in the People's Republic of China. Since the United States at the time maintained official relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan and not the People's Republic of China, the Liaison Office did not have the official status of an embassy and Bush did not formally hold the position of "ambassador", though he unofficially acted as one. The time that he spent in China — 14 months — was seen as largely beneficial for US-Chinese relations.[12]After Ford's accession to the presidency, Bush was under serious consideration for being nominated as Vice President. Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona declined to be considered and endorsed Bush, who, along with his supporters, reportedly mounted an internal campaign to get a nomination.[citation needed] Ford eventually narrowed his list to Nelson Rockefeller and Bush. However, White House Chief of Staff Donald Rumsfeld reportedly preferred Rockefeller over Bush.[22] Rockefeller was finally named and confirmed.
Director of Central Intelligence
In 1976, Ford brought Bush back to Washington to become Director of Central Intelligence. He served in this role for 357 days, from January 30, 1976 to January 20, 1977.[23] The CIA had been rocked by a series of revelations, including those based on investigations by the Church Committee regarding illegal and unauthorized activities by the CIA, and Bush was credited with helping to restore the agency's morale.[24] In his capacity as DCI, Bush gave national security briefings to Jimmy Carter both as a Presidential candidate and as President-elect, and discussed the possibility of remaining in that position in a Carter administration[25] but it was not to be.Other positions
After a Democratic administration took power in 1977, Bush became chairman on the Executive Committee of the First International Bank in Houston.[26] He later spent a year as a part-time professor of Administrative Science at Rice University's Jones School of Business beginning in 1978, the year it opened;[27] Bush said of his time there, "I loved my brief time in the world of academia."[27] Between 1977 and 1979, he was a director of the Council on Foreign Relations foreign policy organization.[28]1980 presidential campaign
In the primary election, Bush focused almost entirely on the Iowa caucuses, while Reagan ran a more traditional campaign.[22] Bush represented the centrist wing in the GOP, whereas Reagan represented conservatives. Bush famously labeled Reagan's supply side-influenced plans for massive tax cuts "voodoo economics". His strategy proved useful, to some degree, as he won in Iowa with 31.5 percent to Reagan's 29.4 percent.[22] After the win, Bush stated that his campaign was full of momentum, or "Big Mo".[22] As a result of the loss, Reagan replaced his campaign manager, reorganized his staff, and concentrated on the New Hampshire primary. The two men agreed to a debate in the state, organized by the Nashua Telegraph, but paid for by the Reagan campaign. Reagan invited the other four candidates as well, but Bush refused to debate them, and eventually they left.[22] The debate proved to be a pivotal moment in the campaign; when the moderator, John Breene, ordered Reagan's microphone turned off, his angry response, "I am paying for this microphone Mr. Greene", [sic] struck a chord with the public.[22] Bush ended up losing New Hampshire's primary with 23 percent to Reagan's 50 percent.[22] Bush lost most of the remaining primaries as well, and formally dropped out of the race in May of that year.[22]
With his political future seeming dismal, Bush sold his house in Houston and bought his grandfather's estate in Kennebunkport, Maine, known as "Walker's Point".[29] At the Republican Convention, however, Reagan selected Bush as his Vice Presidential nominee, placing him on the winning Republican presidential ticket of 1980.
Vice Presidency (1981–1989)
See also: Presidency of Ronald Reagan
First Term (1981–1985)
As Vice President, Bush generally took on a low profile while recognizing the constitutional limits of the office; he avoided decision-making or criticizing Reagan in any way.[22] As had become customary, he and his wife moved into the Vice President's residence at Number One Observatory Circle, about two miles from the White House. The Bushes attended a large number of public and ceremonial events in their positions, including many state funerals, which became a common joke for comedians.[22] Mrs. Bush found the funerals largely beneficial, saying, "George met with many current or future heads of state at the funerals he attended, enabling him to forge personal relationships that were important to President Reagan."[22] As the President of the Senate, Bush stayed in contact with members of Congress, and kept the president informed on occurrences on Capitol Hill.[22]
Bush was assigned by Reagan to chair two special task forces, on deregulation and international drug smuggling. The deregulation task force reviewed hundreds of rules, making specific recommendations on which ones to amend or revise, in order to curb the size of the federal government. The drug smuggling task force coordinated federal efforts to reduce the quantity of drugs entering the US. Both were popular issues with conservatives, and Bush, largely a moderate, began courting them through his work.[22]
Second Term (1985–1989)
Reagan and Bush ran for reelection in 1984. The Democratic opponent, Walter Mondale, made history by choosing a woman as his running mate, New York Representative Geraldine Ferraro. She and Bush squared off in a single televised Vice Presidential debate.[30] Serving as a contrast to the Ivy-League educated Bush, Ferraro represented a "blue-collar" district in Queens, New York; this, coupled with her popularity among female journalists, left Bush at a disadvantage.[22] However, the Reagan-Bush ticket won in a landslide against the Mondale-Ferraro ticket.Early into his second term as Vice President, Bush and his aides were planning a run for the presidency in 1988. By the end of 1985, a committee had been established and over two million dollars raised for Bush.[22] Bush became the first Vice President to become Acting President when, on July 13, 1985, Reagan underwent surgery to remove polyps from his colon. Bush served as Acting President for approximately eight hours.
The administration was shaken by a scandal in 1986, when it was revealed that administration officials had secretly arranged weapon sales to Iran, and had used the proceeds to fund the anticommunist Contras in Nicaragua, a direct violation of the law.[22] When the Iran-Contra Affair, as it became known, broke to the media, Bush, like Reagan, stated that he had been "out of the loop" and unaware of the diversion of funds,[31] although this was later questioned.[32] Public opinion polls taken at the time indicated that the public questioned Bush's explanation of being an "innocent bystander" while the trades were occurring; this led to the notion that he was a "wimp".[22] However, his fury during an interview with CBS's Dan Rather largely put the "wimp" issue to rest.[22]
As Vice President, Bush officially opened the 1987 Pan American Games in Indianapolis.
1988 presidential campaign
Main article: United States presidential election, 1988
Though considered the early frontrunner for the nomination, Bush came in third in the Iowa caucus, behind winner Dole and runner-up Robertson.[33] Much like Reagan did in 1980, Bush reorganized his staff and concentrated on the New Hampshire primary.[22] With Dole ahead in New Hampshire, Bush ran television commercials portraying the senator as a tax raiser;[34] he rebounded to win the state's primary. Bush continued seeing victory, winning many Southern primaries as well.[12] Once the multiple-state primaries such as Super Tuesday began, Bush's organizational strength and fundraising lead were impossible for the other candidates to match, and the nomination was his.[11]
Leading up to the 1988 Republican National Convention, there was much speculation as to Bush's choice of running mate. Bush chose little-known US Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana, favored by conservatives.[11] Despite Reagan's popularity, Bush trailed Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis, then Governor of Massachusetts, in most polls.[35]
Dukakis's unconditional opposition to capital punishment led to a pointed question during the presidential debates. Moderator Bernard Shaw asked Dukakis hypothetically if Dukakis would support the death penalty if his wife, Kitty, were raped and murdered.[37] Dukakis's response of no, as well as the Willie Horton ad, contributed toward Bush's characterization of him as "soft on crime".[12]
Bush defeated Dukakis and his running mate, Lloyd Bentsen, in the Electoral College, by 426 to 111 (Bentsen received one vote from a faithless elector).[36] In the nationwide popular vote, Bush took 53.4 percent of the ballots cast[12] while Dukakis received 45.6 percent. Bush became the first serving Vice President to be elected President since Martin Van Buren in 1836[22] as well as the first person to succeed someone from his own party to the Presidency via election to the office in his own right since Herbert Hoover in 1929.
Presidency (1989–1993)
In his Inaugural Address, Bush said:
| “ | I come before you and assume the Presidency at a moment rich with promise. We live in a peaceful, prosperous time, but we can make it better. For a new breeze is blowing, and a world refreshed by freedom seems reborn; for in man's heart, if not in fact, the day of the dictator is over. The totalitarian era is passing, its old ideas blown away like leaves from an ancient, lifeless tree. A new breeze is blowing, and a nation refreshed by freedom stands ready to push on. There is new ground to be broken, and new action to be taken.[40] | ” |
Domestic policy
Economy
Early in his term, Bush faced the problem of what to do with leftover deficits spawned by the Reagan years. At $220 billion in 1990, the deficit had grown to three times its size since 1980.[11] Bush was dedicated to curbing the deficit, believing that America could not continue to be a leader in the world without doing so.[11] He began an effort to persuade the Democratic controlled Congress to act on the budget;[11] with Republicans believing that the best way was to cut government spending, and Democrats convinced that the only way would be to raise taxes, Bush faced problems when it came to consensus building.[11]In the wake of a struggle with Congress, Bush was forced by the Democratic majority to raise tax revenues; as a result, many Republicans felt betrayed because Bush had promised "no new taxes" in his 1988 campaign.[11] Perceiving a means of revenge, Republican congressmen defeated Bush's proposal which would enact spending cuts and tax increases that would reduce the deficit by $500 billion over five years.[11] Scrambling, Bush accepted the Democrats' demands for higher taxes and more spending, which alienated him from Republicans and gave way to a sharp decrease in popularity.[12] Bush would later say that he wished he had never signed the bill.[11] Near the end of the 101st Congress, the president and congressional members reached a compromise on a budget package that increased the marginal tax rate and phased out exemptions for high-income taxpayers.[12] Despite demands for a reduction in the capital gains tax, Bush relented on this issue as well.[12] This agreement with the Democratic leadership in Congress proved to be a turning point in the Bush presidency; his popularity among Republicans never fully recovered.[12]
By his second year in office, Bush was told by his economic advisors to stop dealing with the economy, as they believed that he had done everything necessary to ensure his reelection.[11] By 1992, interest and inflation rates were the lowest in years, but by midyear the unemployment rate reached 7.8 percent, the highest since 1984.[12] In September 1992, the Census Bureau reported that 14.2 percent of all Americans lived in poverty.[12] At a press conference in 1990, Bush told reporters that he found foreign policy more enjoyable.[11]
Major initiatives
See also: Environmental policy of the United States#The George H. W. Bush Administration (1988-1992)
Bush signed a number of major laws in his presidency, including the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990; this was one of the most pro-civil rights bills in decades.[11] He worked to increase federal spending for education, childcare, and advanced technology research.[11] In dealing with the environment, Bush reauthorized the Clean Air Act, requiring cleaner burning fuels.[11] He quarreled with Congress over an eventually signed bill to aid police in capturing criminals, and signed into law a measure to improve the nation's highway system.[11] Bush signed the Immigration Act of 1990,[41] which increased legal immigration to the United States by 40 percent.[42]Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
Main article: George H. W. Bush Supreme Court candidates
Bush appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:- David Souter – 1990
- Clarence Thomas – 1991
Other courts
Main article: George H. W. Bush judicial appointments
In addition to his two Supreme Court appointments, Bush appointed 42 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 148 judges to the United States district courts. Bush also experienced a number of judicial appointment controversies, as 11 nominees for 10 federal appellate judgeships were not processed by the Democratic-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee.[43]Foreign policy
Panama
Main article: United States invasion of Panama
In the 1980s, Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega, a once US-supportive leader who was later accused of spying for Fidel Castro and using Panama to traffic drugs into the US, was one of the most recognizable names in the United States, being constantly covered by the press. The struggle to remove him from power began in the Reagan administration,[44] when economic sanctions were imposed on the country;[45] this included prohibiting US companies and government from making payments to Panama and freezing $56 million in Panamanian funds in US banks.[45] Reagan sent more than 2,000 US troops to Panama as well.[45] Unlike Reagan, Bush was able to remove Noriega from power, but his administration's unsuccessful post-invasion planning hindered the needs of Panama during the establishment of the young democratic government.[44]In May 1989, Panama held democratic elections, in which Guillermo Endara was elected president; the results were then annulled by Noriega's government.[46] In response, Bush sent 2,000 more troops to the country, where they began conducting regular military exercises in Panamanian territory (in violation of prior treaties).[45] Bush then removed an embassy and ambassador from the country, and dispatched additional troops to Panama to prepare the way for an upcoming invasion.[45] Noriega suppressed an October military coup attempt and massive protests in Panama against him, but after a US serviceman was shot by Panamanian forces in December 1989, Bush ordered 24,000 troops into the country with an objective of removing Noriega from power;[46] "Operation Just Cause" was a large-scale American military operation, and the first in more than 40 years that was not Cold War related.[44]
The mission was controversial,[47] but American forces achieved control of the country and Endara assumed the Presidency. Noriega surrendered to the US and was convicted and imprisoned on racketeering and drug trafficking charges in April 1992.[48] President Bush and First Lady Barbara Bush visited Panama in June 1992, to give support to the first post-invasion Panamanian government.
Soviet Union
See also: Collapse of the Soviet Union, New World Order (political), A World Transformed, and History of the United States (1988-present)#The end of the Cold War
In 1989, just after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Bush met with Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in a conference on the Mediterranean island of Malta. The administration had been under intense pressure to meet with the Soviets,[49] but not all initially found the Malta summit to be a step in the right direction; General Brent Scowcroft, among others, was apprehensive about the meeting, saying that it might be "premature" due to concerns where, according to Dr. Condoleezza Rice, "expectations [would be] set that something was going to happen, where the Soviets might grandstand and force [the US] into agreements that would ultimately not be good for the United States".[49] But European leaders, including François Mitterrand and Margaret Thatcher, encouraged Bush to meet with Gorbachev,[49] something that he did December 2 and 3, 1989.[50] Though no agreements were signed, the meeting was viewed largely as being an important one; when asked about nuclear war, Gorbachev responded, "I assured the President of the United States that the Soviet Union would never start a hot war against the United States of America. And we would like our relations to develop in such a way that they would open greater possibilities for cooperation.... This is just the beginning. We are just at the very beginning of our road, long road to a long-lasting, peaceful period".[51] The meeting was received as a very important step to the end of the Cold War.[52]
Persian Gulf War
Main article: Gulf War
Early on the morning of January 17, 1991, allied forces launched the first attack, which included more than 4,000 bombing runs by coalition aircraft.[11] This pace would continue for the next four weeks, until a ground invasion was launched on February 24. Allied forces penetrated Iraqi lines and pushed toward Kuwait City while on the west side of the country, forces were intercepting the retreating Iraqi army.[11] Bush made the decision to stop the offensive after a mere 100 hours. Critics labeled this decision premature, as hundreds of Iraqi forces were able to escape; Bush responded by saying that he wanted to minimize US casualties.[11] Opponents further charged that Bush should have continued the attack, pushing Hussein's army back to Baghdad, then removing him from power.[11] Bush explained that he did not give the order to overthrow the Iraqi government because it would have "incurred incalculable human and political costs.... We would have been forced to occupy Baghdad and, in effect, rule Iraq."[56]
Bush's approval ratings skyrocketed after the successful offensive.[11] Additionally, President Bush and Secretary of State Baker felt the coalition victory had increased U.S. prestige abroad and believed there was a window of opportunity to use the political capital generated by the coalition victory to revitalize the Arab-Israeli peace process. The administration immediately returned to Arab-Israeli peacemaking following the end of the Gulf War; this resulted in the Madrid Conference, later in 1991.[57]
NAFTA
Main article: North American Free Trade Agreement
The agreement came under heavy scrutiny amongst mainly Democrats, who charged that NAFTA resulted in a loss of US jobs.[11] NAFTA also contained no provisions for labor rights;[59] according to the Bush administration, the trade agreement would generate economic resources necessary to enable Mexico's government to overcome problems of funding and enforcement of its labor laws.[59] Bush needed a renewal of negotiating authority to move forward with the NAFTA trade talks. Such authority would enable the president to negotiate a trade accord that would be submitted to Congress for a vote, thereby avoiding a situation in which the president would be required to renegotiate with trading partners those parts of an agreement that Congress wished to change.[59] While initial signing was possible during his term, negotiations made slow, but steady, progress. President Clinton would go on to make the passage of NAFTA a priority for his administration, despite its conservative and Republican roots — with the addition of two side agreements — to achieve its passage in 1993.[60]
The treaty has since been defended as well as criticized further. The American economy has grown 54 percent since the adoption of NAFTA in 1993, with 25 million new jobs created; this was seen by some as evidence of NAFTA being beneficial to the US.[61] With talk in early 2008 regarding a possible American withdrawal from the treaty, Carlos M. Gutierrez, current United States Secretary of Commerce, writes, "Quitting NAFTA would send economic shock waves throughout the world, and the damage would start here at home."[61] But John J. Sweeney of The Boston Globe argues that "the US trade deficit with Canada and Mexico ballooned to 12 times its pre-NAFTA size, reaching $111 billion in 2004."[62]
Pardons
Main article: List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush
As other presidents have done, Bush issued a series of pardons during his last days in office. On December 24, 1992, he granted executive clemency to six former government employees implicated in the Iran-Contra scandal of the late 1980s, most prominently former Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger.[63] Weinberger, who had been scheduled to stand trial on January 5, 1993, for criminal charges related to Iran-Contra, was described by Bush as a "true American patriot".[63]In addition to Weinberger, Bush pardoned Duane R. Clarridge, Clair E. George, Robert C. McFarlane, Elliott Abrams, and Alan G. Fiers Jr., all of whom had been indicted and/or convicted of criminal charges by an Independent Counsel headed by Lawrence Walsh.[64]
1992 presidential campaign
Main article: United States presidential election, 1992
Bush announced his reelection bid in early 1992; with a coalition victory in the Persian Gulf War and high approval ratings, reelection initially looked likely. As a result, many leading Democrats declined to seek their party's presidential nomination. But an economic recession, and doubts of whether Bush ended the Gulf War properly, reduced his popularity.Conservative political columnist Pat Buchanan challenged Bush for the Republican nomination, and shocked political pundits by finishing second, with 37% of the vote, in the New Hampshire primary.[11] Bush responded by adopting more conservative positions on issues, in an attempt to undermine Buchanan's base.[11] Once he had secured the nomination, Bush faced his challenger, Democrat William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton. Clinton attacked Bush as not doing enough to assist the working middle-class[11] and being "out of touch" with the common man, a notion reinforced by reporter Andrew Rosenthal's false report that Bush was "astonished" to see a demonstration of a supermarket scanner.[65]
Clinton had originally been in the lead, until Perot reentered, tightening the race significantly.[68] Nearing election day, polls suggested that the race was a dead-heat,[12] but Clinton pulled out on top, defeating Bush in a 43% to 38% popular vote margin. Perot won 19% of the popular vote, one of the highest totals for a third party candidate in US history, drawing equally from both major candidates, according to exit polls.[11][69] Bush received 168 electoral votes to Clinton's 370.[70]
Several factors were key in Bush's defeat, including agreeing in 1990 to raise taxes despite his famous "Read my lips: no new taxes" pledge. In doing so, Bush alienated many members of his conservative base, losing their support for his re-election. Of the voters who cited Bush's broken "No New Taxes" pledge as "very important", two thirds voted for Bill Clinton.[71] Bush had raised taxes in an attempt to address an increasing budget deficit, which has largely been attributed to the Reagan tax cuts and military spending of the 1980s. In addition to these factors, the ailing economy which arose from recession may have been the main factor in Bush's loss, as 7 in 10 voters said on election day that the economy was either "not so good" or "poor".[72][73] On the eve of the 1992 election against these factors, Bush's approval rating stood at just 37%[74] after suffering low ratings throughout the year.[75] Despite his defeat, Bush climbed back from election day approval levels to leave office in 1993 with a 56% job approval rating.[76]
Public image
George Bush was widely seen as a "pragmatic caretaker" president who lacked a unified and compelling long-term theme in his efforts.[77][78][79] Indeed, Bush's sound bite where he refers to the issue of overarching purpose as "the vision thing" has become a metonym applied to other political figures accused of similar difficulties.[80][81][82][83][84][85] "He does not say why he wants to be there", wrote columnist George Will, "so the public does not know why it should care if he gets his way."[86]His Ivy League and prep school education led to warnings by advisors that his image was too "preppy" in 1980, which resulted in deliberate efforts in his 1988 campaign to shed the image, including meeting voters at factories and shopping malls, abandoning set speeches.[86]
His ability to gain broad international support for the Gulf War and the war's result were seen as both a diplomatic and military triumph,[87] rousing bipartisan approval,[88] though his decision to withdraw without removing Saddam Husein left mixed feelings,[89] and attention returned to the domestic front and a souring economy.[89] A New York Times article mistakenly depicted Bush as being surprised to see a supermarket barcode reader;[65] the report of his reaction exacerbated the notion that he was "out of touch". Amid the Early 1990s recession, his image shifted from "conquering hero" to "politician befuddled by economic matters".[65] And though Bush saw a 34 percent approval rating leading up to the 1992 election, the mood did not last; within a year of his defeat, Bush's approval was up to 56%, and by December 2008 60% of Americans give Bush's presidency a positive rating.[90]
Post-Presidency
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In 1993, Bush was awarded an honorary knighthood (GCB) by Queen Elizabeth II. He was the third American president to receive the honor, the others being Dwight D. Eisenhower and Ronald Reagan.[91]
In 1993, Bush visited Kuwait to commemorate the coalition's victory over Iraq in the Gulf War, where he was supposedly targeted in an assassination plot. Kuwaiti authorities arrested 17 people allegedly involved in using a car bomb to kill Bush. Through interviews with the suspects and examinations of the bomb's circuitry and wiring, the FBI established that the plot had been directed by the Iraqi Intelligence Service. A Kuwaiti court later convicted all but one of the defendants. Two months later, in retaliation, Clinton ordered the firing of 23 cruise missiles at Iraqi Intelligence Service headquarters in Baghdad. The day before the strike commenced, U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. Madeleine Albright went before the Security Council to present evidence of the Iraqi plot. After the missiles were fired, Vice President Al Gore said the attack "was intended to be a proportionate response at the place where this plot" to assassinate Bush "was hatched and implemented".[92]
His eldest son, George W. Bush, was inaugurated as the 43rd President of the United States on January 20, 2001. Through previous administrations, the elder Bush had ubiquitously been known as "George Bush" or "President Bush", but following his son's election the need to distinguish between them has made retronymic forms such as "George H. W. Bush" and "George Bush senior" — and colloquialisms such as "Bush 41" and "Bush the Elder" much more common.
To date, Bush has not produced a presidential memoir.
Presidential library
Main article: George Bush Presidential Library and Museum
The George Bush Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library named for Bush. This tenth presidential library was built between 1995 and 1997 and contains the presidential and vice-presidential papers of Bush and the vice-presidential papers of Dan Quayle.[93] It was dedicated on November 6, 1997 and opened to the public shortly thereafter; the complex was designed by the architectural firm of Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum.The George Bush Presidential Library and Museum is located on a 90-acre (360,000 m2) site on the west campus of Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas. It is situated on a plaza adjoining the Presidential Conference Center and the Texas A&M Academic Center. The Library operates under the administration of the NARA under the provisions of the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955.
Another institute was named in his honor: the George Bush School of Government and Public Service is a graduate public policy school at Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas. The graduate school is part of the presidential library complex, and offers four programs: two master's degree programs (Public Service Administration and International Affairs) and two certificate programs (Advanced International Affairs and Homeland Security). The Masters program in International Affairs (MPIA) program offers a choice of concentration on either National Security Affairs or International Economics and Development.
Recent activities
The former president continues to make many public appearances. He and Mrs. Bush attended the state funeral of Ronald Reagan in June 2004, and of Gerald Ford in January 2007. One month later, he was awarded the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award in Beverly Hills, California by former First Lady Nancy Reagan. Despite his political differences with Bill Clinton, it has been acknowledged that the two former presidents have become friends.[94] He and Clinton appeared together in television ads in 2005, encouraging aid for victims of Hurricane Katrina and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.[95]In October 2006, Bush was honored by the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF), receiving the NIAF One America Award for his work to better the lives of all Americans.
On February 18, 2008, Bush formally endorsed Senator John McCain for the presidency of the United States.[96] The endorsement offered a boost to McCain's campaign, as the Arizona Senator had been facing criticism among many conservatives.[97]
On January 10, 2009, Bush and his son were both present at the commissioning of the USS George H. W. Bush (CVN-77), the tenth and last Nimitz class supercarrier of the United States Navy.[98][99] Bush paid a visit to the carrier again on May 26, 2009.[100]
Electoral history
See also: Electoral history of George H. W. Bush
Notes
- ^ "Presidential Avenue: George Bush". Presidential Avenue. http://www.presidentialavenue.com/gb.cfm. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ a b c "George H. W. Bush Biography". American Academy of Achievement. February 25, 2008. http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/bus0bio-1. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ a b "Former President George Bush honored at his 60th reunion at Phillips Academy, Andover". Phillips Academy. June 8, 2002. Archived from the original on April 1, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080401131455/http://www.andover.edu/news/bush.htm. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ Adams, Kathy (January 10, 2009). "San Jacinto veterans reunite, recall the one they called 'Skin'". The Virginian Pilot (Landmark Communications). http://hamptonroads.com/2009/01/san-jacinto-veterans-reunite-recall-serving-bush. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- ^ "Story of George H. W. Bush World War II Experience". CNN. December 20, 2003.
- ^ a b c d "History’s Youngest Naval Aviator: George H. W. Bush". Mid-Atlantic Air Museum. http://www.maam.org/flightsim/news/tbm_history.htm. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ "George Herbert Walker Bush (1924–)". Miller Center of Public Affairs. 2008. http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/bush. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ a b c "School House to White House: The Education of the Presidents". National Archives. Spring 2007. http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2007/spring/schoolhouse.html. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ a b c "George Herbert Walker Bush". CNN. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080308132103/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/bush/. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al "George Herbert Walker Bush". George Herbert Walker Bush. MSN Encarta. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571000/George_H_W_Bush.html. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "Bush, George Herbert Walker". Scholastic Library Publishing, Inc. Archived from the original on June 15, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080615195838/http://198.181.165.52/article?assetid=0068080-00&templatename=/article/article.html. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ "George Herbert Walker Bush". Net Industries. http://law.jrank.org/pages/4940/Bush-George-Herbert-Walker.html. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ "TX US Senate". Our Campaigns. http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=30376. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
- ^ "TX District 07". Our Campaigns. http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=47440. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
- ^ "TX District 7". Our Campaigns. http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=180430. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
- ^ "TX US Senate – R Primary". Our Campaigns. http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=278800. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
- ^ "TX US Senate". Our Campaigns. http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=6529. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
- ^ ""Richard Nixon: Remarks at Longview, Texas", October 28, 1970". presidency.ucsb.edu. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2776. Retrieved November 29, 2009.
- ^ "The President (Richard Nixon)". Richard Nixon Presidential Library. http://nixon.archives.gov/thelife/apolitician/thepresident/index.php. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ "George HW on Nixon resignation". US News and World Report. July 16, 2006. http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/060716/16bushonnixon_eye.htm. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Hatfield, Mark with the Senate Historical Office (1997). "Vice Presidents of the United States: George H. W. Bush (1981–1989)" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office. http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/george_bush.pdf. Retrieved April 2, 2008.
- ^ The George Bush Center for Intelligence – CIA, accessed February 26, 2006[dead link]
- ^ "Presidents: George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States". U-S-History.com. http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h2025.html. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ "CIA Briefings of Presidential Candidates; Chapter 5: In-Depth Discussions With Carter". Central Intelligence Agency: Center for the Study of Intelligence. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/cia-briefings-of-presidential-candidates/cia-8.htm. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- ^ "George H. W. Bush". Presidential Timeline of the Twentieth Century. http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/html/timeline.php?id=41. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ a b "President George H.W. Bush: Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University". Ukrainian Embassy. May 21, 2004. Archived from the original on May 19, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080519115716/http://kiev.usembassy.gov/files/georgehwbush_speech_May04_eng.html. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ "The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996 – Historical Roster of Directors and Officers". http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/appendix.html.
- ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (July 8, 2002). "White House Letter; At Parents' Home, Bush Resumes Role of Son". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901EFDD1630F93BA35754C0A9649C8B63. Retrieved April 2, 2008.
- ^ "Bush-Ferraro Vice-Presidential Debate". The American Presidency Project. October 11, 1984. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080617164446/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showdebate.php?debateid=27. Retrieved April 3, 2008.
- ^ "Transcript" (fee required). The New York Times. June 30, 1997. http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/06/29/reviews/iran-transcript.html. Retrieved April 2, 2008.
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- ^ Apple Jr, R. W. (February 10, 1988). "Bush and Simon Seen as Hobbled by Iowa's Voting". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DC143CF933A25751C0A96E948260. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
- ^ "New Hampshire: Picking a President". The History Channel. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080424102704/http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&display_order=1&content_type_id=57687&mini_id=57351. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
- ^ a b c d "1988: George H.W. Bush Gives the 'Speech of his Life'". NPR. 2000. http://www.npr.org/news/national/election2000/conventions/past.bushsenior.html. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
- ^ a b c "1988: Bush wins with 'no new taxes' promise". BBC. November 9, 1988. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/9/newsid_3655000/3655368.stm. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
- ^ "The Second Bush-Dukakis Presidential Debate". Commission on Presidential debates. October 13, 1988. Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080406032116/http://www.debates.org/pages/trans88b.html. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
- ^ a b c "George H. W. Bush". The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/gb41.html. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
- ^ Gallup, George W.The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1991, Published 1992, Rowman & Littlefield
- ^ George H. W. Bush: Inaugural Address[dead link] – transcript, speech delivered January 20, 1989
- ^ "Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans". Jeffrey D. Schultz (2000). Greenwood Publishing Group. p.282. ISBN 1-57356-148-7
- ^ "The Paper curtain: employer sanctions' implementation, impact, and reform". Michael Fix (1991). The Urban Insitute. p.304. ISBN 0-87766-550-8
- ^ Congressional Chronicle, C-SPAN (March 7, 2000).
- ^ a b c "Prudence in Panama: George H.W. Bush, Noriega, and economic aid, May 1989 – May 1990". Texas A&M University. April 25, 2007. https://txspace.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/4731. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e Franklin, Jane (2001). "Panama: Background and Buildup to Invasion of 1989". Rutgers University. http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~hbf/panama.htm. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
- ^ a b "Richard B. Cheney: 17th Secretary of Defense". United States Department of Defense. http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/cheney.htm. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
Bush tours Katmai Bay (WTGB 101) in 1990. Katmai Bay was the first United States Coast Guard Coast Guard cutter to be commanded by a woman, then-LT Sandra L. Stosz (left).
- ^ Baker, Russell (January 3, 1990). "Observer; Is This Justice Necessary?". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE5DF123FF930A35752C0A966958260. Retrieved December 12, 2007.
- ^ John Pike, ed (April 27, 2005). "Operation Just Cause". http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/just_cause.htm. Retrieved December 12, 2007.
- ^ a b c "Interview with Dr. Condoleezza Rice". George Washington University. interview took place on December 17, 1997. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-24/rice1.html. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
- ^ See Malta Summit for more information
- ^ "The Malta Summit; Transcript of the Bush-Gorbachev News Conference in Malta". Associated Press. The New York Times. December 4, 1989. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE1D7173FF937A35751C1A96F948260. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
- ^ "1989: Malta summit ends Cold War". BBC. December 3, 1989. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/3/newsid_4119000/4119950.stm. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
- ^ a b c "1991: Superpowers to cut nuclear warheads". BBC. July 31, 1991. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/31/newsid_4582000/4582773.stm. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
- ^ a b c d "The Gulf War: A Chronology". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/cron/. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
- ^ "George H. W. Bush: Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit". speech delivered September 11, 1990. http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2217&year=1990&month=9.
- ^ "A World Transformed". Snopes.com. 2003. http://www.snopes.com/politics/quotes/gulfwar.asp. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
- ^ Middle East Review of International Affairs Journal Volume 6, No. 1 – March 2002 Underwriting Peace in the Middle East: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Limits of Economic Inducements
- ^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions: NAFTA". Federal Express. http://www.fedex.com/us/customersupport/ftn/faq/nafta.html?link=4. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
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- ^ "NAFTA". Duke University. http://www.law.duke.edu/lib/researchguides/nafta.html. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
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- ^ Sweeney, John J (March 21, 2005). "A Bad Deal on Free Trade". The Boston Globe. Common Dreams News Center. http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0321-31.htm. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
- ^ a b "Bush pardons Weinberger, Five Other Tied to Iran-Contra". Federation of American Scientists. http://www.fas.org/news/iran/1992/921224-260039.htm. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
- ^ "Pardons and Commutations Granted by President George H. W. Bush". United States Department of Justice. http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/bushgrants.htm. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
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- ^ "The Perot Vote". President and Fellows of Harvard College. http://www.hks.harvard.edu/case/3pt/perot_vote.html. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
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- ^ Toner, Robin (October 25, 1992). "The 1992 Campaign: The Overview; Contest tightens as Perot Resurges and Clinton slips". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5DC1E3AF936A15753C1A964958260. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
- ^ Holmes, Steven A. (1992-11-05). "THE 1992 ELECTIONS: DISAPPOINTMENT – NEWS ANALYSIS An Eccentric but No Joke; Perot's Strong Showing Raises Questions On What Might Have Been, and Might Be –". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE0DB1F3FF936A35752C1A964958260. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
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- ^ "The Prudence Thing: George Bush's Class Act". Foreign Affairs. 1998-11-01. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/54609/michael-howard/the-prudence-thing-george-bush-s-class-act. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
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- ^ Posted by ZbigniewMazurak. "Blog Archive » Sarah Palin as a GOP Nominee?". The Reality Check. http://www.therealitycheck.org/?p=7492. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
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- ^ "Honours: Order of the Bath". The British Monarchy Today. Archived from the original on 2008-05-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20080530062826/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page4883.asp. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ "frontline: the long road to war: assassination". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/longroad/etc/assassination.html. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
- ^ "The Birth of the Tenth Presidential Library: The Bush Presidential Materials Project, 1993–1994". George Bush Presidential Library. Archived from the original on April 10, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070410185146/http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/giq.html. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
- ^ A Candidacy That May Test a Friendship’s Ties – New York Times
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- ^ Neuman, Johanna (February 18, 2008). "Former President Bush Endorses McCain". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2008-03-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20080314155546/http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-campaign19feb19,0,856707.story. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
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Further reading
- Barilleaux, Ryan J.; Stuckey, Mary E. (1992). Leadership and the Bush Presidency: Prudence or Drift in an Era of Change. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-94418-2.
- Bush, George H. W. (1999). All the Best, George Bush: My Life in Letters and Other Writings. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-83958-X.
- Bush, George H. W.; Scowcroft, Brent (1998). A World Transformed. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-679-43248-5.
- Ducat, Stephen J. (2004). The Wimp Factor: Gender Gaps, Holy Wars, and the Politics of Anxious Masculinity. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-4344-3.
- Duffy, Michael; Goodgame, Dan (1992). Marching in Place : The Status Quo Presidency of George Bush. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-73720-1.
- Fitzwater, Marlin (1995). Call the Briefing. New York: Times Books. ISBN 9780738834580.
- Green, John Robert (2000). The Presidency of George Bush. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0993-8.
- Hyams, Joe (1991). Flight of the Avenger: George Bush at War. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovic. ISBN 0-15-131469-1.
- Kelley, Kitty (2004). The Family: The True Story of the Bush Dynasty. London: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50324-5.
- Podhoretz, John (1993). Hell of a Ride: Backstage at the White House Follies, 1989–1993. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-79648-8.
- Smith, Jean Edward (1992). George Bush's War. New York: Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 0-8050-1388-1.
- Tarpley, Webster G.; Chaitkin, Anton (1991, reprinted 2004). George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography. Washington: Executive Intelligence Review. ISBN 0-930852-92-3.
- UFOs and the Whitehouse. [Documentary]. History Channel. 25 july 2005. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufo_files#2006_season. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
External links
| Find more about George H. W. Bush on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 | Definitions from Wiktionary |
 | Textbooks from Wikibooks |
 | Quotations from Wikiquote |
 | Source texts from Wikisource |
 | Images and media from Commons |
 | News stories from Wikinews |
 | Learning resources from Wikiversity |
- Bush Presidential Library and Museum
- White House biography
- George Bush at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by George Bush at Project Gutenberg Note: Contains only Bush's 1990 State of the Union address
- George H. W. Bush at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Essays on Bush and His Administration
- The President Who Treated Me Like A Son, brief memoir by his personal aide ("body man")
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