Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act
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| Full title | Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act |
| Enacted by the | 103rd United States Congress |
| Effective | November 30, 1993 |
| Citations | |
| Public Law | 103-159 |
| Stat. | 107 Stat. 1536 |
| Codification | |
| Title(s) amended | 18 |
| U.S.C. sections created | 921-922 |
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| Major amendments | |
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| Relevant Supreme Court cases | |
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It was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on November 30, 1993, and went into effect on February 28, 1994. The Act was named after James Brady, who was shot by John Hinckley, Jr. during an attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan on March 30, 1981.
Contents[show] |
[edit] Provisions
The Brady Act requires that background checks be conducted on individuals before a firearm may be purchased from a federally licensed dealer, manufacturer or importer - unless an exception applies. If there are no additional state restrictions, a firearm may be transferred to an individual upon approval by the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) maintained by the FBI. In some states, proof of a previous background check can be used to bypass the NICS check. For example, a state-issued concealed carry permit usually includes a background check equivalent to the one required by the Act. Other alternatives to the NICS check include state-issued handgun purchase permits or mandatory state or local background checks.Section 922(g) of the Brady Act prohibits certain persons from shipping or transporting any firearm in interstate or foreign commerce, or receiving any firearm which has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce, or possessing any firearm in or affecting commerce. These prohibitions apply to any person who:
- Has been convicted in any court of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year;
- Is a fugitive from justice;
- Is an unlawful user of or addicted to any controlled substance;
- Has been adjudicated as a mental defective or committed to a mental institution;
- Is an alien illegally or unlawfully in the United States;
- Has been discharged from the Armed Forces under dishonorable conditions;
- Having been a citizen of the United States, has renounced U.S. citizenship;
- Is subject to a court order that restrains the person from harassing, stalking, or threatening an intimate partner or child of such intimate partner, or;
- Has been convicted in any court of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence.
Initially, the Brady Act imposed a waiting period of five days before a handgun could be transferred to an individual by a licensed dealer, importer, or manufacturer. This waiting period ceased to apply on November 30, 1998, when the computerized instant check system came online.
Currently, 92% of Brady background checks through NICS are completed while the FBI is still on the phone with the gun dealer [2]. In rare cases, a gun purchaser may have to wait for up to three business days if the NICS system fails to positively approve or deny his/her application to purchase a firearm. If a denial is not issued within those three days, the transfer may be completed at that time.
Firearm transfers by unlicensed private sellers that are "not engaged in the business" of dealing firearms are not subject to the Brady Act, but may be covered under other federal, state, and local restrictions.
The Brady Act also does not apply to licensed Curios & Relics (C&R) collectors, but only in respect to C&R firearms.[3] The FFL Category 03 Curio & Relic license costs $30 and is valid for 3 years. Licensed C&R collectors may also purchase C&R firearms from private individuals or from federal firearms dealers, whether in their home state or in another state, and ship C&R firearms in interstate commerce by common carrier. Curios or relics are defined in 27 C.F.R. as "Firearms which are of special interest to collectors by reason of some quality other than is associated with firearms intended for sporting use or as offensive or defensive weapons." The regulation further states:
To be recognized as curios or relics, firearms must fall within one of the following categories: (a) Firearms which were manufactured at least 50 years prior to the current date, but not including replicas thereof;
(b) Firearms which are certified by the curator of a municipal, State, or Federal museum which exhibits firearms to be curios or relics of museum interest; or
(c) Any other firearms which derive a substantial part of their monetary value from the fact that they are novel, rare, bizarre, or because of their association with some historical figure, period, or event. Proof of qualification of a particular firearm under this category may be established by evidence of present value and evidence that like firearms are not available except as collector's items, or that the value of like firearms available in ordinary commercial channels is substantially less.
[edit] Jim and Sarah Brady
John Hinckley, Jr., bought the .22 caliber Röhm RG-14 revolver used in the shooting at a Dallas, Texas, pawn shop on October 13, 1980. In a purchase application that he filled out before taking possession of the revolver, he provided a false home address on the form and showed an old Texas driver's license as "proof" that he lived there. This constituted a felony offense. Additionally, Hinckley had been arrested four days earlier at the Metropolitan Airport in Nashville, Tennessee, when he attempted to board an American Airlines flight for New York with three handguns and some loose ammunition in his carry-on bag.[5] That same day, President Jimmy Carter was in Nashville and scheduled to travel to New York. Finally, Hinckley had been under psychiatric care prior to his gun purchase.
According to Sarah Brady, had a background check been conducted on Hinckley, it could have detected some, or all, of this important criminal and mental health history.[6].
Sarah Brady, Jim's wife, became active in the gun control movement a few years after the shooting. She joined the Board of Handgun Control, Inc. (HCI) in 1985 and later became its Chair in 1989. Two years later, she became Chair of the Center to Prevent Handgun Violence, HCI's 501(c)(3) sister organization.
On February 4, 1987, the Brady Act was introduced in the U.S. Congress for the first time. Sarah Brady and HCI made the passage of the bill their top legislative priority.[7]. In a 1991 editorial, President Reagan opined that the Brady Act would provide a crucial "enforcement mechanism" to end the "honor system" of the 1968 Gun Control Act and "can't help but stop thousands of illegal handgun purchases."[8]
Jim and Sarah Brady were guests of honor when President Bill Clinton signed the Brady Act into law on November 30, 1993[9]. President Clinton has stated, "If it hadn't been for them, we would not have passed the Brady Law."[10] In December 2000, the Boards of Trustees for HCI and the Center to Prevent Handgun Violence voted to honor Jim and Sarah Brady's hard work and commitment to gun control by renaming the two organizations the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence and the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence.[11]
In 2000, controversy arose when Sarah Brady purchased a .30-06 Springfield rifle in Delaware for her son.[12] Gun rights groups claimed that this action was a straw purchase, intended to avoid the NICS, and may have also violated Delaware firearms purchase laws.[13][14] No charges were ever filed against Sarah Brady, however. A firearm purchased as a gift is not considered a straw purchase under U.S. federal law if the recipient may legally possess it. Critics pointed out, however, that private firearm transfers like the one made by Sarah Brady are a common concern of gun control advocates (although exemptions for family members have been allowed in past legislation to regulate such sales).[15]
[edit] Opposition by National Rifle Association
After the Brady Act was originally proposed in 1987, the National Rifle Association (NRA) mobilized to defeat the legislation, spending millions of dollars in the process. While the bill eventually did pass in both chambers of the United States Congress, the NRA was able to win an important concession: the final version of the legislation provided that, in 1998, the five-day waiting period for handgun sales would be replaced by an instant computerized background check that involved no waiting periods.[16]In January 1994, the National Rifle Association declared: "When Bill Clinton signed the Brady bill into law on November 30, a drop of blood dripped from the finger of the sovereign American citizen ... The executioner's tool is the Brady bill - now the Brady law ... [T]hey'll go house to house, kicking in the law-abiding gun owners' doors." (NRA, "Line Up and Shut Up. Face Forward. Stay in Line. Last Name First," American Rifleman 32, January 1994)
The NRA then funded lawsuits in Arizona, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, New Mexico, North Carolina, Texas, Vermont and Wyoming that sought to strike down the Brady Act as unconstitutional. These cases wound their way through the courts, eventually leading the U.S. Supreme Court to review the Brady Act in the case of Printz v. United States.
In Printz, the NRA argued that the Brady Act was unconstitutional because its provisions requiring local law enforcement officers to conduct background checks was a violation of the 10th Amendment to the Constitution (Brief Amicus Curiae of the National Rifle Association of America in Support of Petitioners, Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898, 1997). Based on these grounds, the NRA told the Court "the whole Statute must be voided."
In its 1997 decision in the case, the Supreme Court ruled that the provision of the Brady Act that compelled state and local law enforcement officials to perform the background checks was unconstitutional on 10th amendment grounds. The Court determined that this provision violated both the concept of federalism and that of the unitary executive. However, the overall Brady statute was upheld and state and local law enforcement officials remained free to conduct background checks if they so chose. The vast majority continued to do so[17]. This issue later became moot when NICS came online in 1998 and the waiting period requirement sunsetted.
[edit] The Brady Law today
From 1994 through 2008, 1.8 million attempted firearm purchases were blocked by the Brady background check system. For checks done by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 2008, felons accounted for 56 percent of denials and fugitives from justice accounted for 13 percent of denials[18]. In April 2009, the FBI announced it had completed its 100 millionth NICS approval since its inception 10 years before.[19][edit] References
- ^ http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1997_register&docid=fr27jn97-16
- ^ http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cjisd/nics/ops_report2006/ops_report2006.htm#3
- ^ "Firearms: Curios/Relics". United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. 1998-05-20. http://www.atf.treas.gov/firearms/relics/. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
- ^ http://www.bradycampaign.org/about/bio/jim
- ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FEoVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SuIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2539,9171785&dq=hinckley+gun
- ^ http://www.amazon.com/Good-Fight-Sarah-Brady/dp/1586481053
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=X1LEQd2r1sYC&dq=under+fire+osha+gray+davidson&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=ozph6w4pbV&sig=H2wd5gwEFR9qRIlrogmeU2mxlPg&hl=en&ei=cmHoSrmjNdGnlAfP09SNCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CA0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false
- ^ Reagan, Ronald (March 29, 1991). "Why I'm for the Brady Bill". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/29/opinion/why-i-m-for-the-brady-bill.html. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJ9VRrfzIKo
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_EHMwH8IMl0
- ^ http://www.bradycampaign.org/about/bio/sarah
- ^ Brady, Sarah; Merrill McLoughlin (2002). A Good Fight. USA: Public Affairs. ISBN 1586481053., pages 223, 224
- ^ TIMOTHY J. BURGER (March 22, 2002). "BRADY SHADY ON GUN RULES Control backer got son rifle". NEW YORK DAILY NEWS. http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2002/03/22/2002-03-22_brady_shady_on_gun_rules_con.html.
- ^ GOA (March 25, 2002). "Gun Owners Of America Awards Membership To Sarah Brady's Son -- After gun control mom buys sniper rifle in straw purchase for son". http://www.gunowners.org/pr0203.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-29.
- ^ "Comparison of Federal Law, 2000 Colorado and Oregon Initiatives, and Current Federal Proposals". http://www.ridersforjustice.com/Alerts/SIDEBY.DOC.
- ^ http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=71287393
- ^ http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/rr2157.htm
- ^ http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/html/bcft/2008/tables/bcft08stt4.pdf
- ^ "FBI Firearm Background Checks Hits 100 Million Mark". National Shooting Sports Foundation. 2009-04-09. http://www.opposingviews.com/articles/news-fbi-firearm-background-checks-hits-100-million-mark. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
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