Fear God (UNDER CONSTRUCTION)

FEAR GOD

Revelation 14: 7 And I saw another angel fly in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting gospel to preach unto them that dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and kindred, and tongue, and people, 7Saying with a loud voice, Fear God, and give glory to him; for the hour of his judgment is come: and worship him that made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and the fountains of waters. 8And there followed another angel, saying, Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that great city, because she made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication. 8And there followed another angel, saying, Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that great city, because she made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication. 9And the third angel followed them, saying with a loud voice, If any man worship the beast and his image, and receive his mark in his forehead, or in his hand, 10The same shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out without mixture into the cup of his indignation; and he shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb: 11And the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever: and they have no rest day nor night, who worship the beast and his image, and whosoever receiveth the mark of his name. 12Here is the patience of the saints: here are they that keep the commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus.

Ecclesiastes 12:13 Let us hear the conclusion of the whole matter: Fear God, and keep his commandments: for this is the whole duty of man.14For God shall bring every work into judgment, with every secret thing, whether it be good, or whether it be evil.

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Thursday, October 28, 2010

Operation Sharp Guard (1993 Yugoslavia)

Operation Sharp Guard

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Operation Sharp Guard was a multi-year joint naval blockade in the Adriatic Sea by NATO and the Western European Union on shipments to the former Yugoslavia.[1][2][3][4] Twenty-two warships, from 14 countries, and eight maritime patrol aircraft were involved in searching for and stopping blockade runners.
The operation began on June 15, 1993. It was suspended on June 19, 1996, and was terminated on October 2, 1996.

Contents

[show]

[edit] Background


HMCS Algonquin
The operation replaced naval blockades Operation Maritime Guard (of NATO; begun by the U.S. in November 1992) and Sharp Fence (of the WEU).[5] It put them under a single chain of command and control (the "Adriatic Military Committee", over which the NATO and WEU Councils exerted joint control), to address what their respective Councils viewed as wasteful duplication of effort.[1][2][6][7] Some maintain that despite the nominal official joint command and control of the operation, in reality it was NATO staff that ran the operation.[8][9]

[edit] Purpose

The operation's purpose was, through a blockade on shipments to the former Yugoslavia,[10] to enforce economic sanctions and an arms embargo of weapons and military equipment against the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and rival factions in Croatia and Bosnia.[11][12][13] The Yugoslav Wars were being waged, and the participants hoped to limit the fighting by limiting supplies to it.

[edit] Blockade; ships challenged, boarded, and inspected


NATO ships enforcing the Operation Sharp Guard blockade
Twenty-two warships from 14 countries[14] (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, the U.K., and the U.S.),[11] and eight maritime patrol aircraft, were involved in searching for and stopping blockade runners.[2][15][16][17][18][19] Most contributors to the operation supplied one or two ships.[17] The Turkish Navy, for example, participated with frigates, submarines, and tankers.[20][21]
The operational area was divided into a series of "sea boxes", each the responsibility of a single warship.[11] Each boarding team was composed of a "guard team" to board and wrest control of the target ship, and a "search team", to conduct the search.[11]
The ships were authorized to board, inspect, and seize both ships seeking to break the blockade and their cargo.[22] The Combined Task Force 440 was commanded by Admiral Mario Angeli of Italy.[2] It marked the first time since its founding in 1949 that NATO was involved in combat operations.[4]

[edit] Lido II incident


Type 22 frigate HMS Chatham
The issue of differing views among nations in the coalition as to the use of force authorized by rules of engagement arose in April 1994.[23] Faced with the Maltese tanker Lido II making its way towards a Montenegro's port with 45,000 tons of fuel oil, a U.S. cruiser asked the NATO commander (a British Commodore) for guidance, and received authorization to use "disabling fire" to stop the tanker, if necessary.[23] He received confirmation that he should follow the British Commodore's guidance from his own higher authority.[23] Under U.S. Navy standards, "disabling fire" means firing rounds into the ship's engineering space. But the U.S. cruiser was about to pass the order along to the Dutch Kortenaer class frigate HMNLS Van Kinsberger. The fact that the Dutch definition of "disabling fire" involves launching rounds into the bridge of the target ship, with an increased risk of loss of life, became important.[23] The ship was eventually stopped on May 1 and boarded by helicopter from HMNLS Van Kinsberger without firing a shot.[23] Three Yugoslav corvettes of the Koncar class challenged the NATO operation and one of them tried to ram the British frigate HMS Chatham, who was assisting Van Kinsberger. The corvettes were eventually scared off by the reaction of the British warship, supported by Italian Tornado aircraft which scrambled from an airbase at Gioia Del Colle. The Lido II undergone repairs before being diverting to Italy because the crew sabotaged the ship's engine room. The leaking was contained by an engineer party from HMS Chatham. Seven Yugoslav stowaways were found on board.[24][24][25]

[edit] Statistics

The "NATO and WEU forces challenged more than 73,000 ships, boarded and inspected almost 6,000 at sea, and diverted 1,500 suspect ships to ports for further inspection."[1][2][11] Of those, nearly a dozen vessels were found to be blockade runners, some carrying arms in violation of UN Security Council resolutions.[1][2] NATO officials said no ships were able to run the blockade successfully, and that the maritime blockade had a major effect in preventing escalation of the conflict.[2][26]

[edit] Suspension


HMS Nottingham
The blockade was suspended following a UN decision to end the arms embargo, and NATO's Southern Command said that: "NATO and WEU ships will no longer challenge, board or divert ships in the Adriatic".[2] The Independent warned at the time that "In theory, there could now be a massive influx of arms to Bosnia, Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), although senior military and diplomatic sources yesterday said that they thought this would be unlikely."[2]

[edit] Applicable UN resolutions

The blockade was conducted in accordance with numerous United Nations Security Council Resolutions: UNSCR 713,[27] UNSCR 757,[28] UNSCR 787[29] UNSCR 820,[30] and UNSCR 943.[31] Resolution 787 authorized participating states to "use such measures ... as may be necessary ... to halt all inward and outward maritime shipping ... to insure strict implementation of" the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the former Yugoslavia.[1] Over the course of the operation, the blockade was redefined in accordance with UNSCR 1021[32] and UNSCR 1022.[33]

[edit] Select ships participating

[edit] See also

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[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e Bruce A. Elleman, S. C. M. Paine (2007). Naval coalition warfare: from the Napoleonic War to Operation Iraqi Freedom. Routledge. ISBN 0415770823. http://books.google.com/books?id=4ubWqD1XcAQC&pg=PA172&dq=blockade+%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=z0oNTL6sB43MMomoyesE&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false. Retrieved June 7, 2010. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Christopher Bellamy (June 20, 1996). "Naval blockade lifts in Adriatic". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/naval-blockade-lifts-in-adriatic-1337903.html. Retrieved June 7, 2010. 
  3. ^ "U.S. Draws Criticism for Drawing out of Bosnia Blockade", NPR, November 13, 1994
  4. ^ a b Peter L. Hays, Brenda J. Vallance, Alan R. Van Tassel (1997). American Defense Policy. JHU Press. ISBN 0801854733. http://books.google.com/books?id=evo4nKODKDsC&pg=PA533&dq=blockade+%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=z0oNTL6sB43MMomoyesE&cd=7#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false. Retrieved June 7, 2010. 
  5. ^ Carla Norrlof (2010). America's Global Advantage: US Hegemony and International Cooperation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521749387. http://books.google.com/books?id=lMfuht7crW4C&pg=PA174&dq=blockade+%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=z0oNTL6sB43MMomoyesE&cd=11#v=onepage&q=sharp%20guard&f=false. Retrieved June 7, 2010. 
  6. ^ Trevor Findlay (1996). Challenges for the new peacekeepers. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019829199X. http://books.google.com/books?id=-rZZW2xuaysC&pg=PA146&dq=blockade+%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=z0oNTL6sB43MMomoyesE&cd=8#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false. Retrieved June 7, 2010. 
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  9. ^ Volker Rittberger (2001). German foreign policy since unification: theories and case studies. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0719060400. http://books.google.com/books?id=KxuQSfPJeEoC&pg=PA170&dq=%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=t34OTKSGKYayNs_ovKEI&client=firefox-a&cd=50#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false. Retrieved June 8, 2010. 
  10. ^ Judy Woodruf (June 2, 2010). "As Flotilla Inquiry Calls Grow Louder, Legality of Gaza Blockade Examined". PBS NewsHour. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/jan-june10/gaza2_06-02.html. Retrieved June 7, 2010. 
  11. ^ a b c d e Kathleen M. Reddy, "Operation Sharp Guard: Lesson Learned for the Policymaker and Commander", June 13, 1997, retrieved June 7, 2010
  12. ^ "Analysis: NATO's predecessor about to go out of business.". United Press International. November 20, 2000. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=archive&ct=res&cd=4-0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-67138475.html%3Frefid%3Dgnews_1108&ei=eUoNTNfGDqeangfDupWBBw&usg=AFQjCNEetO349QACUHs4TsVR3vJB4ntfFA&sig2=-QW1_fgdY803Je4VzT-lMA. Retrieved June 7, 2010. 
  13. ^ a b Jack Sweetman (2002). American naval history: an illustrated chronology of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1775-present. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557508674. http://books.google.com/books?id=fAm1Y6gjYtwC&pg=PA292&dq=blockade+%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=z0oNTL6sB43MMomoyesE&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false. Retrieved June 7, 2010. 
  14. ^ Vaughan Lowe, Adam Roberts, Jennifer Welsh (2008). The United Nations Security Council and war: the evolution of thought and practice since 1945. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0199533431. http://books.google.com/books?id=5ROlQUFZIpoC&pg=PA216&dq=%22sharp+guard%22+-operation-sharp-guard&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=Zt0OTMvGNpT8zATVk9G-Cg&cd=79#v=onepage&q=%22sharp%20guard%22%20-operation-sharp-guard&f=false. Retrieved June 9, 2010. 
  15. ^ Michael Brzoska, George A. Lopez (2009). Putting teeth in the tiger: improving the effectiveness of arms embargoes. Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 1848552025. http://books.google.com/books?id=3pQpZm_V3N8C&pg=PA65&dq=%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=t34OTKSGKYayNs_ovKEI&client=firefox-a&cd=33#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false. Retrieved June 8, 2010. 
  16. ^ Anja Dalgaard-Nielsen (2006). Germany, pacifism and peace enforcement; Europe in change. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0719072689. http://books.google.com/books?id=YWS92WULujwC&pg=PA55&dq=%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=t34OTKSGKYayNs_ovKEI&client=firefox-a&cd=4#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false. Retrieved June 8, 2010. 
  17. ^ a b G. C. de Nooy (1996). The role of European naval forces after the Cold War. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9041102272. http://books.google.com/books?id=ayXnBkk3UZkC&pg=PA21&dq=blockade+%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=z0oNTL6sB43MMomoyesE&cd=14#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false. Retrieved June 7, 2010. 
  18. ^ Ronald M. Williamson (2000). Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida, 1940-2000: An Illustrated History. Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 1563117304. http://books.google.com/books?id=Op1Pj0UGIGAC&pg=PA175&dq=blockade+%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=z0oNTL6sB43MMomoyesE&cd=5#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false. Retrieved June 7, 2010. 
  19. ^ Bernd Horn (2006). The Canadian way of war: serving the national interest. Dundurn Press Ltd.. ISBN 1550026127. http://books.google.com/books?id=DLYyYUaue8gC&pg=PA315&dq=blockade+%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=z0oNTL6sB43MMomoyesE&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false. Retrieved June 7, 2010. 
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