American Airlines Flight 77

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American Airlines Flight 77

AA 77 flight path from Dulles to Arlington
Hijacking summary
Date	Tuesday, September 11, 2001 (2001-09-11)
Type	Hijacking
Site	Pentagon, Arlington, Virginia
Passengers	58 (including 5 hijackers)
Crew	6
Fatalities	189 (all 64 onboard Flight 77, 125 on ground)
Survivors	0
Aircraft type	Boeing 757-223
Operator	American Airlines
Tail number	N644AA
Flight origin	Washington Dulles Int'l Airport
Destination	Los Angeles Int'l Airport

American Airlines Flight 77 was a scheduled U.S. domestic passenger flight from Washington Dulles International Airport to Los Angeles International Airport. It was the third flight hijacked as part of the September 11 attacks and was deliberately crashed into the Pentagon. The aircraft was hijacked by five Islamic extremists less than 35 minutes into the flight. The hijackers stormed the cockpit and forced the passengers to the rear of the aircraft. Hani Hanjour, one of the hijackers who was trained as a pilot, assumed control of the flight. Unknown to the hijackers, passengers aboard were able to make calls 'by phone' to loved ones and relay information on the hijacking.
The aircraft crashed into the western side of the Pentagon at 09:37 am EDT. All 64 people on board the aircraft, including the hijackers, and 125 in the building were killed. Dozens of people witnessed the crash and news sources began reporting on the incident within minutes. The impact severely damaged an area of the Pentagon and ignited a large fire. A portion of the Pentagon collapsed and firefighters spent days trying to fully extinguish the blaze. The damaged sections of the Pentagon were rebuilt in 2002, with occupants moving back into the completed areas on August 15, 2002.
The 184 victims of the attack are memorialized in the Pentagon Memorial adjacent to the Pentagon. The 1.93-acre (7,800 m²) park consists of 184 benches, one for each of the victims, arranged according to the year of birth, ranging from 1930 (age 71) to 1998 (age 3). Flight 77's flightpath cuts directly through the park.

Contents [show] 1 Hijackers 2 Flight 2.1 Boarding 2.2 Hijacking 2.3 Crash 3 Rescue and recovery 3.1 Remains 3.2 Cockpit voice recorder 3.3 Continuity of operations 4 Aftermath 4.1 Security camera video 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

[edit] Hijackers

The hijackers on American Airlines Flight 77 were led by Hani Hanjour, who piloted the aircraft into the Pentagon.^[1] Hanjour first came to the United States in 1990.^[2] He trained at the CRM Airline Training Center in Scottsdale, Arizona, earning his FAA commercial pilot's certificate in April 1999.^[3] He had wanted to be a commercial pilot for the Saudi national airline, but was rejected when he applied to the civil aviation school in Jeddah in 1999. Hanjour's brother later explained that, frustrated at not finding a job, Hanjour "increasingly turned his attention toward religious texts and cassette tapes of militant Islamic preachers".^[4] Hanjour left Saudi Arabia in late 1999, telling his family that he was going to the United Arab Emirates to work for an airline.^[5] Instead, Hanjour likely ended up in Afghanistan where Al Qaeda recruits were screened for special skills they may have. Already having selected the Hamburg Cell members, Al Qaeda leaders selected Hanjour to lead the fourth team of hijackers.^[6]
In December 2000, Hanjour arrived in San Diego, joining "muscle" hijackers Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, who had been there since January 2000.^[5][7] Soon after arriving, Hanjour and Hazmi left for Mesa, Arizona, where Hanjour began refresher training at Arizona Aviation.^[5] In April 2001, they relocated to Falls Church, Virginia, where they awaited the arrival of the remaining "muscle" hijackers.^[5] One of these men, Majed Moqed, arrived on May 2, 2001, with Flight 175 hijacker Ahmed al-Ghamdi from Dubai at Dulles International Airport and moved into an apartment with Hazmi and Hanjour.^[8]
On May 21, 2001, Hanjour rented a room in Paterson, New Jersey, where he stayed with other hijackers through the end of August.^[9] The last Flight 77 "muscle" hijacker, Salem al-Hazmi, arrived on June 29, 2001, with Flight 11 hijacker Abdulaziz al-Omari at John F. Kennedy International Airport from the United Arab Emirates and stayed with Hanjour.^[8] Hani Hanjour received ground instruction and did practice flights at Air Fleet Training Systems in Teterboro, New Jersey, and at Caldwell Flight Academy in Fairfield, New Jersey.^[5] Hanjour moved out of the room in Paterson and arrived at the Valencia Motel in Laurel, Maryland, on September 2, 2001.^[9] While in Maryland, Hanjour and fellow hijackers trained at the Gold's Gym in Greenbelt.^[10] On September 10, he completed a certification flight, using a terrain recognition system for navigation, at Congressional Air Charters in Gaithersburg, Maryland.^[11][12] On September 10, Nawaf al-Hazmi, accompanied by other hijackers, checked into the Marriott in Herndon, Virginia.^[13]

[edit] Flight

An American Airlines Boeing 757, similar to N644AA, the aircraft used for Flight 77.

The American Airlines Flight 77 aircraft was a Boeing 757-223 (registration number N644AA).^[14] The flight crew included pilot Charles Burlingame, First Officer David Charlebois, and flight attendants Michele Heidenberger, Jennifer Lewis, Kenneth Lewis, and Renee May.^[15] The capacity of the aircraft was 176 passengers, but with 58 passengers on September 11, the load factor was 33 percent. Tuesdays were the least-traveled day of the week, with the same level of load factor seen on Tuesdays in the previous three-months for Flight 77.^[16]

[edit] Boarding

On the morning of September 11, 2001, the five hijackers arrived at Dulles International Airport, outside of Washington, D.C. At 07:15, Khalid al-Mihdhar and Majed Moqed checked-in at the American Airlines ticket counter for Flight 77,^[17] and they arrived at the passenger security checkpoint a few minutes later at 07:18.^[18] Both men set off the metal detector and were put through secondary screening. Moqed continued to set off the alarm, so he was searched with a hand wand.^[19] The Hazmi brothers checked in together at the ticket counter at 07:29. Hani Hanjour checked in separately, and arrived at the passenger security checkpoint at 07:35.^[12] Hanjour was followed minutes later at the checkpoint by Salem and Nawaf al-Hazmi, who also set off the metal detector's alarm. The screener at the checkpoint never resolved what set off the alarm. As seen in security footage later released, Nawaf Hazmi appeared to have an unidentified item in his back pocket, but four-inch utility knives were nonetheless permitted by the FAA as carry-on items.^[17][19] The passenger security checkpoint at Dulles International Airport was operated by Argenbright Security, under contract with United Airlines.^[20]

Right foreground: possibly Hanjour.

The hijackers were also all selected for extra screening of their checked bags. Hani Hanjour, Khalid al-Mihdhar, and Majed Moqed were chosen by the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System criteria, while Nawaf al-Hazmi and Salem al-Hazmi were selected because they did not provide adequate identification and deemed suspicious by the airline check-in agent. Hanjour, Mihdhar, and Nawaf al-Hazmi did not check any bags for the flight. Checked bags belonging to Moqed and Salem al-Hazmi were held until they boarded the aircraft.^[16] By 07:50, the five hijackers, carrying knives and box cutters, had made it through the airport security checkpoint and boarded Flight 77 to Los Angeles.^[17] On the flight, Hani Hanjour was seated up front in 1B, while Salem and Nawaf al-Hazmi were seated in first class in seats 5E and 5F. Majed Moqed and Khalid al-Mihdhar were seated further back in 12A and 12B, in economy class.^[21] The flight was scheduled to depart at 08:10 am. Flight 77 pushed back from Gate D26 at 08:09 AM^[16] and took off from Runway 30 at Dulles at 08:20 am.

[edit] Hijacking

The 9/11 Commission estimated that the flight was hijacked between 08:51 and 08:54, just minutes after the first hijacked plane had struck the World Trade Center in Manhattan at 08:46. The last normal radio communications from the aircraft to air traffic control occurred at 08:50:51.^[22] At 08:54, American Airlines Flight 77 began to deviate from its normal, assigned flight path and turned south.^[17] The hijackers set the flight's autopilot heading for Washington, D.C.^[23] By 08:56, the flight was turned around, and the transponder had been disabled. The FAA was aware at this point that there was an emergency aboard the plane. By this time, American Airlines Flight 11 had already crashed into the World Trade Center, and United Airlines Flight 175 was known to have been hijacked and within minutes of also striking the World Trade Center. After learning of this second hijacking involving American Airlines aircraft and the hijacking involving United Airlines, American Airlines Executive Vice President Gerard Arpey ordered a nationwide ground stop for the airline.^[17] The Indianapolis Air Traffic Control Center, as well as American Airlines dispatchers, made several failed attempts to contact the aircraft. At the time the plane was hijacked, it was flying over an area of limited radar coverage.^[24] With air controllers unable to contact the flight by radio, an Indianapolis official declared that the plane had possibly crashed at 09:09.^[24]
Two people on American Airlines Flight 77 made phone calls to contacts on the ground. At 09:12, flight attendant Renee May called her mother, Nancy May, in Las Vegas.^[21] During the call, which lasted nearly two minutes, May said her flight was being hijacked by six individuals and they had been moved to the rear of the plane.^[17][21] May also asked her mother to contact American Airlines, which she and her husband promptly did.^[17] American Airlines was already aware of the hijacking. Between 09:16 and 09:26, passenger Barbara Olson called her husband, United States Solicitor General Theodore Olson, and reported that the plane had been hijacked and that the assailants had box cutters and knives.^[17][25] She reported that the passengers, and possibly the crew, had been moved to the back of the plane and that the hijackers were unaware of her call. A minute into the conversation, the call was cut off^{[citation needed]}. Theodore Olson contacted the command center at the Department of Justice, and tried unsuccessfully to contact Attorney General John Ashcroft.^[17] About five minutes later, Barbara Olson called again, told her husband that the pilot had announced the flight was hijacked, and asked "what do I tell the pilot to do?"^[26] Ted Olson asked her location and she reported the plane was flying over a residential area.^[27] He then informed her of the attacks on the World Trade Center. Soon afterward, the call cut off again.^[17]

"The speed, the maneuverability, the way that he turned, we all thought in the radar room, all of us experienced air traffic controllers, that that was a military plane. You don't fly a 757 in that manner. It's unsafe."

Danielle O'Brien, Air traffic controller at Dulles International Airport[28]

A plane was detected again by Dulles controllers on radar screens as it approached Washington, turning and descending rapidly. Controllers initially thought this was a fighter plane, due to its high speed and maneuvering.^[29] Reagan Airport controllers then asked a passing Air National Guard C-130 Hercules plane to identify and follow the aircraft. The pilot, Lt. Col. Steven O'Brien, told them it was a Boeing 757 or 767, and its silver fuselage meant it was probably an American Airlines jet. He had difficulty picking out the plane in the "East Coast haze", but then saw a "huge" fireball, and initially assumed it had hit the ground. Approaching the Pentagon, he saw the impact site on the building's west side and reported to Reagan control, "Looks like that aircraft crashed into the Pentagon sir".^[17][30]

[edit] Crash

Security camera footage of Flight 77 hitting the Pentagon.^[31]

According to the 9/11 Commission Report, as Flight 77 was 5 miles (8.0 km) west-southeast of the Pentagon, it made a 330-degree turn. At the end of the turn, it was descending through 2,200 feet (670 m), pointed toward the Pentagon and downtown Washington. Hani Hanjour advanced the throttles to maximum power and dove towards the Pentagon. Flight 77, flying at 530 miles per hour (853 km/h)^[14] over the Navy Annex Building adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery,^[32] crashed into the western side of the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, just south of Washington, D.C., at 09:37:46, killing all 53 passengers, 5 hijackers, and 6 crew.^[33] It clipped five street lampposts and the right wing hit a portable generator before impacting the Pentagon wall.^[34][35] The flight hit the Pentagon at the first-floor level.^[36] As it crashed, the plane was rolled slightly to the left, with the right wing elevated.^[37] When the plane impacted, the front part of the fuselage disintegrated, while the mid and tail sections moved for another fraction of a second, with tail section debris pieces ending furthest into the building.^[36] In all, the plane took eight-tenths of a second to fully penetrate 310 feet (94 m) into the three outermost rings^[38] and unleashed a fireball that rose 200 feet (61 m) above the building.^[36]

Debris from Flight 77 scattered near the Pentagon.

At the time of the attacks, approximately 18,000 people worked in the Pentagon, which was 4,000 fewer than before renovations began in 1998.^[39] The section of the Pentagon, which had recently been renovated at a cost of $250 million,^[40] housed the Naval Command Center^[41] and other Pentagon offices, as well as some unoccupied offices. The crash and subsequent fire penetrated three outer ring sections of the western side. The outermost ring section was largely destroyed, and a large section collapsed. One hundred and twenty-five people in the Pentagon died in the attack.

The Pentagon, minutes after American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into it.

In all, there were 189 deaths at the Pentagon site, including 125 in the Pentagon building and 64 on board Flight 77. Passenger Barbara Olson was en route to a taping of Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher.^[42] A group of children, their chaperones, and National Geographic Society staff members were also on board, embarking on an educational trip west to the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary near Santa Barbara, California. Also, Zoe, eight, and Dana Falkenberg, three, were killed in the crash, along with their parents, Charles Falkenberg and Leslie Whittington. The family, of University Park, MD, was going to Australia for two months, via Los Angeles.^[43] The fatalities at the Pentagon included 55 military personnel and 70 civilians.^[44] Of those 125 killed, 92 were on the first floor, 31 were on the second floor, and two were on the third.^[45] The Army suffered 75 fatalities—far more than any other branch. Another 106 injured were treated at area hospitals.^[45] Lieutenant General Timothy Maude, an Army Deputy Chief of Staff, was the highest ranking military officer killed at the Pentagon.^[46]

"I don't want to alarm anybody right now, but apparently—it felt just a few moments ago like there was an explosion of some kind here at the Pentagon."

Jim Miklaszewski, NBC Pentagon correspondent reporting from inside the Pentagon at 09:39[47]

The Pentagon is bordered by Interstate 395 and Washington Boulevard, on the side where the impact occurred. Motorist Mary Lyman, who was on I-395, saw the airplane pass over at a "steep angle toward the ground and going fast" and then saw the cloud of smoke from the Pentagon.^[48] Omar Campo, another witness, was cutting the grass on the other side of the road when the plane flew over his head. "I was cutting the grass and it came in screaming over my head. I felt the impact. The whole ground shook and the whole area was full of fire. I could never imagine I would see anything like that here."^[49] Afework Hagos, a computer programmer, was on his way to work and stuck in a traffic jam near the Pentagon when the plane flew over. "There was a huge screaming noise and I got out of the car as the plane came over. Everybody was running away in different directions. It was tilting its wings up and down like it was trying to balance. It hit some lampposts on the way in."^[49] Daryl Donley witnessed the crash and took some of the first photographs after the crash.^[50]

The collapsed area and subsequent fire damage.

USA Today reporter Mike Walter was driving on Washington Boulevard when he witnessed the crash, which he recounted, "I looked out my window and I saw this plane, this jet, an American Airlines jet, coming. And I thought, 'This doesn't add up, it's really low.' And I saw it. I mean it was like a cruise missile with wings. It went right there and slammed right into the Pentagon".^[51] Terrance Kean, who lived in a nearby apartment building, heard the noise of loud jet engines, glanced out his window, and saw a "very, very large passenger jet". He watched "it just plow right into the side of the Pentagon. The nose penetrated into the portico. And then it sort of disappeared, and there was fire and smoke everywhere."^[52] AP reporter Dave Winslow recounted, "I saw the tail of a large airliner ... It plowed right into the Pentagon."^[53] Tim Timmerman, who is a pilot himself, noticed American Airlines markings on the aircraft as he saw it hit the Pentagon.^[54] Other drivers on Washington Boulevard, Interstate 395, and Columbia Pike witnessed the crash, as did people in Pentagon City, Crystal City, and other nearby locations.^[48]

[edit] Rescue and recovery

"In this area ... it's so hot that the debris is melting and dripping off the ceiling onto your skin and it would sear your skin and melt your uniform. We went a little farther, turned a corner and came into this bombed out office space that was a roaring inferno of destruction and smoke and flames and intense heat you could feel searing your face."

Lieutenant Commander David Tarantino describing the scene near the Navy Command Center on the first floor.[55]

Rescue efforts began immediately after the crash. Almost all the successful rescues of survivors occurred within half an hour of the impact.^[56] Initially, rescue efforts were led by the military and civilian employees within the building. Within minutes, the first fire companies arrived and found these volunteers searching near the impact site. The firemen ordered them to leave as they were not properly equipped or trained to deal with the hazards.^[56] The Arlington County Fire Department (ACFD) assumed command of the immediate rescue operation within 10 minutes of the crash. ACFD Assistant Chief James Schwartz implemented an incident command system (ICS) to coordinate response efforts among multiple agencies.^[57] It took about an hour for the ICS structure to become fully operational.^[58] Firefighters from Fort Myer and Reagan National arrived within minutes.^[59][60] Rescue and firefighting efforts were impeded by rumors of additional incoming planes. Chief Schwartz ordered two evacuations during the day in response to these rumors.^[61]

Injured victim of the 9/11 attack on the Pentagon Building being loaded onto an ambulance.

As firefighters attempted to extinguish the fires, they watched the building in fear of a structural collapse. One firefighter remarked that they "pretty much knew the building was going to collapse because it started making weird sounds and creaking".^[61] Officials saw a cornice of the building move and ordered an evacuation. Minutes later, at 10:15, the upper floors of the damaged area of the Pentagon collapsed.^[61] The collapse area was about 95 feet (29 m) at its widest point and 50 feet (15 m) at its deepest.^[61] This amount of time between impact and collapse allowed everyone on the fourth and fifth levels to evacuate safely before the structure collapsed.^[62] After the collapse, the interior fires intensified, spreading through all five floors.^[63] After 11:00, firefighters mounted a two-pronged attack against the fires. Officials estimated temperatures of up to 2,000 °F (1,090 °C).^[63] While progress was made against the interior fires by late afternoon, firefighters realized a flammable layer of wood under the Pentagon's slate roof had caught fire and begun to spread.^[64] Typical firefighting tactics were rendered useless by the reinforced structure as firefighters were unable to reach the fire to extinguish it.^[64] Firefighters instead made firebreaks in the roof on September 12 to prevent any further spreading. At 18:00 on the 12th, Arlington County issued a press release stating the fire was "controlled" but not fully "extinguished". Firefighters continued to put out smaller fires that ignited in the succeeding days.^[64]
Various pieces of aircraft debris were found within the wreckage at the Pentagon. While on fire himself, and escaping from the Navy Command Center, Lt. Kevin Shaeffer observed a chunk of the aircraft's nose cone and the nose landing gear in the service road between rings B and C.^[65] Early in the morning on Friday, September 14, Fairfax County Urban Search and Rescue Team members Carlton Burkhammer and Brian Moravitz came across an "intact seat from the plane's cockpit",^[66] while paramedics and firefighters located the two black boxes near the punch out hole in the A-E drive,^[67] nearly 300 feet (91 m) into the building.^[37] The cockpit voice recorder was too badly damaged and charred to retrieve any information,^[68] though the flight data recorder yielded useful information.^[33] Investigators also found a part of Nawaf al-Hazmi's driver's license in the North Parking Lot rubble pile.^[69] Personal effects belonging to victims were also found, and taken to Fort Myer.^[70] The two Rolls-Royce RB211 aircraft engines, however, were not recovered.

[edit] Remains

Diagram of body fragments found in the Pentagon.

Army engineers determined by 17:30 on the first day that no one remained alive in the damaged section of the building.^[71] In the days after the crash, news reports emerged that up to 800 people had died.^[72] Army troops from Fort Belvoir were the first teams to survey the interior of the crash site and noted the presence of human remains.^[73] Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Urban Search and Rescue teams, including Fairfax County Urban Search and Rescue assisted the search for remains, working through the National Interagency Incident Management System (NIIMS).^[73][74] Kevin Rimrodt, a Navy photographer surveying the Navy Command Center after the attacks, remarked that "there were so many bodies, I'd almost step on them. So I'd have to really take care to look backwards as I'm backing up in the dark, looking with a flashlight, making sure I'm not stepping on somebody".^[75] Debris from the Pentagon were taken to the Pentagon's north parking lot for more detailed search for remains and evidence.^[76]
Remains that were recovered from the Pentagon were turned over to the Armed Forces Medical Examiner office, located at Dover Air Force Base in Delaware. The medical examiner's office was able to identify remains belonging to 179 of the victims.^[77] Investigators eventually identified 184 of the 189 people who died in the attack.^[78] The remains of the five hijackers were identified through a process of elimination, and were turned over as evidence to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).^[79] On September 21, the ACFD relinquished control of the crime scene to the FBI. The Washington Field Office, National Capital Response Squad (NCRS), and the Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) led the crime scene investigation at the Pentagon.^[60] By October 2, 2001, the search for evidence and remains was complete and the site was turned over to Pentagon officials.^[76] In 2002, the remains of twenty-five victims were buried collectively at Arlington National Cemetery, with a five-sided granite marker inscribed with the names of all the victims in the Pentagon.^[80] The ceremony also honored the five victims whose remains were never found.^[80]

[edit] Cockpit voice recorder

A photograph of the cockpit voice recorder from American Airlines Flight 77, as used in an exhibit at the Moussaoui trial

At around 3:40 a.m on September 14, a paramedic and a firefighter who were searching through the debris of the impact site found two dark boxes, about 1.5 by 2 feet long. They called for an FBI agent, who in turn called for someone from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). The NTSB employee confirmed that these were the black boxes from American Airlines Flight 77.^[81] Dick Bridges, deputy manager for Arlington County, Virginia, said the voice recorder was damaged on the outside and the flight data recorder was charred. But he said the FBI still was confident the data can be recovered from both. Bridges said the recorders were found "right where the plane came into the building."^[82]
Officials at both American Airlines and United Airlines said the black boxes aboard their destroyed aircraft were modern solid-state versions, which are more resistant to damage than the older magnetic tape recorders.^[83] The cockpit voice recorder was quickly transported to the NTSB lab in Washington, D.C., and its data was downloaded. Soon afterward, the FBI took charge of the box and its data.^[84] CBS News reported that "Preliminary information shows there is nothing that appears to be useful on the cockpit voice tape. The tape appears to be blank or erased."^[85] In its report on the CVR, the NTSB identified the unit as an L-3 Communications, Fairchild Aviation Recorders model A-100A cockpit voice recorder; a device which records on magnetic tape. The NTSB reported that "The majority of the recording tape was fused into a solid block of charred plastic." No usable segments of tape were found inside the recorder.^[86] The Flight Data Recorder failed to record certain parameters with certainty. Among the uncertain parameters was the status of the cockpit door, which showed no sign of having been opened during the hijacking or previous 40 hours, including 11 flights prior to the hijacking.^[87]

[edit] Continuity of operations

At the moment of impact, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld was in his office on the other side of the Pentagon, away from the crash site. He ran to the site and assisted the injured.^[88] Rumsfeld then returned to his office, and went to a conference room in the Executive Support Center where he joined a secure videoteleconference with Vice President Dick Cheney and other officials.^[89] On the day of the attacks, Department of Defense officials considered moving command operations to Site R, a backup facility in Pennsylvania. Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld insisted he remain at the Pentagon, instead sending Deputy Secretary Paul Wolfowitz to Site R. The National Military Command Center (NMCC) continued to operate at the Pentagon, even with smoke getting into the facility.^[90] Engineers and building managers manipulated the ventilation and other building systems that still functioned to draw smoke out of the NMCC and bring in fresh air.^[91] During a press conference held inside the Pentagon at 18:42, Rumsfeld announced "The Pentagon's functioning. It will be in business tomorrow."^[92] Pentagon employees returned the next day to offices in areas of the Pentagon mostly unaffected. By the end of September, more workers returned to the lightly damaged areas of the Pentagon.^[76]

[edit] Aftermath

Damaged section of the Pentagon under reconstruction.

Early estimates on rebuilding the damaged section of the Pentagon were that it would take three years to complete.^[76] However, the project moved forward at an accelerated pace and was completed by the one-year anniversary.^[93] The rebuilt section of the Pentagon includes a small indoor memorial and chapel at the point of impact.^[94] An outdoor memorial, designed by Julie Beckman and Keith Kaseman, was completed on schedule for its dedication on September 11, 2008.^[95]
In keeping with standard airline procedure after disasters, the flight number was changed after the incident. American's morning flight from Dulles to Los Angeles is now Flight 149, and uses a Boeing 737-800 instead of a 757-200. An American flag was placed on top of Gate D26 from which Flight 77 departed Dulles, even though gate D26 is now used by United Airlines. After the attacks, American Airlines decided to move its gates at Dulles from the D Concourse to the B concourse. This move was to occur weeks after the attacks, but did not end up happening until early 2006.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Security camera video

Second security camera video

On May 16, 2006, the Department of Defense released filmed footage that was recorded by a security camera of American Airlines Flight 77 crashing into the Pentagon, with a plane visible in one frame, as a "thin white blur" and an explosion following.^[96] The images were made public in response to a December 2004 Freedom of Information Act request by Judicial Watch.^[97] Some still images from the video had previously been released and publicly circulated, but this was the first official release of the full video of the crash.^[98]
A nearby Citgo gas station also had security cameras installed, but a video released on September 15, 2006, did not show the crash because the camera was pointed away from the crash site.^[99][100]
The Doubletree Hotel, located nearby in Crystal City, Virginia, also had a security camera video, and on December 4, 2006, the FBI released the video in response to a freedom of information lawsuit filed by Scott Bingham. The footage is "grainy and the focus is soft, but a rapidly growing tower of smoke is visible in the distance on the upper edge of the frame as the plane crashes into the building".^[101]

[edit] See also

	New York City portal
	Aviation portal

• United Airlines Flight 175
• American Airlines Flight 11
• United Airlines Flight 93

[edit] References

1. ^ Chen, David W (2001-09-18). "A Nation Challenged: The Suspect; Man Traveled Across U.S. In His Quest to Be a Pilot". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F03EFDF153BF93BA2575AC0A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1. Retrieved 2008-05-29. 
2. ^ Yardley, Jim; Thomas, Jo (2002-06-19). "Traces of Terror: The F.B.I.; For Agent in Phoenix, the Cause of Many Frustrations Extended to His Own Office". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0DE0DD173FF93AA25755C0A9649C8B63. Retrieved 2008-06-04. 
3. ^ "Four Planes, Four Coordinated Teams". The Washington Post. 2001. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/graphics/attack/hijackers.html. Retrieved 2001-06-17. 
4. ^ Sennott, Charles M (2002-03-03). "Why bin Laden plot relied on Saudi hijackers". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/packages/underattack/news/driving_a_wedge/part1.shtml. Retrieved 2008-05-29. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d e} "The Attack Looms". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch7.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-29. 
6. ^ Wright, Lawrence (2006). "Chapter 18, "Boom"". Looming Tower. Alfred P. Knopf. 
7. ^ Goldstein, Amy (2001-09-30). "Hijackers Led Core Group". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2008-05-05. http://web.archive.org/web/20080505123208/http://www.pulitzer.org/year/2002/national-reporting/works/093001.html. Retrieved 2008-05-29. 
8. ^ ^{a b} "Chronology" (PDF). Monograph on 9/11 and Terrorist Travel. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. p. 22. http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/911_TerrTrav_Ch2.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-25. 
9. ^ ^{a b} Martin, John P. (2001-09-27). "Landlord Identifies Terrorists as Renters". The Star-Ledger. 
10. ^ Masters, Brooke A.; Smith, Leef; Shear, Michael D. (2001-09-19). "Dulles Hijackers Made Maryland Their Base; Residents Recall Men as Standoffish". The Washington Post. "The men who hijacked Flight 77 also made a concerted effort to stay in shape. All five visited the Gold's Gym on Greenbelt Road during the first week of September" 
11. ^ Olson, Bradley (2006-09-09). "MD. Was Among Last Stops For Hijackers; Those Who Recall Encounters Are Haunted By Proximity To Agents Of Tragic Event". The Baltimore Sun. http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/custom/attack/bal-te.md.terrorist09sep09,0,5567459.story. Retrieved 2008-05-30. ^{[dead link]}
12. ^ ^{a b} 9/11 Commission (2004). "Notes". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Notes.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-30. 
13. ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation (2008-02-04). "Hijackers' Timeline" (PDF). 9/11 Myths. http://www.911myths.com/index.php/Image:Hijackers_Timeline_OCR.pdf. Retrieved 2008-08-01. 
14. ^ ^{a b} "Flight Path Study - American Airlines Flight 77" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. 2002-02-19. http://www.ntsb.gov/info/Flight_%20Path_%20Study_AA77.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-30. 
15. ^ "American Airlines Flight 77". CNN. 2001. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080512091509/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/victims/AA77.victims.html. Retrieved 2008-05-29. 
16. ^ ^{a b c} "Staff Monograph on the "Four Flights and Civil Aviation Security"" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. September 2005. http://www.archives.gov/legislative/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf. Retrieved 2008-08-14. 
17. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-30. 
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20. ^ Orecklin, Michele; Land, Greg (2001-11-19). "Why Argenbright Sets Off Alarms". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1001252,00.html. Retrieved 2008-05-30. 
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22. ^ Gregor, Joseph A. (2001-12-21). "ATC Report American Airlines Flight 77" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. http://www.ntsb.gov/info/ATC_%20Report_AA77.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-01. 
23. ^ O'Callaghan, John; Bower, Daniel (2002-02-13). "Study of Autopilot, Navigation Equipment, and Fuel Consumption Activity Based on United Airlines Flight 93 and American Airlines Flight 77 Digital Flight Data Recorder Information" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. http://www.ntsb.gov/info/autopilot_AA77_UA93_study.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-01. 
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49. ^ ^{a b} Borger, Julian (2001-09-12). "'Everyone was screaming, crying, running. It's like a war zone'". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/sep/12/expertopinions.charlieporteronmensfashion. Retrieved 2008-06-19. 
50. ^ "Documentary Photographs". Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/911/911-docphotos.html. Retrieved 2006-11-12. 
51. ^ Anderson, Porter (2001-09-11). "Witnesses to the moment: Workers' voices". CNN. http://archives.cnn.com/2001/CAREER/trends/09/11/witnesses/. Retrieved 2008-06-10. 
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54. ^ "Transcripts - America Under Attack: Eyewitness Discusses Pentagon Plane Crash". CNN. 2001-09-11. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0109/11/bn.32.html. Retrieved 2008-06-10. 
55. ^ Goldberg et al., pp. 55–56.
56. ^ ^{a b} Goldberg et al., p. 51.
57. ^ Goldberg et al., p. 72.
58. ^ Goldberg et al., p. 77.
59. ^ Goldberg et al., p. 78.
60. ^ ^{a b} "Arlington, Virginia After-Action Report" (PDF). Arlington County Fire Department. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927012831/http://www.arlingtonva.us/Departments/Fire/edu/about/docs/after_report.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-10. 
61. ^ ^{a b c d} Goldberg et al., pp. 80–82.
62. ^ Goldberg et al., p. 20.
63. ^ ^{a b} Goldberg et al., pp. 86–90.
64. ^ ^{a b c} Goldberg et al., pp. 91–95.
65. ^ Swift, Earl (2002-09-09). "Inside the Pentagon on 9/11: The Call of Duty". The Virginian-Pilot (Hampton Roads). Archived from the original on 2004-06-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20040730074824/http://www.hamptonroads.com/pilotonline/special/911/pentagon3.html. 
66. ^ "Web Exclusive: Washington's Heroes - On the ground at the Pentagon on Sept. 11". MSNBC. 2001-09-28. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3069699/. 
67. ^ Creed, Patrick, and Rick Newman (2008). "Chapter 41: A Great Find". Firefight: Inside the Battle to Save the Pentagon on 9/11. Random House. 
68. ^ Murray, Frank J. (2001-09-15). "Pentagon plane voice recorder is too 'cooked' to aid in probe". The Washington Times. 
69. ^ "Prosecution Trial Exhibits - Exhibit Number PE00102". United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/notablecases/moussaoui/exhibits/prosecution/PE00102.html. Retrieved 2008-06-19. 
70. ^ Wilkinson, Marian (2002-09-09). "Capital punishment". Melbourne: The Age (Australia). http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/09/09/1031115990939.html. Retrieved 2008-06-24. 
71. ^ Goldberg et al., p. 97.
72. ^ "Twin Towers Demolished, Pentagon Hit in Terrorist Attacks". Foxnews.com. 2001-09-12. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,34177,00.html. Retrieved 2008-06-10. 
73. ^ ^{a b} Goldberg et al., p. 119.
74. ^ Eversburg, Rudy (2002-11-01). "The Pentagon Attack on 9-11: Arlington County (VA) Fire Department Response". Fire Engineering. http://www.fireengineering.com/articles/article_display.html?id=165238. Retrieved 2008-06-10. ^{[dead link]}
75. ^ Goldberg et al., pp. 121–122.
76. ^ ^{a b c d} Vogel, Steve (2001-10-03). "Search for Remains Ends at Pentagon". The Washington Post. 
77. ^ "Mass Fatality Management for Incidents Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction" (PDF). U.S. Army Research Development and Engineering Command and the Office for Domestic Preparedness. August 2005. http://www.edgewood.army.mil/hld/dl/MFM_Capstone_August_2005.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-24. 
78. ^ Kelly, Christopher (2001-11-29). "Forensic feat IDs nearly all Pentagon victims". Stripe. http://www.dcmilitary.com/dcmilitary_archives/stories/112901/12279-1.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
79. ^ Vogel, Steve (2001-11-21). "Remains Unidentified For 5 Pentagon Victims; Bodies Were Too Badly Burned, Officials Say". The Washington Post. 
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[edit] External links

	Virginia portal
	Aviation portal

• Picture of Aircraft Pre 9-11
• Arlington County After-Action Report – Arlington County Fire Department, July 23, 2002
• Archive of American Airlines site – explaining that all aircraft are accounted for (September 11, 2001)
• Archive of American Airlines site with condolences for deceased (September 12, 2001)

[show] v • d • e September 11 attacks Timeline Planning · September 11, 2001 · Rest of September · October · Beyond October Victims Casualties Hijacked airliners American Airlines Flight 11 · United Airlines Flight 175 · American Airlines Flight 77 · United Airlines Flight 93 Sites of destruction World Trade Center · The Pentagon · Stonycreek, Pennsylvania Effects Airport security · Conspiracy theories (Advance knowledge debate · WTC controlled demolition) · Economic effects · Local health effects Aftermath Immediate aftermath · Cultural references · Audiovisual entertainment · Closings and cancellations · Detentions · Post-9/11 · Reactions · Rumors Response U.S. military response · U.S. government response · Rescue and recovery effort · Financial assistance · Operation SUPPORT · Operation Yellow Ribbon · Memorials and services Perpetrators Responsibility · Motives · Hijackers · 20th hijacker Inquiries U.S. Congressional Inquiry · 9/11 Commission (Report · Criticism) · PENTTBOM Miscellaneous Communication (Radio communications) · Patriot Day · WTC collapse · Slogans and terms · Survivors' Staircase Book:September 11 attacks

[show] v • d • e Hijackers in the September 11 attacks American Airlines Flight 11 Mohamed Atta · Satam al-Suqami · Waleed al-Shehri · Wail al-Shehri · Abdulaziz al-Omari United Airlines Flight 175 Marwan al-Shehhi · Fayez Banihammad · Mohand al-Shehri · Hamza al-Ghamdi · Ahmed al-Ghamdi American Airlines Flight 77 Hani Hanjour · Khalid al-Mihdhar · Majed Moqed · Nawaf al-Hazmi · Salem al-Hazmi United Airlines Flight 93 Ziad Jarrah · Ahmed al-Nami · Saeed al-Ghamdi · Ahmed al-Haznawi 20th hijacker suspects Ramzi Binalshibh · Mohammed al-Qahtani · Zacarias Moussaoui · Mushabib al-Hamlan · Zakariya Essabar Ammar al-Baluchi · Walid bin Attash · Khalid al-Zahrani · Fawaz al-Nashimi Wrongly accused Lotfi Raissi · Amer Kamfar · Ameer Bukhari · Adnan Bukhari · Abdul Rahman al-Omari · Mohammed Jaweed Azmath · Ayub Ali Khan

[show] v • d • e ← 2000 · Aviation accidents and incidents in 2001 · 2002 →     Jan 31  Japan Airlines mid-air incident Mar 03  Thai Airways International Flight 114 Mar 19  Comair Flight 5054 Mar 29  Avjet Aspen crash Apr 01  Hainan Island incident Apr 04  Sudanese Air Force AN-24 crash Jul 04  Vladivostok Air Flight 352 Aug 24  Air Transat Flight 236 Aug 29  Binter Mediterráneo Flight 8261 Sep 11  American Airlines Flight 11 Sep 11  United Airlines Flight 175 Sep 11  American Airlines Flight 77 Sep 11  United Airlines Flight 93 Sep 11  Korean Air Lines Flight 85 Sep 17  Grozny Mi-8 crash Oct 04  Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 Oct 08  Linate Airport disaster Nov 12  American Airlines Flight 587 Nov 24  Crossair Flight 3597 Dec 02  AFRF Flight 9064 Dec 22  AA Flight 63 ("Shoe bomb" plot)   Incidents resulting in at least 50 deaths shown in italics.    Deadliest incident shown in bold smallcaps.

[show] v • d • e Incidents covered in Seconds From Disaster Natural disasters Super Outbreak · 2004 Asian tsunami · Galtür Avalanche · Kobe earthquake · Montserrat eruption · 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption Terrorism American Airlines Flight 77 · Bali bombing · Munich Massacre · Oklahoma City bombing · US embassy bombings Air and space disasters Air France 4590 (Concorde) · BOAC 781 / SA 201 (Comet) · Tenerife airport disaster · Air Florida 90 (Washington) · American 191 (Chicago) · American 587 (Queens, New York) · British Midland 092 (Kegworth) · El Al 1862 (Amsterdam) · The Hindenburg (New Jersey) · TWA 800 (Long Island) · United 232 (Sioux City) · ValuJet 592 (Florida) · Space Shuttle Challenger · Space Shuttle Columbia Train disasters 1993 Big Bayou Canot train wreck · Kaprun disaster · Gare de Lyon rail accident · Eschede train disaster Marine disasters K-141 Kursk · MS Herald of Free Enterprise · M/S Scandinavian Star · RMS Titanic · USS Forrestal Fire King's Cross fire · Mont Blanc Tunnel Collapses Hyatt Regency walkway collapse · Sampoong Department Store collapse · Hotel New World disaster · Stava Dam Explosions Chernobyl disaster · Guadalajara explosions · Puerto Rico shoe store · Piper Alpha oil platform · Texas oil refinery

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77"

Categories: American Airlines Flight 77 | Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 757 | Accidents and incidents on commercial airliners in the United States | Airliner hijackings resulting in crashes | Deliberate airliner crashes | Filmed deaths | Islamist terrorism in the United States | September 11 attacks | Terrorist incidents in the United States in 2001 | The Pentagon