Fear God (UNDER CONSTRUCTION)

FEAR GOD

Revelation 14: 7 And I saw another angel fly in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting gospel to preach unto them that dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and kindred, and tongue, and people, 7Saying with a loud voice, Fear God, and give glory to him; for the hour of his judgment is come: and worship him that made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and the fountains of waters. 8And there followed another angel, saying, Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that great city, because she made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication. 8And there followed another angel, saying, Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that great city, because she made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication. 9And the third angel followed them, saying with a loud voice, If any man worship the beast and his image, and receive his mark in his forehead, or in his hand, 10The same shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out without mixture into the cup of his indignation; and he shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb: 11And the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever: and they have no rest day nor night, who worship the beast and his image, and whosoever receiveth the mark of his name. 12Here is the patience of the saints: here are they that keep the commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus.

Ecclesiastes 12:13 Let us hear the conclusion of the whole matter: Fear God, and keep his commandments: for this is the whole duty of man.14For God shall bring every work into judgment, with every secret thing, whether it be good, or whether it be evil.

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Tuesday, October 26, 2010

Saint George and the Dragon [Legend and Folklure]

Saint George and the Dragon

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"St. George and the Dragon" redirects here. For the song by Toto, see Hydra (album).
"Saint George the Victorious" redirects here. For the Russian coins, see Saint George the Victorious (coin).
Saint George and the Dragon by Gustave Moreau
St. George by Hans Acker 1440
The episode of Saint George and the Dragon appended to the hagiography of Saint George was Eastern in origin,[1] brought back with the Crusaders and retold with the courtly appurtenances belonging to the genre of Romance. The earliest known depictions of the motif are from tenth- or eleventh-century Cappadocia[2] and eleventh-century Georgia and Armenia;[3] previously, in the iconography of Eastern Orthodoxy, George had been depicted as a soldier since at least the seventh century. The earliest known surviving narrative of the dragon episode is an eleventh-century Georgian text.[4] William Shakespeare refers to St. George and the Dragon in Richard III; act v, also in King Lear; act I.
The dragon motif was first combined with the already standardised Passio Georgii in Vincent of Beauvais' encyclopedic Speculum Historiale, and then Jacobus de Voragine's Golden Legend (ca 1260) guaranteed its popularity in the later Middle Ages as a literary and pictorial subject.[5] The legend gradually became part of the Christian traditions relating to Saint George and was used in many festivals thereafter.[6]

Contents

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[edit] The legends

A 15th century Georgian plaque depicting Saint George rescuing the emperor's daughter.
St. George and the Dragon, wood sculpture by Bernt Notke in Stockholm's Storkyrkan
St. George and the Dragon in Stockholm's Gamla stan
Woodcut frontispiece of Alexander Barclay, Lyfe of Seynt George (Westminster, 1515)
Saint George defeating the dragon and saving the princess.
“ Advance our standards, set upon our foes Our ancient world of courage fair
St. George Inspire us with the spleen of fiery dragons..... Richard III. act v, sc.3.		 ”
“ Come not between the Dragon and his wrath.....Shakespeare. King Lear. Act I, Sc 2 ”
According to the Golden Legend the narrative episode of Saint George and the Dragon took place in a place he called "Silene," in Libya; the Golden Legend is the first to place this legend in Libya as a sufficiently exotic locale, where a dragon might be imagined. In the tenth-century Georgian narrative, the place is the fictional city of Lasia, and it is the godless Emperor who is Selinus.[7]
The town had a pond, as large as a lake, where a plague-bearing dragon dwelled that envenomed all the countryside. To appease the dragon, the people of Silene used to feed it two sheep every day, and when the sheep failed, they fed it their children, chosen by lottery. It happened that the lot fell on the king's daughter, who is in some versions of the story called Sabra.[8] The king, distraught with grief, told the people they could have all his gold and silver and half of his kingdom if his daughter were spared; the people refused. The daughter was sent out to the lake, decked out as a bride, to be fed to the dragon.
Saint George by chance rode past the lake. The princess, trembling, sought to send him away, but George vowed to remain. The dragon reared out of the lake while they were conversing. Saint George fortified himself with the Sign of the Cross,[9] charged it on horseback with his lance and gave it a grievous wound. Then he called to the princess to throw him her girdle, and he put it around the dragon's neck. When she did so, the dragon followed the girl like a meek beast on a leash.
She and Saint George led the dragon back to the city of Silene, where it terrified the people at its approach. But Saint George called out to them, saying that if they consented to become Christians and be baptised, he would slay the dragon before them. The king and the people of Silene converted to Christianity, George slew the dragon, and the body was carted out of the city on four ox-carts. "Fifteen thousand men baptized, without women and children." On the site where the dragon died, the king built a church to the Blessed Virgin Marycured all disease.[10] and Saint George, and from its altar a spring arose whose waters
Traditionally, the sword[11] with which St. George slew the dragon was called Ascalon, a name recalling the city of Ashkelon, Israel. From this tradition, the name Ascalon was used by Winston Churchill for his personal aircraft during World War II (records at Bletchley Park), since St. George is the Patron Saint of England.

[edit] Origins

Saint George and the Dragon, by Rogier van der Weyden
The figure of the dragon slayer, older than Christianity, figures in the founding myth of Delphi, where Apollodrakon Pytho, and has ancient Near Eastern roots as old as Mesopotamian Labbu. A dragon is also the enemy figure in Revelation and in the saintly legend of Margaret the Virgin. slays the
The region had long venerated other religious figures. These historians deem it likely that certain elements of their ancient worship could have passed to their Christian successors. Notable among these ancient deitiesSabazios, the Sky Father of the Phrygians and known as Sabazius to the Romans. This god was traditionally depicted riding on horseback. was
The iconic image of St. George on horseback trampling the serpent-dragon beneath him is considered to be similar to these pre-Christian representations of Sabazios, the mounted god of Phrygia and Thrace.
According to Christopher Booker it is more likely, however, that the "George and the Dragon" story is a medieval adaptation of the ancient Greek myth of Perseus and Andromeda—evidence for which can be seen in the similarity of events and locale in both stories.[12] In this connection, the Perseus and Andromeda myth was known throughout the Middle Ages from the influence of Ovid. In imagery, other Greek myths also played a role. "Medieval artists used the Greco-Roman image of Bellerophon and the Chimaera as the template for representations of Saint George and the Dragon."[13]
These myths in turn may derive from an earlier Hittite myth concerning the battle between the Storm God Tarhun and the dragon Illuyankas. Such stories also have counterparts in other Indo-European mythologies: the slaying of the serpent Vritra by Indra in Vedic religion, the battle between Thor and Jörmungandr in the Norse story of Ragnarok, the Greek account of the defeat of the Titan Typhon by Zeus.[14]
Parallels also exist outside of Indo-European mythology, for example the Babylonian myths of Marduk slaying the dragon Tiamat[15]. The book of Job 41:21 speaks of a creature whose "breath kindleth coals, and a flame goeth out of his mouth."[16]
In Italy, Saint Mercurialis, first bishop of the city of Forlì, is also depicted slaying a dragon.[17] Saint Julian of Le Mans, Saint Veran, Saint Bienheuré, Saint Crescentinus, Saint Margaret of Antioch, Saint Clement of Metz, Saint Martha, Saint Quirinus of Malmedy, Saint Donatus of Arezzo, and Saint Leonard of Noblac were also venerated as dragon-slayers.[18]

[edit] Treatment by artists

Coat of arms of Moscow
Paintings
Sculptures
A half sovereign with Benedetto Pistrucci's engraving.
Engravings
Other

[edit] Contemporary retelling

St. George and the Dragon by Briton Reviere.
The Wedding of Saint George and the Princess Sabra by Dante Gabriel Rossetti.
A church altar dedicated to Saint George and Saint Barbara at St. Verena's Catholic Church in Roggenbeuren, Germany.
Children act out the tale of St. George and the Dragon in this 1875 photograph by Lewis Carroll.

[edit] Alternative legends

The village of Wormingford in Essex, England also lays claim to the George and the Dragon legend. A dragon, now believed to have been a crocodile that escaped from Richard I, was slain in the River Stour. There are differing accounts, including different dragon slayers, however one popular account tells how Sir George Marney (of Layer de la Haye) killed the dragon with his lance. The church in Wormingford (which is dedicated to St Andrew) has a stain glass window depicting this scene. [26] [27]

[edit] See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Saint George and the Dragon

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Robertson, The Medieval Saints' Lives (pp 51-52) suggested that the dragon motif was transferred to the George legend from that of his father fellow soldier saint, Saint Theodore Tiro. The Roman Catholic writer Alban ButlerLives of the Saints) was at pains to credit the motif as a late addition: "It should be noted, however, that the story of the dragon, though given so much prominence, was a later accretion, of which we have no sure traces before the twelfth century. This puts out of court the attempts made by many folklorists to present St. George as no more than a christianized survival of pagan mythology." (
  2. ^ Walter 2003:128, noted by British Museum Russian Icon "The Miracle of St George and the Dragon / Black George".
  3. ^ Christopher Walter, The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition 2003:141, notes the earliest datable image, at Pavnisi, Georgia (1154-58), but earlier examples datable by style are at Adisi], Armenia (late eleventh century), and Bočorma (ca. 1100) and twelfth-century examples in Russia and Greece
  4. ^ Patriarchal Library, Jerusalem, codex 2, according to Christopher Walter, The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition 2003:140; Walter quotes the text at length, from a Russian translation.
  5. ^ Margaret Aston, Faith and Fire Continuum Publishing, 1993 ISBN 1-85285-073-6 page 272
  6. ^ Christian Roy, 2005, Traditional FestivalsISBN 978-1-57607-089-5 page 408; Dorothy Spicer, Festivals of Western Europe, (BiblioBazaar), 2008 ISBN 1-4375-2015-4, page 67
  7. ^ Quoted in Walter 2003:141.
  8. ^ http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=langm&book=saints&story=patron
  9. ^ In the earliest, Georgian version where the dragon is more clearly a representation of paganism, or at least of infernal power, the sign of the Cross itself was sufficient to defeat the dragon.
  10. ^ Thus Jacobus de Voragine, in William Caxton's translation (On-line text).
  11. ^ Ascalon, Askalon (Seven Champions); Askelon (Percy's ballads)
  12. ^ Booker, Christopher (2004). The Seven Basic Plots. Continuum. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0-8264-5209-2. 
  13. ^ Theoi Greek Mythology.
  14. ^ Mallory, J. P. (1989). In Search of the Indo-Europeans. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27616-1. 
  15. ^ Combat of Marduk and Tiamat in the Babylonian Creation Myths, Fourth Tablet at Sacred-texts.com The killing of Tiamat is featured from line 93
  16. ^ Job 41;21
  17. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Forli
  18. ^ Sauroctones
  19. ^ [1]
  20. ^ [2]
  21. ^ [3]
  22. ^ Nordisk familjebok. 1914. http://runeberg.org/nfbt/0053.html. 
  23. ^ No Land is an Urland- The Creation of the World of Dragonslayer by Danny Fingeroth from Dragonslayer- The Official Marvel Comics Adaptation of the Spectacular Paramount/Disney Motion Picture!, Marvel Super Special Vol.1, No. 20, published by Marvel Comics Group, 1981
  24. ^ The Historian
  25. ^ Vlad tepes
  26. ^ http://www.bures-online.co.uk/dragon/worm.htm
  27. ^ http://www.dedhamvalesociety.org.uk/Files/VillageWORMINGFORD.pdf

[edit] References

  • Loomis, C. Grant, 1949. White Magic, An Introduction to the Folklore of Christian Legend (Cambridge: Medieval Society of America)
  • Whatley, E. Gordon, editor, with Anne B. Thompson and Robert K. Upchurch, 2004. St. George and the Dragon in the South English Legendary (East Midland Revision, c. 1400) Originally published in Saints' Lives in Middle English Collections (on-line text: Introduction).
  • Catholic Encyclopedia, "Saint George"
  • (Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications) (On-line Introduction)

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon"
Posted by MICHAEL at Tuesday, October 26, 2010
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