The Word of God Universal law Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Universal law

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This article is about ethics. For logical empiricism, see Models of scientific inquiry.

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In law and ethics, universal law or universal principle refers as concepts of legal legitimacy actions, whereby those principles and rules for governing human beings' conduct which are most universal in their acceptability, their applicability, translation, and philosophical basis, are therefore considered to be most legitimate. They are universal and absolute.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Eleanor Roosevelt with the Spanish version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Created	1948
Ratified	10 December 1948
Location	Palais de Chaillot, Paris
Authors	John Peters HumphreyRené CassinP. C. Chang (China), Charles Malik (Lebanon), Eleanor Roosevelt (United States), among others (Canada), (France),
Purpose	Human rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris. The Declaration has been translated into at least 375 languages and dialects.^[1] The Declaration arose directly from the experience of the Second World War and represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are entitled to. It consists of 30 articles which have been elaborated in subsequent international treaties, regional human rightsInternational Bill of Human Rights consists of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its two Optional Protocols. In 1966 the General Assembly adopted the two detailed Covenants, which complete the International Bill of Human Rights. instruments, national constitutions and laws. The

Contents [show] 1 History 1.1 Conception 1.2 Drafting 1.3 Adoption 2 Structure 3 Preamble 4 Human rights set out in the Declaration 5 Commemoration: International Human Rights Day 6 Significance and legal effect 6.1 Significance 6.2 Legal effect 7 Reaction 7.1 Praise 7.2 Criticism 7.2.1 Islamic criticism 7.2.2 Education 7.2.3 Property rights criticism 7.2.4 The Right to Refuse to Kill 7.3 Bangkok Declaration 7.4 Not practiced de facto in every country 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 Further reading 11 External links

[edit] History

[edit] Conception

See also: History of human rights

European philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment developed theories of natural law that influenced the adoption of documents such as the Bill of Rights of England, the Bill of Rights in the United States, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in France.

National and International pressure for an international bill of rights had been building throughout World War II. In his 1941 State of the Union address US president Franklin Roosevelt called for the protection of what he termed the "essential" Four Freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, freedom from fear and freedom from want, as its basic war aims. This has been seen as part of a movement of the 1940s that sought to make human rights part of the conditions for peace at the end of the war.^[2] The United Nations Charter "reaffirmed faith in fundamental human rights, and dignity and worth of the human person" and committed all member states to promote "universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion".^[3]

When the atrocities committed by Nazi Germany became public knowledge around the world after World War II, the consensus within the world community was that the United Nations Charter did not sufficiently define the rights it referenced.^[4][5] A universal declaration that specified the rights of individuals was necessary to give effect to the Charter's provisions on human rights.^[6]