Executive Orders Disposition Tables John F. Kennedy - 1962

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Executive Orders
Disposition Tables
John F. Kennedy - 1962
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Executive Order No.
10984	Amending the Selective Service Regulations
	Signed: January 5, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 193, January 9, 1962
	Amends: EO 9988, August 20, 1948; EO 10001, September 17, 1948; EO 10008, October 18, 1948; EO 10116, March 9, 1950; EO 10202, January 12, 1951; EO 10292, September 25, 1951; EO 10328, February 20, 1952; EO 10363, June 17, 1952; EO 10562, September 20, 1954; EO 10594, January 31, 1955; EO 10650, January 6, 1956; EO 10659, February 15, 1956; EO 10714, June 13, 1957; EO 10735, October 17, 1957; EO 10809, March 19, 1959
	Amended by: EO 11098, March 14, 1963; EO 11119, September 10, 1963; EO 11188, November 17, 1964; EO 11241, August 26, 1965; EO 11350, May 3, 1967; EO 11360, June 30, 1967; EO 11497, November 26, 1969; EO 11527, April 23, 1970; EO 11537, June 16, 1970; EO 11563, September 26, 1970; EO 11586, March 10, 1971
	Revoked by: EO 12553, February 25, 1986
10985	Amendment of Executive Order No. 10501, relating to safeguarding official information in the interests of the defense of the United States
	Signed: January 12, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 439, January 16, 1962
	Amends: EO 10501, November 5, 1953; EO 10901, January 9, 1961
	See: EO 11097, February 28, 1963; EO 11652, March 8, 1972
10986	Amendment of Executive Order No. 10898, Establishing the Interdepartmental Highway Safety Board
	Signed: January 12, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 439, January 16, 1962
	Amends: EO 10898, December 2, 1960
	Revoked by: EO 11515, March 13, 1970
10987	Agency systems for appeals from adverse actions
	Signed: January 17, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 550, January 19, 1962
	Revoked by: EO 11787, June 11, 1974
10988	Employee-management cooperation in the Federal service
	Signed: January 17, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 551, January 19, 1962
	Revoked by: EO 11491, October 29, 1969
10989	Amendment of Executive Order No. 10168, of October 11, 1950, as amended, prescribing regulations relating to the right of enlisted members of the uniformed services to additional pay for sea and foreign duty
	Signed: January 22, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 727, January 25, 1962
	Amends: EO 10168, October 11, 1950
	Revoked by: EO 11157, June 22, 1964
10990	Reestablishing the Federal Safety Council
	Signed: February 2, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 1065, February 6, 1962
	Revokes: EO 10194, December 19, 1950
	Superseded by: EO 11612, July 26, 1971
10991	Making a change with respect to the membership of the Commission established by Executive Order No. 10929, relating to a controversy between certain carriers and certain of their employees
	Signed: February 6, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 1207, February 9, 1962
	Amends: EO 10929, March 24, 1961
10992	Redefining the boundaries of the Caribbean National Forest--Puerto Rico
	Signed: February 9, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 1311, February 13, 1962
	See: EO 7059-A, June 4, 1935; Proc. 495 (old No. 41) January 17, 1903
10993	Consolidating the Hiawatha and Marquette National Forests (Michigan) and correcting the land descriptions of Nebraska National Forest (Nebraska) and Wasatch National Forest (Utah)
	Signed: February 9, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 1312, February 13, 1962
	Amends: Proc. 3379, November 8, 1960; EO 10844, October 9, 1959; EO 10890, October 27, 1960
	See: Unnumbered proclamations of January 16, 1931 and February 12, 1931
10994	The President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped
	Signed: February 14, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 1447, February 16, 1962
	Supersedes: EO 10640, October 10, 1955
	Amended by: EO 11018, April 27, 1962
	Superseded by: EO 11480, September 9, 1969
10995	Assigning telecommunications management functions
	Signed: February 16, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 1519, February 20, 1962
	Revokes: EO 10460, June 16, 1953
	Amends: EO 10695-A (not published); EO 10705, April 17, 1957
	See: EO 11051, September 27, 1962
	Amended by: EO 11084, February 15, 1963
	Revoked by: EO 11556, September 4, 1970
10996	Promulgating regulations concerning withholding of compensation of civilian employees of the National Guard for State and State-sponsored employee retirement, disability, or death benefits programs
	Signed: February 16, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 1521, February 20, 1962
	Supersedes: EO 10679, September 20, 1956
10997	Assigning emergency preparedness functions to the Secretary of the Interior
	Signed: February 16, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 1522, February 20, 1962
	See: EO 10952, July 20, 1961
	Revoked by: EO 11490, October 28, 1969
10998	Assigning emergency preparedness functions to the Secretary of Agriculture
	Signed: February 16, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 1524, February 20, 1962
	See: EO 10952, July 20, 1961; FR Doc. 62-9459, 27 FR 9418
	Revoked by: EO 11490, October 28, 1969
10999	Assigning emergency preparedness functions to the Secretary of Commerce
	Signed: February 16, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 1527, February 20, 1962
	See: EO 10952, July 20, 1961; FR Doc. 62-9459, 27 FR 9418; FR Doc. 63-3328, 28 FR 3125
	Revoked by: EO 11490, October 28, 1969
11000	Assigning emergency preparedness functions to the Secretary of Labor
	Signed: February 16, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 1532, February 20, 1962
	See: EO 10952, July 20, 1961
	Revoked by: EO 11490, October 28, 1969
11001	Assigning emergency preparedness functions to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
	Signed: February 16, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 1534; February 20, 1962
	See: EO 10952, July 20, 1961
	Revoked by: EO 11490, October 28, 1969
11002	Assigning emergency preparedness functions to the Postmaster General
	Signed: February 16, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 1539; February 20, 1962
	See: EO 10952, July 20, 1961
	Revoked by: EO 11490, October 28, 1969
11003	Assigning emergency preparedness functions to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Agency
	Signed: February 16, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 1540; February 20, 1962
	See: EO 10952, July 20, 1961; FR Doc. 63-3328, 28 FR 3125
	Revoked by: EO 11490, October 28, 1969
11004	Assigning certain emergency preparedness functions to the Housing and Home Finance Administrator
	Signed: February 16, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 1542; February 20, 1962
	See: EO 10952, July 20, 1961
	Revoked by: EO 11490, October 28, 1969
11005	Assigning emergency preparedness functions to the Interstate Commerce Commission
	Signed: February 16, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 1544; February 20, 1962
	See: EO 10952, July 20, 1961
	Revoked by: EO 11490, October 28, 1969
11006	Creating an emergency board to investigate a dispute between Eastern Air Lines, Inc., and certain of its employees
	Signed: February 22, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 1789; February 27, 1962
	Revoked by: EO 12553, February 25, 1986
11007	Prescribing regulations for the formation and use of advisory committees
	Signed: February 26, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 1875; February 28, 1962
	Supersedes Directive of February 2, 1959
	Superseded by: EO 11671, June 5, 1972
	See: EO 11136, January 3, 1964; EO 11425, August 30, 1968; EO 11458, March 5, 1969; EO 11523, April 9, 1970; EO 11614, August 5, 1971; EO 11625, October 13, 1971
11008	Creating an emergency board to investigate dispute between the Akron & Barberton Belt Railroad Company and other carriers and certain of their employees
	Signed: March 3, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 2143; March 6, 1962
	Revoked by: EO 12553, February 25, 1986
11009	Amending the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1951, to implement section 923a of Title 10, United States Code, relating to prosecution of bad check offenses
	Signed: March 16, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 2585; March 20, 1962
	See: EO 10214, February 8, 1951
11010	Amending Executive Order No. 10713, relating to the administration of the Ryukyu Islands
	Signed: March 19, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 2621; March 21, 1962
	Amends: EO 10713, June 5, 1957
	Nullified by treaty on May 15, 1962 (TIAS 7314, 23 List 446)
	See: EO 11263, December 20, 1965; EO 11395, January 31, 1968; EO 11618, September 10, 1971
11011	Creating an emergency board to investigate a dispute between the Trans World Airlines, Inc., and certain of its employees
	Signed: March 20, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 2677; March 22, 1962
	Revoked by: EO 12553, February 25, 1986
11012	Providing for the performance of certain functions under sections 1(a) and 1(b) of the Administrative Expenses Act of 1946
	Signed: March 27, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 2983; March 30, 1962
	Amends: EO 10530, May 10, 1954
	Revokes: EO 9778, September 10, 1946; EO 9805, November 25, 1946; EO 9933, February 27, 1948; EO 9997, September 8, 1948; EO 10069, July 14, 1949; EO 10177, October 27, 1950; EO 10196, December 20, 1950; EO 10274, July 18, 1951; EO 10381, August 6, 1952; EO 10507, December 10, 1953
	Amended by: EO 12608, September 9, 1987
	Superseded in part by EO 11230, June 28, 1965
	See: EO 10759, March 17, 1958
11013	Creating a board of inquiry to report on a labor dispute affecting the maritime industry of the United States
	Signed: April 7, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 3373; April 10, 1962
	Revoked by: EO 12553, February 25, 1986
11014	Delegating to the Secretary of Commerce functions with respect to participation of the United States in the New York World's Fair
	Signed: April 17, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 3731; April 19, 1962
	See: EO 11034, June 25, 1962
11015	Creating an emergency board to investigate disputes between the Chicago and North Western Railway Company, the former Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway Company, now a part of the Chicago and North Western Railway Company by merger, and certain of their employees
	Signed: April 23, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 3905; April 25, 1962
	Revoked by: EO 12553, February 25, 1986
11016	Authorizing award of the Purple Heart
	Signed: April 25, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 4139; May 1, 1962
	Supersedes: EO 10409, November 12, 1952
	Amended by: EO 11382, November 28, 1967; EO 12464, February 23, 1984
11017	Providing for coordination with respect to outdoor recreation resources and establishing the Recreation Advisory Council
	Signed: April 27, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 4141; May 1, 1962
	Amended by: EO 11069, November 28, 1962; EO 11218, April 24, 1965
	Superseded by: EO 11278, May 4, 1966
11018	Increasing from three to four the number of Vice Chairmen of the President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped
	Signed: April 27, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 4143; May 1, 1962
	Amends: EO 10994, February 14, 1962
	Superseded by: EO 11480, September 9, 1969
11019	Amending Executive Order No. 10873 to provide for an exception to the Inter-American Development Bank's Immunity from suit specified in the International Oranizations Immunities Act
	Signed: April 27, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 4145; May 1, 1962
	Amends: EO 10873, April 8, 1960
11020	Inspection of income, excess-profits, estate, and gift tax returns by the Senate Committee on Armed Services
	Signed: May 7, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 4407; May 9, 1962
11021	Administration of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands by the Secretary of the Interior
	Signed: May 7, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 4409; May 9, 1962
	Supersedes: EO 10265, June 29, 1951; EO 10408, November 10, 1952; EO 10470, July 17, 1953
	Amended by: EO 11944, October 25, 1976
	Superseded by: EO 12569, October 16, 1986
	See: EO 9875, July 18, 1947
11022	Establishing this President's Council on Aging
	Signed: May 14, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 4659, May 17, 1962
	Supersedes Letter of March 7, 1959
	Amended by: EO 11376, October 17, 1967; EO 12106, December 28, 1978
	Revoked by: EO 12379, August 17, 1982
11023	Providing for the performance by the Secretary of Commerce of certain functions relating to the Coast and Geodetic Survey
	Signed: May 28, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 5131, June 1, 1962
	Supersedes Letter to Sec. of Commerce, April 23, 1929
	Amended by: EO 12608, September 9, 1987
	Coast and Geodetic Survey was transferred to the Environmental Science Services Administration under Reorganization Plan 2 of 1965 and ESSA was transferred to NOAA under Reorganization Plan 4 of 1970. The Coast and Geodetic Survey is now the National Ocean Survey. per NOAA, Gen. Counsel's Office
11024	Exemption of Alan T. Waterman from comulsory retirement for age
	Signed: June 4, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 5385; June 7, 1962
11025	Creating a Board of Inquiry to report on a labor dispute affecting the aircraft industry of the United States
	Signed: June 7, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 5467; June 9, 1962
	Amended by: EO 11026, June 8, 1962; EO 11029, June 13, 1962
	Revoked by: EO 12553, February 25, 1986
11026	Amendment of Executive Order No. 11025, creating a Board of Inquiry to report on a labor dispute affecting the aircraft industry of the United States
	Signed: June 8, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 5531
	Amends: EO 11025, June 7, 1962
	Revoked by: EO 12553, February 25, 1986
11027	Creating an emergency board to investigate a dispute between the New York Central Railroad Company System and the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad Company and certain of their employees
	Signed: June 8, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 5533; June 12, 1962
	Revoked by: EO 12553, February 25, 1986
11028	Transferring lands between the Clark and Mark Twain National Forests (Missouri) and adding certain lands to the Hiawatha National Forest (Michigan)
	Signed: June 9, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 5589; June 13 1962
	See: Proc. 2318, January 3, 1939; Proc. 2362, September 11, 1939; Proc. 2363, September 11, 1939; EO 10932, April 7, 1961; EO 10933, April 12, 1961
11029	Amendment of Executive Order No. 11025, creating a Board of Inquiry to report on a labor dispute affecting the aircraft industry of the United States
	Signed: June 13, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 5699; June 15, 1962
	Amends: EO 11025, June 7, 1962
	Revoked by: EO 12553, February 25, 1986
11030	Preparation, presentation, filing, and publication of Executive Orders and Proclamations
	Signed: June 15, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 5847; June 21, 1962
	Supersedes: EO 10006, October 9, 1948
	Amended by: EO 11354, May 23, 1967; EO 12080, September 18, 1978; EO 12608, September 9, 1987
	See: EO 11051, September 27, 1962; EO 11075, January 15, 1963; EO 11106, April 18, 1963; EO 12038, February 3, 1978
11031	Quetico-Superior Committee
	Signed: June 19, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 5899; June 22, 1962
	Amends: EO 6783, June 30, 1934
	Committee extended by EO 10134, June 28, 1950; EO 10541, June 30, 1954; EO 10589, January 15, 1955; EO 10767, May 9, 1958
	Superseded by: EO 11342, April 10, 1967
11032	Amendment of Executive Order No. 5952 of November 23, 1932, as amended, prescribing the Army ration
	Signed: June 19, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 5901; June 22, 1962
	Amends: EO 5952, November 23, 1932
	Revoked by: EO 11339, March 28, 1967
11033	Creating an emergency board to investigate disputes between the American Airlines, Inc., and certain of its employees
	Signed: June 20, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 5903; June 22, 1962
	Revoked by: EO 12553, February 25, 1986
11034	Administration of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961
	Signed: June 25, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 6071; June 28, 1962
	Supersedes: EO 10716, June 17, 1957; EO 10912, January 18, 1961; letters of August 16, 1955, and August 21, 1956 to the U.S. Information Agency Director
	Amended by: EO 11380, November 8, 1967; EO 12292, February 23, 1981; EO 12608, September 9, 1987
	See: EO 10450, April 27, 1953; EO 11014, April 17, 1962
11035	Management of Federal office space
	Signed: July 9, 1962
	Federal Register page and date: 27 FR 6519; July 11, 1962
	Partly revokes letter of August 31, 1960, to General Services Administrator

Executive order (United States)

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This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the article; suggestions may be found on the talk page. (March 2010)

Leland-Boker Authorized Edition of the Emancipation Proclamation, printed in June 1864 with a presidential signature

An executive order in the United States is an order issued by the President, the head of the executive branch of the federal government. Executive Orders are generally orders to staff of the executive branch and not to the citizens of the country. Article I, Section 1 of the US Constitution specifically reserves all federal legislative authority to Congress, not the president. In other countries, executive edicts can serve a legislative function. Such edicts may be known as decrees, or orders-in-council.
Executive orders may also be issued at the state level by a state's Governor or at the local level by the city's Mayor. The term "Executive Orders" and the numbered list of them were created in 1907, but U.S. Presidents have issued instructions that are retroactively labeled Executive Orders since 1789, usually to guide officers and agencies of the Executive branch in managing the operations within the Federal Government itself. Executive orders can have the full force of law if they are made in pursuance of certain Acts of Congress, some of which specifically delegate to the President some degree of discretionary power (delegated legislation). Other Executive Orders not authorized by Congress are claimed to have their authority for issuances based in a power inherently granted to the Executive by the Constitution. It is these cited or perceived justifications made by a President when authoring Executive Orders that have come under criticism for exceeding Executive authority and have been subject to legal proceedings even at various times throughout U.S. history concerning the legal validity or justification behind an order's issuance.

Contents [show] 1 Basis in U.S. Constitution 2 History and use 3 Criticisms 3.1 Legal conflicts 4 Governors' executive orders 5 Presidential proclamation 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links

[edit] Basis in U.S. Constitution

Although there is no Constitutional provision or statute that explicitly permits Executive Orders, there is a vague grant of "executive power" given in Article II, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, and furthered by the declaration "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed" made in Article II, Section 3, Clause 4, that has been construed as justification for the legal weight of Executive orders. Presidents have used this Constitutional reasoning as a basis for an authorization that allows for the issuance of Executive orders as part of carrying out the President's sworn duties,^[1] the intent typically being to help direct officers of the US Executive carry out their delegated duties as well as for compliance with current statute in the regulating of normal operations of the Federal Government -- in spite of the fact, Article I, Clause 1 specifically grants all federal legislative authority to the United States Congress:
"All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives."
For this reason, many Executive Orders cite authorization from specific acts of Congress rather than vague or perceived powers somehow granted to the Executive without explicitly saying so in the Constitution. Those Executive Orders that are not authorized through Congressional acts frequently contain some other purported justification such as the reference above to "executive power" in Article II, Section 1. These justifications have largely gone untested by the Courts for their validity however.
The President does, of course, have the authority to issue orders to officers and employees of the executive branch and to penalize non-compliance by removing such officers and employees from office. This is much the same power that the president of a private company has over his employees to dismiss them if they do not follow his instructions. Such authority may be proper and Constitutional provided that the President does not order executive branch employees to carry out unlawful or unconstitutional acts.^[2]
Other types of orders issued by 'the Executive' are generally classified simply as administrative orders rather than Executive Orders.^[3] These are typically:

• Presidential Determination
• (Presidential) Memorandum
• (Presidential) Notice

Presidential directives are considered a form of executive order issued by the President of the United States with the advice and consent of a major agency or department found within the Executive branch of government.^[4] Some types of Directives are:

• National Security Directives
• Homeland Security Presidential Directives (presidential decision directives)

[edit] History and use

Until the early 1900s, the term "Executive Orders" had not even been invented. Presidential instructions to executive branch staff that would later be characterized as "Executive Orders" went mostly unannounced and undocumented, seen only by the agencies to which they were directed. However, the Department of State instituted a numbering scheme for Executive Orders in 1907, starting retroactively with an order issued on October 20, 1862, by President Abraham Lincoln. The documents that later came to be known as "Executive Orders" probably gained their name from this document, captioned "Executive Order Establishing a Provisional Court in Louisiana."^[3]
Until the 1950s, there were no rules or guidelines outlining what the president could or could not do through an Executive Order other than, of course, the US Constitution which reserved all federal legislative authority to Congress. This issue was paramount in the Supreme Court ruling in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 US 579 (1952) that Executive Order 10340 from President Harry S. Truman placing all steel mills in the country under federal control was invalid because it attempted to make law, rather than clarify or act to further a law put forth by the Congress or the Constitution. Presidents since this decision have generally been careful to cite which specific laws under which they are acting when issuing new Executive Orders.
Despite the provisions of Article I, Section 1 of the US Constitution that reserves all federal legislative authority to congress, Presidents have increasingly used Executive Orders as if they were equivalent to an act of Congress. Presidents have even issued Executive Orders to start entire wars despite the fact that Article I, Section 8 of the US Constitution specifically reserves to Congress the sole authority to declare war.
Wars begun by Executive Order include the 1999 Kosovo War during Bill Clinton's second term in office. However, all such wars have had authorizing resolutions from Congress. The extent to which the president may exercise military power independently of Congress and the scope of the War Powers Resolution remain unresolved constitutional issues, although all Presidents since its passage have complied with the terms of the Resolution while maintaining that they are not constitutionally required to do so. In fact, the US Constitution grants no war-making powers whatsoever to the President, only to Congress. Without the War Powers Resolution or other authorizing resolutions from Congress, Presidents lack any Constitutional war-making powers despite their far-reaching claims to the contrary. Congress has been notably unwilling to press this issue for political reasons, especially when a President has already ordered troops into battle and they have obeyed that order.

[edit] Criticisms

Critics have accused presidents of abusing executive orders, of using them to make laws without Congressional approval, and of moving existing laws away from their original mandates.^[5] Large policy changes with wide-ranging effects have been effected through executive order, including the integration of the armed forces under Harry Truman and the desegregation of public schools under Dwight D. Eisenhower.
One extreme example of an executive order is Executive Order 9066, where Franklin D. Roosevelt delegated military authority to remove any or all people (used to target specifically Japanese Americans and German Americans) in a military zone. The authority delegated to General John L. DeWitt subsequently paved the way for all Japanese-Americans to be sent to internment camps for the duration of World War II.
Presidents, however, often cite executive order as the only way to clarify laws passed through Congress that required vague wording to please all parties involved in their creation. In this regard, when the political process of adopting congressional legislation would prevent US ratification of/accession to treaties of importance, Presidents have issued executive orders calling upon federal agencies, such as the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the United States Department of Energy (DOE), to instead issue administrative regulations. Presidents, furthermore, may use an executive order or a presidential memorandum to ensure that federal courts abide by international tribunal rulings interpreting the provisions of an international treaty.

[edit] Legal conflicts

To date, U.S. courts have overturned only two executive orders: the aforementioned Truman order, and a 1996 order issued by President Clinton that attempted to prevent the U.S. government from contracting with organizations that had strikebreakers on the payroll.^[6] Congress may overturn an executive order by passing legislation in conflict with it or by refusing to approve funding to enforce it. In the former, the president retains the power to veto such a decision; however, the Congress may override a veto with a two-thirds majority to end an executive order. It has been argued that a Congressional override of an executive order is a nearly impossible event due to the supermajority vote required and the fact that such a vote leaves individual lawmakers very vulnerable to political criticism.^[7]

[edit] Governors' executive orders

Executive orders as issued by the governors of the states are not laws, but do have the same binding nature. Executive orders are usually based on existing constitutional or statutory powers of the Governor and do not require any action by the state legislature to take effect.
Executive orders may, for example, demand budget cuts from state government when the state legislature is not in session, and economic conditions take a downturn, thereby decreasing tax revenue below what was forecast when the budget was approved. Depending on the state constitution, a governor may specify by what percentage each government agency must reduce by, and may exempt those that are already particularly underfunded, or cannot put long-term expenses (such as capital expenditures) off until a later fiscal year. The governor may also call the legislature into special session.
There are also other uses for gubernatorial executive orders. In 2007 for example, the governor of Georgia made an executive order for all of its state agencies to reduce water use during a major drought. This was also demanded of its counties' water systems, however it is unclear whether this would have the force of law.

[edit] Presidential proclamation

A proclamation issued by a president. Proclamations generally are defined as, "The act of causing some state matters to be published or made generally known. A written or printed document in which are contained such matters, issued by proper authority; as the president's proclamation, the governor's, the mayor's proclamation." ^[8]
In the United States, the president's proclamation has not the force of law, unless when authorized by congress; such as if congress were to pass an act, which would take effect upon the happening of a contingent event, which was to be declared by the president by proclamation to have happened; in this case the proclamation would give the act the force of law, which, till then, it wanted. Presidential proclamations are also frequently employed in the US to pardon persons who have been accused of crimes or misdemeanors.
Presidential proclamations are often dismissed as a practical presidential tool for policy making because of the perception of proclamations as largely ceremonial or symbolic in nature. However, they can be important.
Abraham Lincoln's emancipation proclamation (actually consisting of two executive orders) is one of America's most famous presidential proclamations.

[edit] See also

• Delegated legislation
• List of United States federal executive orders
• Presidential Proclamation
• Presidential Determination
• Presidential Memorandum
• Presidential Directive
• Signing statement (United States)
• Order-in-Council