tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-73709118722266791942024-03-13T07:17:37.217-04:00The Archangel Michael [Religion, Theology, relevant history]Constructing and interpreting under adverse conditions deprivation of civil right and deprivation of human rights. Violations of first and fourteenth amendment rights. Simple and necessary medical treatments denied. Medicine denied through tampering. repeated toxic exposures. 1995- present with varying and increasing extremes. Under construction with errors. Documentation chosen by available sources and may not be 100% accurate or may contain omissions, slants, or extraneous informationUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger1501125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-82809175358381322222011-10-27T05:57:00.000-04:002011-10-27T05:57:07.534-04:00Judgment and recompense<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="WordSection1"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: left;"><b><a href="http://localhost:44444/2011/10/judgment-and-recompense/" title="Permanent Link to Judgment and recompense"><span style="color: blue;">Judgment and recompense</span></a></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Judgment and recompense</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>RECOMPENSE</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Isaiah <sup><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">1</span></sup>Woe to thee that <span class="SpellE">spoilest</span>, and thou <span class="SpellE">wast</span> not spoiled; and <span class="SpellE">dealest</span> treacherously, and they dealt not treacherously with thee! <span class="GramE">when</span> thou shalt cease to spoil, thou shalt be spoiled; and when thou shalt make an end to deal treacherously, t<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">hey shall deal treacherously with thee.</span><sup>2</sup>O LORD, be gracious unto us; we have waited for thee: be thou their arm every morning, our salvation also in the time of trouble. <sup>3</sup>At the noise of the tumult the people fled; at the lifting up of <span class="GramE">thyself</span> the nations were scattered. <sup>4</sup>And your spoil shall be gathered like the gathering of the caterpillar: as the running to and fro of locusts shall he run upon them. <sup>5</sup>The LORD is exalted; for <span class="SpellE">he</span> <span class="SpellE">dwelleth</span> on high: he hath filled Zion with judgment and righteousness. <sup>6</sup>And wisdom and knowledge shall be the stability of thy times, and strength of salvation: the fear of the LORD is his treasure.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue;">The merciful, upright, pure or froward are each recompensed with the same</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Psalm 18 20 The LORD rewarded me according to my righteousness; according to the cleanness of my hands hath he recompensed me. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><sup>21</sup> For I have kept the ways of the LORD, and have not wickedly departed from my God. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">22 For all his judgments were before me, and I did not put away his statutes from me. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">23 I was also upright before him, and I kept myself from mine iniquity. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">24 Therefore hath the LORD recompensed me according to my righteousness, according to the cleanness of my hands in his eyesight. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">25 With the merciful thou wilt show thyself merciful; with an upright man thou wilt show thyself upright;</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">26 With the pure thou wilt show thyself pure; and with the froward thou wilt show thyself froward.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">27 For thou wilt save the afflicted people; but wilt bring down high looks. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">28 For thou <span class="GramE">wilt light</span> my candle: the LORD my God will enlighten my darkness. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">29 For by thee I have run through a troop; and by my God have I leaped over a wall. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">30 As for God, his way is perfect: the word of the LORD is tried: he is a buckler to all those that trust in him. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">31 For who is God save the LORD? <span class="GramE">or</span> who is a rock save our God? </div><div class="Style1">The law of faith</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Romans14<sup>1</sup>Him that is weak in the faith receive ye, but not to doubtful disputations. <sup>2</sup>For one believeth that he may eat all things: another, who is weak, <span class="SpellE">eateth</span> herbs. <sup>3</sup>Let not him that <span class="SpellE">eateth</span> <span class="GramE">despise</span> him that <span class="SpellE">eateth</span> not; and let not him which <span class="SpellE">eateth</span> not judge him that <span class="SpellE">eateth</span>: for God hath received him. <sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">4</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Who art thou that <span class="SpellE">judgest</span> another man’s servant? <span class="GramE">to</span> his own master he <span class="SpellE">standeth</span> or <span class="SpellE">falleth</span>. Yea, he shall be <span class="SpellE">holden</span> up: for God is able to make him stand.</span><sup>5</sup>One man <span class="SpellE">esteemeth</span> one day above another: another <span class="SpellE">esteemeth</span> every day alike. Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind. <sup>6</sup>He that <span class="SpellE">regardeth</span> the day, <span class="SpellE">regardeth</span> it unto the Lord; and he that <span class="SpellE">regardeth</span> not the day, to the Lord he doth not regard it. He that <span class="SpellE">eateth</span>, <span class="SpellE">eateth</span> to the Lord, for he <span class="SpellE">giveth</span> God thanks; and he that <span class="SpellE">eateth</span> not, to the Lord he <span class="SpellE">eateth</span> not, and <span class="SpellE">giveth</span> God thanks. <sup>7</sup>For none of us <span class="SpellE">liveth</span> to himself, and no man <span class="SpellE">dieth</span> to himself<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">. <b><sup>8</sup>For whether we live, we live unto the Lord; and whether we die, we die unto the Lord: whether we live therefore, or die, we are the Lord’s. <sup>9</sup>For to this end Christ both died, and rose, and revived, that he might be Lord both of the dead and living. <sup>10</sup>But why dost thou judge thy brother? <span class="GramE">or</span> why dost thou set at <span class="SpellE">nought</span> thy brother? <span class="GramE">for</span> we shall all stand before the judgment seat of Christ. <sup>11</sup>For it is written, As I live, <span class="SpellE">saith</span> the Lord, every knee shall bow to me, and every tongue shall confess to God. <sup>12</sup>So then every one of us shall give account of himself to God.</b></span><b><br />
</b><sup>13</sup>Let <span class="GramE">us</span> not therefore judge one another <span class="SpellE">any more</span>: but judge this rather, that no man put a <span class="SpellE">stumblingblock</span> or an occasion to fall in his brother’s way. <sup>14</sup>I know, and am persuaded by the Lord Jesus, that there is nothing unclean of <span class="GramE">itself</span>: but to him that <span class="SpellE">esteemeth</span> <span class="SpellE">any thing</span> to be unclean, to him it is <span class="SpellE">unclean</span>. <sup>15</sup>But if thy brother be grieved with thy meat, now <span class="SpellE">walkest</span> thou not charitably. Destroy not him with thy meat, for whom Christ died. <sup>16</sup>Let not then your good be evil spoken of: <sup>17</sup>For the kingdom of God is not meat and drink; but righteousness, and peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost. <sup>18</sup>For he that in these things <span class="SpellE">serveth</span> Christ is acceptable to God, and approved of men. <sup>19</sup>Let <span class="GramE">us</span> therefore follow after the things which make for peace, and things wherewith one may edify another. <sup>20</sup>For <span class="GramE">meat destroy</span> not the work of God. All things indeed are pure; but it is evil for that man who <span class="SpellE">eateth</span> with offence. <sup>21</sup>It is good neither to eat flesh, nor to drink wine, nor any thing whereby thy brother <span class="SpellE">stumbleth</span>, or is offended, or is made weak. <span class="GramE"><b><sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">22</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Hast thou faith?</span></b></span><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"> <span class="GramE">have</span> it to thyself before God. Happy is he that <span class="SpellE">condemneth</span> not himself in that thing which he <span class="SpellE">alloweth</span>. <sup>23</sup>And he that <span class="SpellE">doubteth</span> is damned if he <span class="GramE">eat</span>, because he <span class="SpellE">eateth</span> not of faith: for whatsoever is not of faith is sin.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue;">The Spirit of grace</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Hebrews 10 <sup>26</sup>For if we sin <span class="SpellE">wilfully</span> after that we have received <span class="GramE">the of</span> the truth, there <span class="SpellE">remaineth</span> no more sacrifice for sins, <sup>27</sup>But a certain fearful looking for of judgment and fiery indignation, which shall devour the adversaries. <b><sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">28</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">He knowledge that despised Moses’ law died without mercy under two or three witnesses</span></b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">:</span><sup>29</sup>Of how much sorer punishment, suppose ye, shall he be thought worthy, who hath trodden <span class="SpellE">under foot</span> the Son of God, and hath counted the blood of the covenant, wherewith he was sanctified, an unholy thing, and hath done despite unto the Spirit of grace?<br />
<sup>30</sup>For we know him that hath said, Vengeance <span class="SpellE">belongeth</span> unto me, I will recompense, <span class="SpellE">saith</span> the Lord. And again, The Lord shall judge his people. <sup>31</sup>It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God. <sup>32</sup>But call to remembrance the former days, in which, after ye were illuminated, ye endured a great fight of afflictions; <sup>33</sup>Partly, whilst ye were made a <span class="SpellE">gazingstock</span> both by reproaches and afflictions; and partly, whilst ye became companions of them that were so used. <sup>34</sup>For ye had compassion of me in my bonds, and took joyfully the spoiling of your goods, knowing in yourselves that ye have in heaven a better and an enduring substance. <span class="GramE"><sup>35</sup>Cast not away therefore your confidence, which hath great recompense of reward.</span> <sup>36</sup>For ye have need of patience, that, after ye have done the will of God, ye might receive the promise. <sup>37</sup>For yet a little while, and he that shall come will come, and will not tarry.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue;">The Wages of sin is death</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Romans 6</b><br />
<sup>14</sup>For sin shall not have dominion over you: for ye are not under the law, but under grace. <span class="GramE"><sup>15</sup>What then?</span> <span class="GramE">shall</span> we sin, because we are not under the law, but under grace? God forbid. <sup>16</sup>Know ye not, that to whom ye yield yourselves servants to obey, his servants ye are to whom ye obey; whether of sin unto death, or of obedience unto righteousness? <sup>17</sup>But God be thanked, that ye were the servants of sin, but ye have obeyed from the heart that form of doctrine which was delivered you. <sup>18</sup>Being then made free from sin, ye became the servants of righteousness. <sup>19</sup>I speak after the manner of men because of the infirmity of your flesh: for as ye have yielded your members servants to uncleanness and to iniquity unto iniquity; even so now yield your members servants to righteousness unto holiness. <sup>20</sup>For when ye were the servants of sin, ye were free from righteousness. <sup>21</sup>What fruit had ye then in those things whereof ye are now ashamed? <span class="GramE">for</span> the end of those things is death. <sup>22</sup>But now being made free from sin, and become servants to God, ye have your fruit unto holiness, and the end everlasting life. <b><sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">23</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">For the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>James 1</b><br />
<sup>13</sup>Let no man say when he is tempted, I am tempted of God: for God cannot be tempted with evil, neither <span class="SpellE">tempteth</span> he any man: <b><sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">14</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">But every man is tempted, when he is drawn away of his own lust, and enticed. <sup>15</sup>Then when lust hath conceived, it <span class="SpellE">bringeth</span> forth sin: and sin, when it is finished, <span class="SpellE">bringeth</span> forth death</span>.</b><sup>16</sup>Do not err, my beloved brethren. <sup>17</sup>Every good gift and every perfect gift <span class="GramE">is</span> from above, and cometh down from the Father of lights, with whom is no variableness, neither shadow of turning. <sup>18</sup>Of his own will begat he us with the word of truth, that we should be a kind of <span class="SpellE">firstfruits</span> of his creatures.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">1 John 5 <sup>14</sup>And this is the confidence that we have in him, that, if we ask any thing according to his will, he <span class="SpellE">heareth</span> us: <sup>15</sup>And if we know that he hear us, whatsoever we ask, we know that we have the petitions that we desired of him. <b><sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">16</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">If any man see his brother sin a sin which is not unto death, he shall ask, and he shall give him life for them that sin not unto death. There is a sin unto death: I do not say that he shall pray for it. <sup>17</sup>All unrighteousness is sin: and there is a sin not unto death.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><sup>18</sup>We know that whosoever is born of God <span class="SpellE">sinneth</span> not; but he that is begotten of God <span class="SpellE">keepeth</span> himself, and that wicked one <span class="SpellE">toucheth</span> him not.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i>Ye shall surely die </i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Life for life, An Eye for Eye, tooth for tooth,</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Exodus 21 <sup>22</sup>If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no <span class="GramE">mischief follow</span>: he shall be surely punished, according as the woman’s husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine. <b><sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">23</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, <sup>24</sup>Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, <sup>25</sup>Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.</span></b><sup>26</sup>And if a man smite the eye of his servant, or the eye of his maid, that it perish; he shall let him go free for his eye’s sake. <sup>27</sup>And if he smite out his manservant’s tooth, or his maidservant’s tooth; he shall let him go free for his tooth’s sake. <sup>28</sup>If an ox gore a man or a <span class="GramE">woman, that</span> they die: then the ox shall be surely stoned, and his flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall be quit. <sup>29</sup>But if the ox were wont to push with his horn in time past, and it hath been testified to his owner, and he hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and his owner also shall be put to death.<sup>30</sup>If there be laid on him a sum of money, then he shall give for the ransom of his life whatsoever is laid upon him. <sup>31</sup>Whether he have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according to this judgment shall it be done unto him. <sup>32</sup>If the ox shall push a manservant or a maidservant; he shall give unto their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be stoned. <sup>33</sup>And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit, and not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein; <sup>34</sup>The owner of the pit shall make it good, and give money unto the owner of them; and the dead beast shall be his. <sup>35</sup>And if one man’s ox hurt another’s, that he die; then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the money of it; and the dead ox also they shall divide. <sup>36</sup>Or if it be known that the ox hath used to push in time <span class="GramE">past,</span> and his owner hath not kept him in; he shall surely pay ox for ox; and the dead shall be his own.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Judgment for Judgment, Mercy for Mercy, Condemnation for Condemnation, forgiveness for forgiveness</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>The Sacrificing of Judgment</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Luke 6 <sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">27</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">But I say unto you which hear, Love your enemies, do good to them which hate you, <sup>28</sup>Bless them that curse you, and pray for them which despitefully use you. <sup>29</sup>And unto him that <span class="SpellE">smiteth</span> thee on the one cheek offer also the other; and him that <span class="SpellE">taketh</span> away thy cloak forbid not to take thy coat also. <sup>30</sup>Give to every man that <span class="SpellE">asketh</span> of thee; and of him that <span class="SpellE">taketh</span> away thy goods ask them not again. <b><sup>31</sup>And as ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise.</b></span><sup>32</sup>For if ye love them which love you, what thank have ye? <span class="GramE">for</span> sinners also love those that love them. <sup>33</sup>And if ye do good to them which do <span class="GramE">good</span> to you, what thank have ye? <span class="GramE">for</span> sinners also do even the same. <sup>34</sup>And if ye lend to them of whom ye hope to receive, what thank have ye? <span class="GramE">for</span> sinners also lend to sinners, to receive as much again. <sup>35</sup>But love <span class="GramE">ye</span> your enemies, and do good, and lend, hoping for nothing again; and your reward shall be great, and ye shall be the children of the Highest: for he is kind unto the unthankful and to the evil. <sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">36</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Be ye therefore merciful, as your Father also <span class="GramE">is</span> merciful.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">37</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Judge not, and ye shall not be judged: condemn not, and ye shall not be condemned: forgive, and ye shall be forgiven<span class="GramE">:<sup>38</sup>Give</span>, and it shall be given unto you; good measure, pressed down, and shaken together, and running over, shall men give into your bosom. For with the same measure that ye mete withal it shall be measured to you again. </span><sup>39</sup>And he <span class="SpellE">spake</span> a parable unto them, Can the blind lead the blind? <span class="GramE">shall</span> they not both fall into the ditch?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Matthew 7 <sup>1</sup>Judge not, that ye be not judged. <sup>2</sup>For with what judgment ye judge, ye shall be judged: and with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Luke 6 <sup>37</sup>Judge not, and ye shall not be judged: condemn not, and ye shall not be condemned: forgive, and ye shall be forgiven:</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Death by the Law of Moses was not Sharia</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: blue;">Some examples of death by the law</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Numbers 15 </b><sup>32</sup>And while the children of Israel were in the wilderness, they found a man that gathered sticks upon the <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">sabbath</span></span> day. <sup>33</sup>And they that found him gathering sticks brought him unto Moses and Aaron, and unto <span class="GramE">all the</span> congregation. <sup>34</sup>And they put him in ward, because it was not declared what should be done to him. <sup>35</sup>And the LORD said unto Moses, The man shall be surely put to death: <span class="GramE">all the</span> congregation shall stone him with stones without the camp. <b><sup>36</sup>And <span class="GramE">all the</span> congregation brought him without the camp, and stoned him with stones, and he died; as the LORD commanded Moses. </b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Joshua 7 </b><sup>16</sup>So Joshua rose up early in the morning, and brought Israel by their tribes; and the tribe of Judah was taken: <sup>17</sup>And he brought the family of Judah; and he took the family of the <span class="SpellE">Zarhites</span>: and he brought the family of the <span class="SpellE">Zarhites</span> man by man; and <span class="SpellE">Zabdi</span> was taken: <sup>18</sup>And he brought his household man by man; and <span class="SpellE">Achan</span>, the son of Carmi, the son of <span class="SpellE">Zabdi</span>, the son of <span class="SpellE">Zerah</span>, of the tribe of Judah, was taken. <sup>19</sup>And Joshua said unto <span class="SpellE">Achan</span>, My son, give, I pray thee, glory to the LORD God of Israel, and make confession unto him; and tell me now what thou hast done; hide it not from me. <sup>20</sup>And <span class="SpellE">Achan</span> answered Joshua, and said, Indeed I have sinned against the LORD God of Israel, and thus and thus have I done: <sup>21</sup>When I saw among the spoils a goodly <span class="SpellE">Babylonish</span> garment, and two hundred shekels of silver, and a wedge of gold of fifty shekels weight, then I coveted them, and took them; and, behold, they are hid in the earth in the midst of my tent, an under d the silver it. <sup>22</sup>So Joshua sent messengers, and they ran unto the tent; and, behold, it was hid in his tent, and the silver under it. <sup>23</sup>And they took them out of the midst of the tent, and brought them unto Joshua, and unto all the children of Israel, and laid them out before the LORD. <sup>24</sup>And Joshua, and all Israel with him, took <span class="SpellE">Achan</span> the son of <span class="SpellE">Zerah</span>, and the silver, and the garment, and the wedge of gold, and his sons, and his daughters, and his oxen, and his asses, and his sheep, and his tent, and all that he had: and they brought them unto the valley of <span class="SpellE">Achor</span>. <sup>25</sup>And Joshua said, <span class="GramE">Why</span> hast thou troubled us? <span class="GramE">the</span> LORD shall trouble thee this day. And all Israel stoned him with stones, and burned them with fire, after they had stoned them with stones.<br />
<sup>26</sup>And they raised over him a great heap of stones unto this day. So the LORD turned from the fierceness of his anger. Wherefore the name of that place was called, <span class="GramE">The</span> valley of <span class="SpellE">Achor</span>, unto this day.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Leviticus 20 <sup>1</sup>And the LORD <span class="SpellE">spake</span> unto Moses, saying, <sup>2</sup>Again, thou shalt say to the children of Israel, <b>Whosoever he be of the children of Israel, or of the strangers that sojourn in Israel, that <span class="SpellE">giveth</span> any of his seed unto <span class="SpellE">Molech</span>; he shall surely be put to death: the people of the land shall stone him with stones.</b><sup>3</sup>And I will set my face against that man, and will cut him off from among his people; because he hath given of his seed unto <span class="SpellE">Molech</span>, to defile my sanctuary, and to profane my holy name. <sup>4</sup>And if the people of the land do any ways hide their eyes from the man, when he <span class="SpellE">giveth</span> of his seed unto <span class="SpellE">Molech</span>, and kill him not: <sup>5</sup>Then I will set my face against that man, and against his family, and will cut him off, and all that go a whoring after him, to commit whoredom with <span class="SpellE">Molech</span>, from among their people. <sup>6</sup>And the soul that <span class="SpellE">turneth</span> after such as have familiar spirits, and after wizards, to go a whoring after them, I will even set my face against that soul, and will cut him off from among his people. <sup>7</sup>Sanctify yourselves therefore, and be ye holy: for I am the LORD your God. <sup>8</sup>And ye shall keep my statutes, and do them: I am the LORD which sanctify you. <sup>9</sup>For every one that <span class="SpellE">curseth</span> his father or his mother shall be surely put to death: he hath cursed his father or his mother; his blood shall be upon him.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><sup>10</sup>And the man that <span class="SpellE">committeth</span> adultery with another man’s wife, even he that <span class="SpellE">committeth</span> adultery with his <span class="SpellE">neighbour’s</span> wife, the adulterer and the adulteress shall surely be put to death. <sup>11</sup>And the man that <span class="SpellE">lieth</span> with his father’s wife hath uncovered his father’s nakedness: both of them shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them. <sup>12</sup>And if a man lie with his daughter in law, both of them shall surely be put to death: they have wrought confusion; their blood shall be upon them. <sup>13</sup>If a man also lie with mankind, as he <span class="SpellE">lieth</span> with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination: they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them. <sup>14</sup>And if a man take a wife and her mother, it is wickedness: they shall be burnt with fire, both he and they; that there be no wickedness among you. <sup>15</sup>And if a man lie with a beast, he shall surely be put to death: and ye shall slay the beast. <sup>16</sup>And if a woman approach unto any beast, and lie down thereto, thou shalt kill the woman, and the beast: they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them. <sup>17</sup>And if a man shall take his sister, his father’s daughter, or his mother’s daughter, and see her <span class="GramE">nakedness,</span> and she see his nakedness; it is a wicked thing; and they shall be cut off in the sight of their people: he hath uncovered his sister’s nakedness; he shall bear his iniquity.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: blue;">The Mercy of not judging</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">John 8 <sup>3</sup>And the scribes and Pharisees brought unto him a woman taken in adultery; and when they had set her in the midst, <sup>4</sup>They say unto him, Master, this woman was taken in adultery, in the very act. <sup>5</sup>Now Moses in the law commanded us, that such should be stoned: but what <span class="SpellE">sayest</span> thou? <sup>6</sup>This they said, tempting <span class="GramE">him, that</span> they might have to accuse him. But Jesus stooped down, and with his finger wrote on the ground, as though he heard them not. <sup>7</sup>So when they continued asking him, he lifted up himself, and said unto them, He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her.<sup>8</sup>And again he stooped down, and wrote on the ground. <sup>9</sup>And they which heard it, being convicted by their own conscience, went out one by one, beginning at the eldest, even unto the last: and Jesus was left alone, and the woman standing in the midst. <sup>10</sup>When Jesus had lifted up himself, and saw none but the woman, he said unto her, Woman, where are those <span class="SpellE">thine</span> accusers? <span class="GramE">hath</span> no man condemned thee? 11She said, No man, Lord. And Jesus said unto her, <span class="GramE">Neither</span> do I condemn thee: go, and sin no more.12Then <span class="SpellE">spake</span> Jesus again unto them, saying, I am the light of the world: he that <span class="SpellE">followeth</span> me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">He that <span class="SpellE">leadeth</span> into captivity shall go into captivity</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: blue;">The recompenses principles of judgment- he that <span class="SpellE">leadeth</span> into captivity shall go into captivity</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Revelation 13:7 <span class="GramE">And</span> it was given unto him to make war with the saints, and to overcome them: and power was given him over all <span class="SpellE">kindreds</span>, and tongues, and nations. 8 And all that dwell upon the earth shall worship him, whose names are not written in the book of life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world. 9 If any <span class="GramE">man have</span> an ear, let him hear. 10 He that <span class="SpellE">leadeth</span> into captivity shall go into captivity: he that <span class="SpellE">killeth</span> with the sword must be killed with the sword. Here is the patience and the faith of the saints.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Psalm 68:17 <span class="GramE">The</span> chariots of God are twenty thousand, even thousands of angels: the Lord is among them, as in Sinai, in the holy place. 18 Thou hast ascended on high, thou hast led captivity captive: thou hast received gifts for men; yea, for the rebellious also, that the LORD God might dwell among them. 19 Blessed be the Lord, who daily <span class="SpellE">loadeth</span> us with benefits, even the God of our salvation. Selah</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Ephesians 4:4 There is one body, and one Spirit, even as ye are called in one hope of your calling; 5 One Lord, one faith, one baptism, 6 One God and Father of all, who is above all, and through all, and in you all. 7 But unto every one of us is given grace according to the measure of the gift of Christ. 8 Wherefore he <span class="SpellE">saith</span>, <span class="GramE">When</span> he ascended up on high, he led captivity captive, and gave gifts unto men. 9 (Now that he ascended, what is it but that he also descended first into the lower parts of the earth? 10 He that descended is the same also that ascended up far above all heavens, that he might fill all things.) 11 And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers;</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Isaiah 14:1 For the LORD will have mercy on Jacob, and will yet choose Israel, and set them in their own land: and the strangers shall be joined with them, and they shall cleave to the house of Jacob. 2 <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">And the people shall take them, and bring them to their place: and the house of Israel shall possess them in the land of the LORD for servants and handmaids: and they shall take them captives, whose captives they were; and they shall rule over their oppressors.</span> 3 And it shall come to pass in the day that the LORD shall give <span class="SpellE">thee</span> rest from thy sorrow, and from thy fear, and from the hard bondage wherein thou <span class="SpellE">wast</span> made to serve,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Isaiah 46:1 1 <span class="SpellE">Bel</span> <span class="SpellE">boweth</span> down, Nebo <span class="SpellE">stoopeth</span>, their idols were upon the beasts, and upon the cattle: your carriages were heavy <span class="SpellE">loaden</span>; they are a burden to the weary beast. 2 They stoop, they bow down together; they could not deliver the burden, <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">but <span class="GramE">themselves</span> are gone into captivity.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Daniel 11:7 But out of a branch of her roots </b>shall one stand up in his estate, which shall come with an army, and shall enter into the fortress of the king of the north, and shall deal against them, and shall prevail<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">: <sup>8</sup>And shall also carry captives into Egypt their gods, with their princes, and with their precious vessels of silver and of gold; and he shall continue more years than the king of the north.</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: left;"><b>In the net which they hid</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Psalm 9 <sup>15 </sup>The heathen are sunk down in the pit that they made: in the net which they hid is their own foot taken.<b><sup>16 </sup>The LORD is known by the judgment which he <span class="SpellE">executeth</span>: the wicked is snared in the work of his own <span class="SpellE">hands.Higgaion</span> Selah <sup>17 </sup>The wicked shall be turned into hell, and all the nations that forget God.</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Psalm 7 <sup>10 </sup><span class="GramE">My</span> <span class="SpellE">defence</span> is of God, which <span class="SpellE">saveth</span> the upright in heart.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><sup>11 </sup>God <span class="SpellE">judgeth</span> the righteous, and God is angry with the wicked every day.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><sup>12 </sup>If he <span class="GramE">turn</span> not, he will whet his sword; he hath bent his bow, and made it ready. <sup>13 </sup>He hath also prepared for him the instruments of death; he <span class="SpellE">ordaineth</span> his arrows against the persecutors. <sup>14 </sup><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Behold, he <span class="SpellE">travaileth</span> with iniquity, and hath conceived mischief, and brought forth falsehood.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">15 </span></sup></b><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">He made a pit, and <span class="SpellE">digged</span> it, and is fallen into the ditch which he made.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">16 </span></sup></b><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">His mischief shall return upon his own head, and his violent dealing shall come down upon his own pate.<sup>17 </sup>I will praise the LORD according to his righteousness: and will sing praise to the name of the LORD most high.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><img alt="Description: http://localhost:44444/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/102011_0517_Judgmentand1.png" border="0" height="1" src="file:///C:/OOffice/content/Judgment%20and%20recompense_files/image001.png" width="1" /><img alt="Description: http://localhost:44444/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/102011_0517_Judgmentand2.png" border="0" height="1" src="file:///C:/OOffice/content/Judgment%20and%20recompense_files/image001.png" width="1" /></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: left;"><b>Judgment the Lamb slain</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: blue;">Not possible that he should be <span class="SpellE">holden</span> of death, which is also to say that it was not possible that the word of God be made of none effect</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Acts 2 </b><sup>23</sup>Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain: <sup>24</sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Whom God hath raised up, having loosed the pains of death: because it was not possible that he should be <span class="SpellE">holden</span> of it.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Revelation 13 </b><sup>7</sup>And it was given unto him to make war with the saints, and to overcome them: and power was given him over all <span class="SpellE">kindreds</span>, and tongues, and nations. <sup>8</sup>And all that dwell upon the earth shall worship him, whose names are not written in the book of life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world. <sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">9</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">If any man have an ear, let him hear. <sup>10</sup>He that <span class="SpellE">leadeth</span> into captivity shall go into captivity: he that <span class="SpellE">killeth</span> with the sword must be killed with the sword. Here is the patience and the faith of the saints.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><sup>11</sup>And I beheld another beast coming up out of the earth; and he had two horns like a lamb, and he <span class="SpellE">spake</span> as a dragon.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ecclesiastes 8 </b><sup>9</sup>All <span class="GramE">this have</span> I seen, and applied my heart unto every work that is done under the sun: <i>there is</i> a time wherein one man <span class="SpellE">ruleth</span> over another to his own hurt. <sup>10</sup>And so I saw the wicked buried, who had come and gone from the place of the holy, and they were forgotten in the city where they had so done: this <i>is</i> also vanity. <sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Because sentence against an evil work is not executed speedily, therefore the heart of the sons of men is fully set in them to do evil.</span><sup>12</sup>Though a sinner do evil an hundred times, and his <i>days</i> be prolonged, yet surely I know that it shall be well with them that fear God, which fear before him: <sup>13</sup>But it shall not be well with the wicked, neither shall he prolong <i>his</i> days, <i>which are</i> as a shadow; because he <span class="SpellE">feareth</span> not before God.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><sup>14</sup>There is a vanity which is done upon the earth; that there be just <i>men</i>, unto whom it <span class="SpellE">happeneth</span> according to the work of the wicked; again, there be wicked <i>men</i>, to whom it <span class="SpellE">happeneth</span> according to the work of the righteous: I said that this also <i>is</i> vanity. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Habakkuk Chapter 3</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="GramE">Habakkuk 3 <sup>1</sup>A prayer of Habakkuk the prophet upon <span class="SpellE">Shigionoth</span>.</span> <sup>2</sup>O LORD, I have heard thy speech, and was afraid: O LORD, revive thy work in the midst of the years, in the midst of the years make known; in wrath remember mercy.<sup>3</sup>God came from Teman, and the Holy One from mount <span class="SpellE">Paran.Selah</span> His glory covered the heavens, and the earth was full of his praise. <sup>4</sup>And his brightness was as the light; he had horns coming out of his hand: and there was the hiding of his power. <sup>5</sup>Before him went the pestilence, and burning coals went forth at his feet. <sup>6</sup>He stood, and measured the earth: he beheld, and drove asunder the nations; and the everlasting mountains were scattered, the perpetual hills did bow: his ways are everlasting. <sup>7</sup>I saw the tents of <span class="SpellE">Cushan</span> in affliction: and the curtains of the land of <span class="SpellE">Midian</span> did tremble. <sup>8</sup>Was the LORD displeased against the rivers? <span class="GramE">was</span> <span class="SpellE">thine</span> anger against the rivers? <span class="GramE">was</span> thy wrath against the sea, that thou didst ride upon <span class="SpellE">thine</span> horses and thy chariots of salvation? <sup>9</sup>Thy bow was made quite naked, according to the oaths of the tribes, even thy word. Selah </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Thou didst cleave the earth with rivers. <sup>10</sup>The mountains saw thee, and they trembled: the overflowing of the water passed by: the deep uttered his voice, and lifted up his hands on high. <sup>11</sup>The sun and moon stood still in their habitation: at the light of <span class="SpellE">thine</span> arrows they went, and at the shining of thy glittering spear. <sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">12</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Thou didst march through the land in <span class="GramE">indignation,</span> thou didst thresh the heathen in anger. <span class="GramE"><sup>13</sup>Thou <span class="SpellE">wentest</span> forth for the salvation of thy people, even for salvation with <span class="SpellE">thine</span> anointed; thou <span class="SpellE">woundedst</span> the head out of the house of the wicked, by discovering the foundation unto the neck.</span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Selah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">14</span></sup></b><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Thou didst strike through with his staves the head of his villages: they came out as a whirlwind to scatter me: their rejoicing was as to devour the poor secretly.</span></b><sup>15</sup>Thou didst walk through the sea with <span class="SpellE">thine</span> horses, through the heap of great waters.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><sup>16</sup>When I heard, my belly trembled; my lips quivered at the voice: rottenness entered into my bones, and I trembled in myself, that I might rest in the day of trouble: when he cometh up unto the people, he will invade them with his troops. <sup>17</sup>Although the fig tree shall not blossom, neither shall fruit be in the vines; the <span class="SpellE">labour</span> of the olive shall fail, and the fields shall yield no meat; the flock shall be cut off from the fold, and there shall be no herd in the stalls: <sup>18</sup>Yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will joy in the God of my salvation. <sup>19</sup>The LORD God is my strength, and he will make my feet like hinds’ feet, and he will make me to walk upon mine high places. <span class="GramE">To the chief singer on my stringed instruments.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h4 style="text-align: justify;">The Day of Atonement and the High Judgment</h4><h4 style="text-align: justify;">The Day of Atonement (Yom <span class="SpellE">Kippor</span>) and the High Judgment (Rama Dan)</h4><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">183, 4423, </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Principles of judgment captivity, Judgment, recompense, mercy, grace</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-29127455323508471582011-10-27T05:56:00.001-04:002011-10-27T05:56:35.764-04:00Satan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Satan</b></span></span></span></div><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Satan Transformed into an Angel of light</b></span></span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 Corinthians 11<sup>12</sup>But what I do, that I will do, that I may cut off occasion from them which desire occasion; that wherein they glory, they may be found even as we. <sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">13</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">For such</span><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">are</span></b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);"> false apostles, deceitful workers, transforming themselves into the apostles of Christ. </span><sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">14</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">And no marvel; </span><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">for Satan himself is transformed into an angel of light</span></b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">. </span><sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">15</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">Therefore </span><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">it is </span></b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">no great thing if his ministers also be transformed as the ministers of righteousness; whose end shall be according to their works.</span></span></span></div><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>The appearance of a lamb speaking as a dragon</b></span></span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Revelation 13 </b></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">11</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">And I beheld another beast coming up out of the earth; and he had two horns like a lamb, </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">and he spake as a dragon.</span></span></span></div><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>He shall come up like a lion</b></span></span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Jeremiah 49</b></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">17</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Also Edom shall be a desolation: every one that goeth by it shall be astonished, and shall hiss at all the plagues thereof. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">18</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">As in the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah and the neighbour </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>cities</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">thereof, saith the LORD, no man shall abide there, neither shall a son of man dwell in it</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">. </span></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">19</span></b></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">Behold, he shall come up like a lion from the swelling of Jordan against the habitation of the strong: but I will suddenly make him run away from her: and who is a chosen man, that I may appoint over her? for who is like me? and who will appoint me the time? and who is that shepherd that will stand before me? </span></b></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">20</span></b></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">Therefore hear the counsel of the LORD, that he hath taken against Edom; and his purposes, that he hath purposed against the inhabitants of Teman: Surely the least of the flock shall draw them out: surely he shall make their habitations desolate with them</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">.</span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">21</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The earth is moved at the noise of their fall, at the cry the noise thereof was heard in the Red sea. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">22</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Behold, he shall come up and fly as the eagle, and spread his wings over Bozrah: and at that day shall the heart of the mighty men of Edom be as the heart of a woman in her pangs.</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Jeremiah 50 </b></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>42 </b></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">They shall hold the bow and the lance: they </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>are </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">cruel, and will not show mercy: their voice shall roar like the sea, and they shall ride upon horses, </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>every one </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">put in array, like a man to the battle, against thee, O daughter of Babylon. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">43</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The king of Babylon hath heard the report of them, and his hands waxed feeble: anguish took hold of him, </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>and </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">pangs as of a woman in travail. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">44</span></b></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">Behold, he shall come up like a lion from the swelling of Jordan unto the habitation of the strong: but I will make them suddenly run away from her: and who is a chosen man, that I may appoint over her? for who is like me? and who will appoint me the time? and who is that shepherd that will stand before me?</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b> </b></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">45</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Therefore hear ye the counsel of the LORD, that he hath taken against Babylon; and his purposes, that he hath purposed against the land of the Chaldeans: Surely the least of the flock shall draw them out: surely he shall make </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>their </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">habitation desolate with them.</span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">46</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">At the noise of the taking of Babylon the earth is moved, and the cry is heard among the nations.</span></span></div><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Satan the Accuser before God</b></span></span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Revelation 12 <sup>8</sup>And prevailed not; neither was their place found any more in heaven. <sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">9</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him.</span> <sup>10</sup>And I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, Now is come salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of his Christ: for the accuser of our brethren is cast down, which accused them before our God day and night.<sup>11</sup>And they overcame him by the blood of the Lamb, and by the word of their testimony; and they loved not their lives unto the death.</span></span></div><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Satan the accuser of Job</b></span></span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Job 1 </b></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">6</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Now there was a day when the </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(0, 255, 0);">sons of God</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> came to present themselves before the LORD, and Satan came also among them. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">7</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">And the LORD said unto Satan, Whence comest thou? Then Satan answered the LORD, and said, From going to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down in it. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">8</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">And the LORD said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job, that </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>there is</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright man, one that feareth God, and escheweth evil</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">? </span></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">9</span></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">Then Satan answered the LORD, and said, Doth Job fear God for nought? </span></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">10</span></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">Hast not thou made an hedge about him, and about his house, and about all that he hath on every side? thou hast blessed the work of his hands, and his substance is increased in the land. </span></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">11</span></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">But put forth thine hand now, and touch all that he hath, and he will curse thee to thy face.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">12</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">And the LORD said unto Satan, Behold, all that he hath </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>is</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> in thy power; only upon himself put not forth thine hand. So Satan went forth from the presence of the LORD.</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Job 1 </b></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">13</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">And there was a day when his sons and his daughters </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>were</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> eating and drinking wine in their eldest brother's house: </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">14</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">And there came a messenger unto Job, and said, The oxen were plowing, and the asses feeding beside them: </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">15</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">And the Sabeans fell </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>upon them</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, and took them away; yea, they have slain the servants with the edge of the sword; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">16</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">While he </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>was</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> yet speaking, there came also another, and said, The fire of God is fallen from heaven, and hath burned up the sheep, and the servants, and consumed them; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">17</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">While he </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>was</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> yet speaking, there came also another, and said, The Chaldeans made out three bands, and fell upon the camels, and have carried them away, yea, and slain the servants with the edge of the sword; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee.</span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">18</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">While he </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>was</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> yet speaking, there came also another, and said, Thy sons and thy daughters </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>were</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> eating and drinking wine in their eldest brother's house: </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">19</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">And, behold, there came a great wind from the wilderness, and smote the four corners of the house, and it fell upon the young men, and they are dead; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee.</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>20</b></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Then Job arose, and rent his mantle, and shaved his head, and fell down upon the ground, and worshipped,</b></span></span></div><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Judas, the accuser of Mary whom Satan entered into, used concern for the poor as a pretext.</b></span></span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>John 12 </b></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Then Jesus six days before the passover came to Bethany, where Lazarus was which had been dead, whom he raised from the dead. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">There they made him a supper; and Martha served: but Lazarus was one of them that sat at the table with him. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Then took Mary a pound of ointment of spikenard, very costly, and anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and the house was filled with the odour of the ointment. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">4</span></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">Then saith one of his disciples, Judas Iscariot, Simon's </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">son</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">, which should betray him, </span></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">5</span></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">Why was not this ointment sold for three hundred pence, and given to the poor? </span></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">6</span></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">This he said, not that he cared for the poor; but because he was a thief, and had the bag, and bare what was put therein.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">7</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Then said Jesus, Let her alone: against the day of my burying hath she kept this. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">8</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">For the poor always ye have with you; but me ye have not always. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">9</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Much people of the Jews therefore knew that he was there: and they came not for Jesus' sake only, but that they might see Lazarus also, whom he had raised from the dead. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>10</b></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>But the chief priests consulted that they might put Lazarus also to death; </b></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">11</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Because that by reason of him many of the Jews went away, and believed on Jesus.</span></span></div><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>The Lord rebuke thee Satan</b></span></span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Zechariah 3 </b></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">And he showed me Joshua the high priest standing before the angel of the LORD, and Satan standing at his right hand to resist him. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">2</span></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">And the LORD said unto Satan, The LORD rebuke thee, O Satan; even the LORD that hath chosen Jerusalem rebuke thee: </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">is</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);"> not this a brand plucked out of the fire?</span></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">3</span></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">Now Joshua was clothed with filthy garments, and stood before the angel.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">4</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">And he answered and spake unto those that stood before him, saying, Take away the filthy garments from him. And unto him he said, Behold, I have caused thine iniquity to pass from thee, and I will clothe thee with change of raiment. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">And I said, Let them set a fair mitre upon his head. So they set a fair mitre upon his head, and clothed him with garments. And the angel of the LORD stood by. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">6</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">And the angel of the LORD protested unto Joshua, saying, </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">7</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Thus saith the LORD of hosts; If thou wilt walk in my ways, and if thou wilt keep my charge, then thou shalt also judge my house, and shalt also keep my courts, and I will give thee places to walk among these that stand by.</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">8</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hear now, O Joshua the high priest, thou, and thy fellows that sit before thee: for they </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>are</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> men wondered at: for, behold, I will bring forth my servant the BRANCH. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">9</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">For behold the stone that I have laid before Joshua; upon one stone </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>shall be</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> seven eyes: behold, I will engrave the graving thereof, saith the LORD of hosts, and I will remove the iniquity of that land in one day. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">10</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">In that day, saith the LORD of hosts, shall ye call every man his neighbour under the vine and under the fig tree.</span></span></div><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>The Lord rebuke thee Satan, concerning the body of Moses, The law</b></span></span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Filthy garments are Joshua's works under the law</i></span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Jude 1 </b></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">8</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Likewise also these </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>filthy</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> dreamers defile the flesh, despise dominion, and speak evil of dignities. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">9</span></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 0);">Yet Michael the archangel, when contending with the devil he disputed about the body of Moses, durst not bring against him a railing accusation, but said, The Lord rebuke thee.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">10</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">But these speak evil of those things which they know not: but what they know naturally, as brute beasts, in those things they corrupt themselves. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">11</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Woe unto them! for they have gone in the way of Cain, and ran greedily after the error of Balaam for reward, and perished in the gainsaying of Core. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">12</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">These are spots in your feasts of charity, when they feast with you, feeding themselves without fear: clouds </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>they are</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> without water, carried about of winds; trees whose fruit withereth, without fruit, twice dead, plucked up by the roots; </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">13</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Raging waves of the sea, foaming out their own shame; wandering stars, to whom is reserved the blackness of darkness for ever. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">14</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">And Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied of these, saying, Behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousands of his saints,</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">15</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">To execute judgment upon all, and to convince all that are ungodly among them of all their ungodly deeds which they have ungodly committed, and of all their hard </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>speeches</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> which ungodly sinners have spoken against him. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">16</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">These are murmurers, complainers, walking after their own lusts; and their mouth speaketh great swelling </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>words</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, having men's persons in admiration because of advantage.</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-33262206622544839332011-10-27T05:56:00.000-04:002011-10-27T05:56:19.221-04:00Babylon the great is fallen<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="WordSection1"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 368.25pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua; color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">Babylon the great is fallen</span></b><span style="font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 368.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt;">Comparisons of Philosophical falls and physical falls</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">The fall of idols and statues as in an earthquake is one type of fall.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">The fall monetarily as in the engravings on money is another kind of fall</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="GramE"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">Isaiah 21 </span></b><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">1</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">The burden of the desert of the sea.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;"> <span class="GramE">As whirlwinds in the south pass through; <i>so</i> it cometh from the desert, from a terrible land.</span> <sup>2</sup>A grievous vision is declared unto me; the treacherous dealer <span class="SpellE">dealeth</span> treacherously, and the spoiler <span class="SpellE">spoileth</span>. Go up, O Elam: besiege, O Media; all the sighing thereof have I made to cease. <sup>3</sup>Therefore are my loins filled with pain: pangs have taken hold upon me, as the pangs of a woman that <span class="SpellE">travaileth</span>: I was bowed down at the hearing <i>of it</i>; I was dismayed at the seeing <i>of it</i>. <sup>4</sup>My heart panted, fearfulness affrighted me: the night of my pleasure hath he turned into fear unto me. <sup>5</sup>Prepare the table, watch in the watchtower, eat, drink: arise, ye princes, <i>and</i> anoint the shield. <sup>6</sup>For thus hath the Lord said unto me, Go, set a watchman, <span class="GramE">let</span> him declare what he <span class="SpellE">seeth</span>. <sup>7</sup>And he saw a chariot <i>with</i> a couple of horsemen, a chariot of asses, <i>and</i> a chariot of camels; and he hearkened diligently with much heed: <sup>8</sup>And he cried, A lion: My lord, I stand continually upon the watchtower in the daytime, and I am set in my ward whole nights: <sup>9</sup>And, behold, here cometh a chariot of men, <i>with</i> a couple of horsemen. And he answered and said, <b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Babylon is fallen, is fallen; and all the graven images of her gods he hath broken unto the ground.</span></b><sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">10</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">O my threshing, and the corn of my floor: that which I have heard of the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, have I declared unto you</span>.</span></div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">The fall to wicked entities and spiritual fornication are spiritual falls</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">The symbolic doubles and the contradiction to Prophecy</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Revelation 18:1 </span></b><sup><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1</span></sup><span style="font-size: 8pt;">And after these things I saw another angel come down from heaven, having great power; and the earth was lightened with his glory. <sup>2</sup>And he cried mightily with a strong voice, saying, <b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Babylon the great is fallen, is fallen, </span></b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">and</span> is become the habitation of devils, and the hold of every foul spirit, and a cage of every unclean and hateful bird. <sup>3</sup>For all nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of her fornication, and the kings of the earth have committed <b><span style="color: blue;">fornication</span></b> with her, and the merchants of the earth are waxed rich through the abundance of her delicacies. <sup>4</sup>And I heard another voice from heaven, saying, Come out of her, my people, that ye be not partakers of her sins, and that ye receive not of her plagues. <sup>5</sup>For her sins have reached unto <span class="GramE">heaven,</span> and God hath remembered her iniquities<span style="color: blue;">. <sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;">6</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;">Reward her even as she rewarded you, and <b>double </b>unto her <b>double </b>according to her works: in the cup which she hath filled fill to her <b>double</b>.</span><br />
</span><sup>7</sup>How much she hath glorified herself, and lived deliciously, so much torment and sorrow give her<b>: <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua; color: blue;">for she <span class="SpellE">saith</span> in her heart, I sit a queen, and am no widow, and shall see no sorrow</span></b>. <sup>8</sup>Therefore shall her plagues come in one day<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">, <b><span style="color: green;">death, and mourning, and famine;</span></b></span> and she shall be utterly burned with fire: for strong <i>is </i><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua; color: blue;">the Lord God</span></b> who <span class="SpellE">judgeth</span> her.</span></div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">The fall to military rule, THE BEAST is a spiritual fall</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Revelation 14 </span></b><sup><span style="font-size: 8pt;">6</span></sup><span style="font-size: 8pt;">And I saw another angel fly in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting gospel to preach unto them that dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and kindred, and tongue, and people, <sup>7</sup>Saying with a loud voice, Fear God, and give glory to him; for the hour of his judgment is come: and worship him that made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and the fountains of waters. <sup><span style="color: blue;">8</span></sup><span style="color: blue;">And there followed another angel, saying, <b>Babylon is fallen, is fallen</b>, that great city, because she made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication. <sup>9</sup>And the third angel followed them, saying with a loud voice, If any man worship the beast and his image, and receive <i>his</i> mark in his forehead, or in his hand, <sup>10</sup>The same shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out without mixture into the cup of his indignation; and he shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb:</span><br />
<sup>11</sup>And the smoke of their torment <span class="SpellE">ascendeth</span> up for ever and ever: and they have no rest day nor night, who worship the beast and his image, and whosoever <span class="SpellE">receiveth</span> the mark of his name. <sup>12</sup>Here is the patience of the saints: here <i>are</i> they that keep the commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime; font-size: 8pt;">13</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime; font-size: 8pt;">And I heard a voice from heaven saying unto me, Write, Blessed <i>are</i> the dead which die in the Lord from henceforth: Yea, <span class="SpellE">saith</span> the <span class="GramE">Spirit, that</span> they may rest from their <span class="SpellE">labours</span>; and their works do follow them.</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">THE FALL TO the EARTHQUAKE</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Revelation 16 </span></b><sup><span style="font-size: 8pt;">17</span></sup><span style="font-size: 8pt;">And the seventh angel poured out his vial into the air; and there came a great voice out of the temple of heaven, from the throne, saying, <span class="GramE">It</span> is done. <sup><span style="color: blue;">18</span></sup><span style="color: blue;">And there were voices, and thunders, and <span class="SpellE">lightnings</span>; <b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;">and there was a great earthquake, such as was not since men were upon the earth, so mighty an earthquake, </span></b><i><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;">and</span></b></i><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;"> so great. <sup>19</sup>And the great city was divided into three parts, and the cities of the <span class="SpellE">nations</span> fell: and great Babylon came in remembrance before God, to give unto her the cup of the wine of the fierceness of his wrath</span></b>. </span><sup>20</sup>And every island fled <span class="GramE">away,</span> and the mountains were not found. <sup>21</sup>And there fell upon men a great hail out of heaven, <i>every stone</i> about the weight of a talent: and men blasphemed God because of the plague of the hail; for the plague thereof was exceeding great.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> <b>Isaiah 2 </b><sup>18</sup>And the idols he shall utterly abolish. <sup>19</sup>And they shall go into the holes of the rocks, and into the caves of the earth, for fear of the LORD, and for the glory of his majesty, when he <span class="SpellE">ariseth</span> to shake terribly the earth. <b><sup><span style="color: blue;">20</span></sup><span style="color: blue;">In that day a man shall cast his idols of silver, and his idols of gold, which they made </span></b><i><b><span style="color: blue;">each one</span></b></i><b><span style="color: blue;"> for himself to worship, </span></b>to the moles and to the bats; <sup>21</sup>To go into the clefts of the rocks, and into the tops of the ragged rocks, for fear of the LORD, and for the glory of his majesty, when he <span class="SpellE">ariseth</span> to shake terribly the earth.</span></div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">The Flood of Egypt</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Amos 9 </span></b><sup><span style="font-size: 8pt;">4</span></sup><span style="font-size: 8pt;">And though they go into captivity before their enemies, thence <span class="GramE">will</span> I command the sword, and it shall slay them: and I will set mine eyes upon them for evil, and not for good. <b><sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua; color: blue;">5</span></sup><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua; color: blue;">And the Lord GOD of hosts </span></b><i><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua; color: blue;">is</span></b></i><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua; color: blue;"> he that <span class="SpellE">toucheth</span> the <span class="GramE">land,</span> and it shall melt, and all that dwell therein shall mourn: and it shall rise up wholly like a flood; and shall be drowned, as </span></b><i><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua; color: blue;">by</span></b></i><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua; color: blue;"> the flood of Egypt.</span></b><br />
<sup>6</sup><i>It is</i> he that <span class="SpellE">buildeth</span> his stories in the heaven, and hath founded his troop in the earth; he that <span class="SpellE">calleth</span> for the waters of the sea, and <span class="SpellE">poureth</span> them out upon the face of the earth: The LORD <i>is</i> his name.</span></div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><i><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: 8pt;">Similitudes of prophecy concerning Babylon</span></b></i><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span class="GramE"><i><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua; color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">The judgment reaching unto heaven, and come out of her my people.</span></b></i></span><span style="font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;"></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: 8pt;">Jeremiah 51:6 </span></b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Flee out of the midst of Babylon, <b><span style="color: blue;">and deliver every man his soul: be not cut off in her iniquity</span></b>; for this <i>is</i> the time of the LORD’S vengeance; he will render unto her <span class="GramE">a recompense</span>. 7 Babylon <i>hath been</i> a golden cup in the LORD’S <span class="GramE">hand, that</span> made all the earth drunken: <b><span style="color: blue;">the nations have drunken of her wine</span></b>; therefore the nations are mad. 8 Babylon is suddenly fallen and destroyed: howl for her; take balm for her pain, if so be she may be healed. 9 We would have healed Babylon, but she is not healed: forsake her, and <b><span style="color: #ff6600;">let us go every one into his own country</span></b>: <b><span style="color: blue;">for her judgment <span class="SpellE">reacheth</span> unto heaven, and is lifted up </span></b><i><b><span style="color: blue;">even</span></b></i><b><span style="color: blue;"> to the skies</span></b>.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: 8pt;">Jeremiah 51:45 <span class="GramE">My</span> people, go ye out of the midst of her, and deliver ye every man his soul from the fierce anger of the LORD</span></b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">. 46And lest your heart faint, and ye fear for the <span class="SpellE">rumour</span> that shall be heard in the land; a <span class="SpellE">rumour</span> shall both come <i>one</i> year, and after that in <i>another</i> year <i>shall come</i> a <span class="SpellE">rumour</span>, and violence in the land, ruler against ruler.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: 8pt;">Revelation 18:1 </span></b><span class="GramE"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">And</span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> after these things I saw another angel come down from heaven, having great power; and the earth was lightened with his glory. 2 And he cried mightily with a strong voice, saying, Babylon the great <b><span style="color: blue;">is fallen, is fallen</span></b>, and is become the habitation of devils, and the hold of every foul spirit, and a cage of every unclean and hateful bird. 3 <b><span style="color: blue;">For all nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of her fornication</span></b>, and the kings of the earth have committed fornication with her, and the merchants of the earth are waxed rich through the abundance of her delicacies. 4 And I heard another voice from heaven, saying, <b><span style="color: blue;">Come out of her, my people</span></b><span style="color: blue;">, that ye be not partakers of her sins, and that ye receive not of her plagues</span>. 5 <b><span style="color: blue;">For her sins have reached unto heaven</span></b>, and God hath remembered her iniquities. 6 Reward her even as she rewarded you, and double unto her double according to her works: in the cup which she hath filled fill to her double. 7 How much she hath glorified herself, and lived deliciously, so much torment and sorrow give her: for she <span class="SpellE">saith</span> in her heart, I sit a queen, and am no widow, and shall see no sorrow. 8 Therefore shall her plagues come in one day, death, and mourning, and famine; and she shall be utterly burned with fire: for strong <i>is</i> the Lord God who <span class="SpellE">judgeth</span> her.</span></div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><br />
</span></b><i><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua; color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">The book and the millstone, the sea and Euphrates</span></i><span style="font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;"></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: 8pt;">Jeremiah 51:61 </span></b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">And Jeremiah said to <span class="SpellE">Seraiah</span>, When thou <span class="SpellE">comest</span> to Babylon, and shalt see, and shalt read all these words; 62 Then shalt thou say, <span style="color: blue;">O LORD, thou hast spoken against this place, to cut it off, that none shall remain in it</span>, neither man nor beast, but that it shall be desolate <span class="SpellE">for ever</span>. 63 And it shall be, when thou hast made an end of reading this book, <i>that</i> thou shalt bind <span style="color: blue;">a stone</span> to it, and cast it <span style="color: blue;">into the midst of Euphrates</span>: 64 And thou shalt say, Thus shall Babylon sink, and shall not rise from the evil that I will bring upon her: and they shall be weary. Thus far <i>are</i> the words of Jeremiah.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: 8pt;">Revelation 18:21 </span></b><span class="GramE"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">And</span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> a mighty angel took up <span style="color: blue;">a stone</span> like a great <span style="color: blue;">millstone</span>, and <span style="color: blue;">cast <i>it</i> into the sea</span>, saying, <span style="color: blue;">Thus with violence shall that great city Babylon be thrown down, and shall be found no more at all.</span> 22 And the voice of harpers, and musicians, and of pipers, and trumpeters, shall be heard no more at all in thee; and no craftsman, of whatsoever craft <i>he be</i>, shall be found any more in thee; and the sound of a millstone shall be heard no more at all in thee; 23 And the light of a candle shall shine no more at all in thee; and the voice of the bridegroom and of the bride shall be heard no more at all in thee: for thy merchants were the great men of the earth; for by thy sorceries were all nations deceived. <b><span style="color: red;">24 And in her was found the blood of prophets, and of saints, and of all that were slain upon the earth.</span></b></span></div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><i><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua; color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">The call to reward her according to her works</span></i><span style="font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;"></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: 8pt;">Revelation 18:6 Reward her even as she rewarded you</span></b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, and double unto her double <b><span style="color: blue;">according to her works</span></b>: in the cup which she hath filled fill to her double.<br />
<b><span style="color: blue;">Jeremiah 50:15</span></b> Shout against her round about: <b><span style="color: blue;">she hath given her hand</span></b>: her foundations are fallen, her walls are thrown down: for it <i>is</i> the vengeance of the LORD: take vengeance upon her; <b><span style="color: blue;">as she hath done, do unto her</span></b>. 16 Cut off the sower from Babylon, and him that <span class="SpellE">handleth</span> the sickle in the time of harvest: for fear of the oppressing sword they shall turn <span class="SpellE">every one</span> to his people, and they shall flee <span class="SpellE">every one</span> to his own land. 17 Israel is a scattered sheep; the lions have driven him away: first the king of Assyria hath devoured him; and last this <span class="SpellE">Nebuchadrezzar</span> king of Babylon hath broken his bones.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: 8pt;">Jeremiah 50:29</span></b><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> Call together the archers against Babylon: all ye that bend the bow, camp against it round about; let none thereof escape: recompense her according to her work; <b><span style="color: blue;">according to all that she hath done, do unto her</span></b>: <span style="color: blue;">for she hath been proud against the LORD, against the Holy One of Israel.</span> 30 Therefore shall her young men fall in the streets, and all her men of war shall be cut off in that day, <span class="SpellE">saith</span> the LORD.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Revelation 18:10 </span></b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Standing afar off for the fear of her torment, saying, Alas, alas, that great city Babylon, that mighty city! <span class="GramE"><span style="color: blue;">for</span></span><span style="color: blue;"> in one hour is thy judgment come.</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Revelation 18:19 </span></b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">And they cast dust on their heads, and cried, weeping and wailing, saying, Alas, alas, that great city, wherein were made rich all that had ships in the sea by reason of her costliness! <span class="GramE"><span style="color: blue;">for</span></span><span style="color: blue;"> in one hour is she made desolate.</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua; color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">Babylon The woman on the beast</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua; color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">The nations ruling through the military</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;"></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">Revelation 17:7</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;"> <span class="GramE">And</span> the angel said unto me, Wherefore didst thou marvel? <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">I will tell thee the mystery of the woman, and of the beast that <span class="SpellE">carrieth</span> her, which hath the seven heads and ten horns.</span> 8The beast that thou <span class="SpellE">sawest</span> was, and is not; and shall ascend out of the bottomless pit, and go into perdition: and they that dwell on the earth shall wonder, whose names were not written in the book of life from the foundation of the world, when they behold the beast that was, and is not, and yet is. 9 And here <i>is</i> the mind which hath wisdom. The seven heads are seven mountains, on which the woman <span class="SpellE">sitteth</span>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><span class="GramE"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime; color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">great</span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime; color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;"> Babylon came in remembrance before God</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><br />
<b>Revelation 16 </b><sup>17</sup>And the seventh angel poured out his vial into the air; and there came a great voice out of the temple of heaven, from the throne, saying, <span class="GramE">It</span> is done. <sup>18</sup>And there were voices, and thunders, and <span class="SpellE">lightnings</span>; and there was a great earthquake, such as was not since men were upon the earth, so mighty an earthquake, <i>and</i> so great. <sup>19</sup>And the great city was divided into three parts, and the cities of the <span class="SpellE">nations</span> fell: and great Babylon came in remembrance before God, to give unto her the cup of the wine of the fierceness of his wrath. <sup>20</sup>And every island fled <span class="GramE">away,</span> and the mountains were not found. <sup>21</sup>And there fell upon men a great hail out of heaven, <i>every stone</i> about the weight of a talent: and men blasphemed God because of the plague of the hail; for the plague thereof was exceeding great.</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">Babylon the destroying mountain</span></i><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Jeremiah 51 </span></b><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">24</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">And I will render unto Babylon and to all the inhabitants of Chaldea all their evil that they have done in Zion in your sight, <span class="SpellE">saith</span> the LORD<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">. <sup>25</sup>Behold, I <i>am</i> against thee, O destroying mountain, <span class="SpellE">saith</span> the LORD, which <span class="SpellE">destroyest</span> all the earth: and I will stretch out mine hand upon thee, and roll thee down from the rocks, and will make thee a burnt mountain.</span> <sup>26</sup>And they shall not take of thee a stone for a corner, <span class="GramE">nor</span> a stone for foundations; but thou shalt be desolate <span class="SpellE">for ever</span>, <span class="SpellE">saith</span> the LORD. <sup>27</sup>Set ye up a standard in the land, blow the trumpet among the nations, prepare the nations against her, call together against her the kingdoms of Ararat, <span class="SpellE">Minni</span>, and <span class="SpellE">Ashchenaz</span>; appoint a captain against her; cause the horses to come up as the rough caterpillars</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">The burning mountain cast into the sea</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Revelation 8 </span></b><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">7</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">The first angel sounded, and there followed hail and fire mingled with blood, and they were cast upon the earth: and the third part of trees was burnt up, and all green grass was burnt up. <sup>8</sup>And the second angel sounded, and as it were a great mountain burning with fire was cast into the sea: and the third part of the sea became blood; <sup>9</sup>And the third part of the creatures which were in the sea, and had life, died; and the third part of the ships were destroyed. <sup>10</sup>And the third angel sounded, and there fell a great star from heaven, burning as it were a lamp, and it fell upon the third part of the rivers, and upon the fountains of waters;</span></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-75147891064632455992011-10-27T05:39:00.001-04:002011-10-27T06:01:43.619-04:00The dragon<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="WordSection1"> <h2>The dragon as a lion</h2><div align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Jeremiah 49 </b></span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">17</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">Also Edom shall be a desolation: every one that goeth by it shall be astonished, and shall hiss at all the plagues thereof. </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">18</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">As in the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah and the neighbour </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>cities</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> thereof, saith the LORD, no man shall abide there, neither shall a son of man dwell in it. </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">19</span></b></span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">Behold, he shall come up like a lion</span></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;"> from the swelling of Jordan against the habitation of the strong: but I will suddenly make him run away from her: and who </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background: #ffff00;">is</span></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;"> a chosen </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background: #ffff00;">man, that</span></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;"> I may appoint over her? for who </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background: #ffff00;">is</span></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;"> like me? and who will appoint me the time? and who </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background: #ffff00;">is</span></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;"> that shepherd that will stand before me? </span></span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">20</span></span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">Therefore hear the counsel of the LORD, that he hath taken against Edom; and his purposes, that he hath purposed against the inhabitants of Teman: Surely the least of the flock shall draw them out: surely he shall make their habitations desolate with them.</span></span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">21</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">The earth is moved at the noise of their fall, at the cry the noise thereof was heard in the Red sea. </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">22</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">Behold, he shall come up and fly as the eagle, and spread his wings over Bozrah: and at that day shall the heart of the mighty men of Edom be as the heart of a woman in her pangs.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Jeremiah 50 </b></span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">42</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">They shall hold the bow and the lance: they </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>are</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> cruel, and will not show mercy: their voice shall roar like the sea, and they shall ride upon horses, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>every one</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> put in array, like a man to the battle, against thee, O daughter of Babylon. </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">43</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">The king of Babylon hath heard the report of them, and his hands waxed feeble: anguish took hold of him, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>and</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> pangs as of a woman in travail</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>. </b></span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background: #00ff00;">44</span></b></span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background: #00ff00;">Behold, he shall come up like a lion</span></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;"> from the swelling of Jordan unto the habitation of the strong: but I will make them suddenly run away from her: and who </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background: #ffff00;">is</span></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;"> a chosen </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background: #ffff00;">man, that</span></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;"> I may appoint over her? for who </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background: #ffff00;">is</span></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;"> like me? and who will appoint me the time? and who </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background: #ffff00;">is</span></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;"> that shepherd that will stand before me? </span></span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">45</span></span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">Therefore hear ye the counsel of the LORD, that he hath taken against Babylon; and his purposes, that he hath purposed against the land of the Chaldeans: Surely the least of the flock shall draw them out: surely he shall make </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background: #ffff00;">their</span></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;"> habitation desolate with them.</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">46</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">At the noise of the taking of Babylon the earth is moved, and the cry is heard among the nations.</span></div><h2>The dragon and the beast</h2><div align="LEFT"><br />
<br />
</div><span style="font-size: small;">The dragon and the beast</span><br />
<div align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Revelation 13 </b></span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">1</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">And I stood upon the sand of the sea, and saw a beast rise up out of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns, and upon his horns ten crowns, and upon his heads the name of blasphemy. </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">And the beast which I saw was like unto a leopard, and his feet were as </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>the feet</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> of a bear, and his mouth as the mouth of a lion: and the dragon gave him his power, and his seat, and great authority. </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">3</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">And I saw one of his heads as it were wounded to death; and his deadly wound was healed: and all the world wondered after the beast. </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">4</span></b></span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">And they worshipped the dragon which gave power unto the beast: and they worshipped the beast,</span></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> saying, Who </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>is</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> like unto the beast? who is able to make war with him? </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">5</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">And there was given unto him a mouth speaking great things and blasphemies; and power was given unto him to continue forty </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>and</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> two months. </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">6</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">And he opened his mouth in blasphemy against God, to blaspheme his name, and his tabernacle, and them that dwell in heaven. </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">7</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">And it was given unto him to make war with the saints, and to overcome them: and power was given him over all kindreds, and tongues, and nations. </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">8</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">And all that dwell upon the earth shall worship him, whose names are not written in the book of life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world. </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">9</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">If any man have an ear, let him hear. </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">10</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">He that leadeth into captivity shall go into captivity: he that killeth with the sword must be killed with the sword. Here is the patience and the faith of the saints.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY"><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">11</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">And I beheld another beast coming up out of the earth; and he had two horns like a lamb, and he spake as a dragon. </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">12</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">And he exerciseth all the power of the first beast before him, and causeth the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed. </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">13</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">And he doeth great wonders, so that he maketh fire come down from heaven on the earth in the sight of men, </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">1</span></sup><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">4</span></span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">And deceiveth them that dwell on the earth by </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>the means of</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;"> those miracles which he had power to do in the sight of the beast;</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> saying to them that dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the beast, which had the wound by a sword, and did live. </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">15</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">And he had power to give life unto the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as would not worship the image of the beast should be killed. </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">16</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">17</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. </span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">18</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>is</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Six hundred threescore </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>and</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> six.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY"><br />
</div><h2>The dragon in the sea</h2><div align="JUSTIFY" class="msonormal"><span style="color: #0000cc;"><i>The dragon as a symbol of covetousness. Pharaoh coveting the river.</i></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Ezekiel 29 </b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Son of man, set thy face against Pharaoh king of Egypt, and prophesy against him, and against all Egypt: </span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background: #00ffff;">3</span></b></span></sup></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background: #00ffff;">Speak, and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD;</span></b></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="background: #00ffff;"> </span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #00ffff;">Behold, I </span></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background: #00ffff;">am</span></i></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #00ffff;"> against thee, Pharaoh king of Egypt, the great dragon that lieth in the midst of his rivers, which hath said, </span></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background: #00ffff;">My river </span></b></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><span style="background: #00ffff;">is</span></b></i></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background: #00ffff;"> mine own, and I have made </span></b></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><span style="background: #00ffff;">it</span></b></i></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background: #00ffff;"> for myself</span></b></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #00ffff;">. </span></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #00ffff;">4</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #00ffff;">But I will put hooks in thy jaws, and I will cause the fish of thy rivers to stick unto thy scales, and I will bring thee up out of the midst of thy rivers, and all the fish of thy rivers shall stick unto thy scales. </span></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #00ffff;">5</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #00ffff;">And I will leave thee </span></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background: #00ffff;">thrown</span></i></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #00ffff;"> into the wilderness, thee and all the fish of thy rivers: thou shalt fall upon the open fields; thou shalt not be brought together, nor gathered: I have given thee for meat to the beasts of the field and to the fowls of the heaven. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">6</span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">And all the inhabitants of Egypt shall know that I </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>am</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> the LORD, because they have been a staff of reed to the house of Israel. </span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">7</span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">When they took hold of thee by thy hand, thou didst break, and rend all their shoulder: and when they leaned upon thee, thou brakest, and madest all their loins to be at a stand.</span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">8</span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will bring a sword upon thee, and cut off man and beast out of thee. </span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #00ffff;">9</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #00ffff;">And the land of Egypt shall be desolate and waste; and they shall know that I </span></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background: #00ffff;">am</span></i></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #00ffff;"> the LORD: because he hath said, </span></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background: #00ffff;">The river </span></b></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><span style="background: #00ffff;">is</span></b></i></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background: #00ffff;"> mine, and I have made </span></b></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><span style="background: #00ffff;">it</span></b></i></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background: #00ffff;">. </span></b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">10</span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Behold, therefore I </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>am</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> against thee, and against thy rivers, and I will make the land of Egypt utterly waste </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>and</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> desolate, from the tower of Syene even unto the border of Ethiopia</span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="msonormal"><br />
</div><div class="msonormal"><br />
</div><div class="msonormal"><br />
</div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-62143202556318937062011-10-27T05:36:00.001-04:002011-10-27T06:01:43.626-04:00I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div align="CENTER" lang="en"><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven</b></i></span></span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Matthew 24 </b><sup>15When ye therefore shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, stand in the holy place, (whoso readeth, let him understand:) 16Then let them which be in Judaea flee into the mountains: 17Let him which is on the housetop not come down to take any thing out of his house: 18Neither let him which is in the field return back to take his clothes. 19And woe unto them that are with child, and to them that give suck in those days! 20But pray ye that your flight be not in the winter, neither on the sabbath day: 21For then shall be great tribulation, such as was not since the beginning of the world to this time, no, nor ever shall be. 22And except those days should be shortened, there should no flesh be saved: but for the elect’s sake those days shall be shortened. 23Then if any man shall say unto you, Lo, here </sup><sup><i>is</i></sup><sup> Christ, or there; believe </sup><sup><i>it</i></sup><sup> not. 24For there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets, and shall show great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if </sup><sup><i>it were</i></sup><sup> possible, they shall deceive the very elect. 25Behold, I have told you before. 26Wherefore if they shall say unto you, Behold, he is in the desert; go not forth: behold, </sup><sup><i>he is</i></sup><sup> in the secret chambers; believe </sup><sup><i>it</i></sup><sup> not. </sup><sup><b>27</b></sup><b>For as the lightning cometh out of the east, and shineth even unto the west; so shall also the coming of the Son of man be.</b> <sup>28</sup>For wheresoever the carcase is, there will the eagles be gathered together. <span style="color: #0000cc;"><sup><i>29Immediately after the tribulation</i></sup></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><sup> </sup></span>of those days shall the sun be darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, and the stars shall fall from heaven, and the powers of the heavens shall be shaken: <sup>30</sup>And then shall appear <b>the sign of the Son of man in heaven:</b> and then shall all the tribes of the earth mourn, and they shall see the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory. <sup>31</sup>And he shall send his angels with a great sound of a trumpet, and they shall gather together his elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en"><sup><span style="font-size: xx-small;">32Now learn a parable of the fig tree; When his branch is yet tender, and putteth forth leaves, ye know that summer <i>is</i> nigh:</span></sup></div><div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en"><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven</i></span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Luke 10 </b><sup>15And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted to heaven, shalt be thrust down to hell. 16He that heareth you heareth me; and he that despiseth you despiseth me; and he that despiseth me despiseth him that sent me.</sup></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en"><sup><span style="font-size: xx-small;">17And the seventy returned again with joy, saying, Lord, even the devils are subject unto us through thy name. <b>18And he said unto them, I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven.</b> 19Behold, I give unto you power to tread on serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy: and nothing shall by any means hurt you. 20Notwithstanding in this rejoice not, that the spirits are subject unto you; but rather rejoice, because your names are written in heaven. </span></sup> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en"><sup><span style="font-size: xx-small;">21In that hour Jesus rejoiced in spirit, and said, I thank thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that thou hast hid these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them unto babes: even so, Father; for so it seemed good in thy sight.</span></sup></div><div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en"><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>As in the days of Noah</i></span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Luke 17 </b><sup>20And when he was demanded of the Pharisees, when the kingdom of God should come, he answered them and said, The kingdom of God cometh not with observation: 21Neither shall they say, Lo here! or, lo there! for, behold, the kingdom of God is within you. 22And he said unto the disciples, The days will come, when ye shall desire to see one of the days of the Son of man, and ye shall not see </sup><sup><i>it</i></sup><sup>. 23And they shall say to you, See here; or, see there: go not after </sup><sup><i>them</i></sup><sup>, nor follow </sup><sup><i>them</i></sup><sup>. </sup><sup><b>24</b></sup><b>For as the lightning, that lighteneth out of the one </b><i><b>part</b></i><b> under heaven, shineth unto the other </b><i><b>part</b></i><b> under heaven; so shall also the Son of man be in his day.</b> <sup>25</sup>But first must he suffer many things, and be rejected of this generation. <sup><b>26</b></sup><b>And as it was in the days of Noe, so shall it be also in the days of the Son of man.</b> <sup>27</sup>They did eat, they drank, they married wives, they were given in marriage, until the day that Noe entered into the ark, and the flood came, and destroyed them all. <sup>28</sup>Likewise also as it was in the days of Lot; they did eat, they drank, they bought, they sold, they planted, they builded; <sup>29</sup>But the same day that Lot went out of Sodom it rained fire and brimstone from heaven, and destroyed <i>them</i> all. <sup><b>30</b></sup><b>Even thus shall it be in the day when the Son of man is revealed. </b><sup>31In that day, he which shall be upon the housetop, and his stuff in the house, let him not come down to take it away: and he that is in the field, let him likewise not return back. 32Remember Lot’s wife. 33Whosoever shall seek to save his life shall lose it; and whosoever shall lose his life shall preserve it. 34I tell you, in that night there shall be two </sup><sup><i>men</i></sup><sup> in one bed; the one shall be taken, and the other shall be left. 35Two </sup><sup><i>women</i></sup><sup> shall be grinding together; the one shall be taken, and the other left. 36Two </sup><sup><i>men</i></sup><sup> shall be in the field; the one shall be taken, and the other left. 37And they answered and said unto him, </sup><b>Where, Lord</b>? And he said unto them, Wheresoever the body <i>is</i>, thither will the eagles be gathered together.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en"> </span></span></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-74954790459695771112011-10-27T05:35:00.001-04:002011-10-27T06:01:43.638-04:00Perdition<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br />
<div class="WordSection1"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Revelation 9 </span></b><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And they had a king over them, <i>which is </i><b><span style="background: yellow;">the angel of the </span></b></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyss_%28religion%29" title="Abyss (religion)"><b><span style="background: yellow; color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bottomless pit</span></b></a><b><span style="background: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, whose name in the </span></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language"><b><span style="background: yellow; color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hebrew</span></b></a><b><span style="background: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tongue <i>is</i> <span class="SpellE">Abaddon</span>, but in the </span></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language"><b><span style="background: yellow; color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Greek</span></b></a><b><span style="background: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tongue hath <i>his</i> name </span></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon"><span class="SpellE"><b><span style="background: yellow; color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apollyon</span></b></span></a><b><span style="background: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></b><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One woe is past; <i>and</i>, behold, there come two woes more hereafter. <sup>13</sup>And the sixth angel sounded, and I heard a voice from the four horns of the golden </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar" title="Altar"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">altar</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> which is before </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">God</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 281.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="GramE"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">definitions</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 281.25pt; text-align: justify;"><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span></u></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">G684 </span></b><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-family: "WL GreekTimes Ancient","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pðþëåéá</span></span><span class="GramE"><span style="font-family: "WL GreekTimes Ancient","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">a</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">p</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">o</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">ô</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">l</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">e</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">i</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">a</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">a</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">p</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">-</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">o</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">'</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">-</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">l</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">i</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">-</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">a</span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> From a presumed derivative of G622; <i>ruin</i> or <i>loss</i> (physical, spiritual or eternal):—damnable (-nation), destruction, die, perdition, X perish, pernicious ways, waste</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">G622 </span></b><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-family: "WL GreekTimes Ancient","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pðüëëõìé</span></span><span class="GramE"><span style="font-family: "WL GreekTimes Ancient","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">a</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">p</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">o</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">l<span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">l</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">u</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">m</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">i</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">a</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">p</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">-</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">o</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">l</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">'</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">-</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">l</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">o<span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">o</span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">-</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">m</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">e<span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">e</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> From G575 and the base of G3639; to <i>destroy</i> fully (reflexively to <i>perish</i>, or <i>lose</i>), literally or figuratively:—destroy, die, lose, mar, perish.<br />
<b>G3639 </b></span><span style="font-family: "WL GreekTimes Ancient","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–<span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">ëåèñïò</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ,</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">o</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">l</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">e</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">t</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">h</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">r</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">o</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">s</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">,</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">o</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">l</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">'</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">-</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">e</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">t</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">h</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">-</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">r</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">o</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">s</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">,</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From </span><span style="font-family: "WL GreekTimes Ancient","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–<span class="SpellE">ëëõìé</span> </span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">o</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">l<span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">l</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">u</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">m</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">i</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> a primary word (to <i>destroy</i>; a prolonged form); <i>ruin</i>, that is, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death" title="Death"><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">death</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <i>punishment:</i>—destruction.<br />
<b>G3 </b></span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-family: "WL GreekTimes Ancient","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EÁâáääþí</span></span><span class="GramE"><span style="font-family: "WL GreekTimes Ancient","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">A</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">b</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">a</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">d<span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">o</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">ô</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">n</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">a</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">b</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">-</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">a</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">d</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">-</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">d</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">o</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">h</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">n</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">'</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">,</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Of Hebrew origin [H11]; a destroying <i>angel:</i>—Abaddon.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H11 </span></b><span style="font-family: "WL HebrewParsons"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";">ï</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL HebrewParsons"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";">B</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL HebrewParsons"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";">c</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL HebrewParsons"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";">á</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL HebrewParsons"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";">—</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL HebrewParsons"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL HebrewParsons"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";">Â</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL HebrewParsons"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"></span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">a</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">õ</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">b</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">a</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">d<span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">o</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">ò</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">n</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">,</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">a</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">b</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">-</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">a</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">d</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">-</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">d</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">o</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">n</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">e</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">'</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">,</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intensively from H6; abstractly a <i>perishing</i>; concretely </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades" title="Hades"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hades</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:—destruction. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H6 </span></b><span style="font-family: "WL HebrewParsons"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";">ã</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL HebrewParsons"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";">á</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL HebrewParsons"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";">—</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL HebrewParsons"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL HebrewParsons";">S</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"></span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">a</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">ò</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">b</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">a</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">d</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">,</span></span><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">a</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">w</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">-</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">b</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">a</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">d</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">'</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";">,</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "WL LatinAllIn1Cour";"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A primitive root; properly to <i>wander</i> away, that is <i>lose</i> oneself; by implication to <i>perish</i> (causatively, <i>destroy</i>):—break, destroy (-<span class="SpellE">uction</span>), + not escape, fail, lose, (cause to, make) perish, spend, X and surely, take, be undone, X utterly, be void of, have no way to flee.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><a href="http://www.zemanta.com/"><img alt="Description: Enhanced by Zemanta" border="0" height="32" src="file:///C:/OOffice/content/Perdition_files/image001.png" title=""Enhanced by Zemanta"" width="32" /></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-39744665574132858342011-10-27T05:27:00.001-04:002011-10-27T06:01:43.651-04:00The dragons<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="WordSection1"><div style="text-align: center;">The dragons<br />
</div><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The dragon as a lion</span></h2><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jeremiah 49 </span></b><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Also Edom shall be <span class="GramE">a desolation</span>: every one that <span class="SpellE">goeth</span> by it shall be astonished, and shall hiss at all the plagues thereof. <sup>18</sup>As in the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah and the <span class="SpellE">neighbour</span> <i>cities</i> thereof, <span class="SpellE">saith</span> the LORD, no man shall abide there, <span class="GramE">neither</span> shall a son of man dwell in it. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="background: yellow;">19</span></sup><span style="background: yellow;">Behold, he shall come up like a lion</span></b><span style="background: yellow;"> from the swelling of Jordan against the habitation of the strong: but I will suddenly make him run away from her: and who <i>is</i> a chosen <span class="GramE"><i>man, that</i></span> I may appoint over her? <span class="GramE">for</span> who <i>is</i> like me? <span class="GramE">and</span> who will appoint me the time? <span class="GramE">and</span> who <i>is</i> that shepherd that will stand before me? <sup>20</sup>Therefore hear the counsel of the LORD, that he hath taken against Edom; and his purposes, that he hath purposed against the inhabitants of Teman: Surely the least of the flock shall draw them out: surely he shall make their habitations desolate with them.</span><sup>21</sup>The earth is moved at the noise of their fall, at the cry the noise thereof was heard in the Red sea. <sup>22</sup>Behold, he shall come up and fly as the eagle, and spread his wings over <span class="SpellE">Bozrah</span>: and at that day shall the heart of the mighty men of Edom be as the heart of a woman in her pangs.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jeremiah 50 </span></b><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">42</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They shall hold the bow and the lance: they <i>are</i> cruel, and will not show mercy: their voice shall roar like the sea, and they shall ride upon horses, <i>every one</i> put in array, like a man to the battle, against thee, O daughter of Babylon. <sup>43</sup>The king of Babylon hath heard the report of them, and his hands waxed feeble: anguish took hold of him, <i>and</i> pangs as of a woman in travail<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. <sup><span style="background: lime; mso-highlight: lime; mso-shading: yellow;">44</span></sup><span style="background: lime; mso-highlight: lime; mso-shading: yellow;">Behold, he shall come up like a lion</span></b><span style="background: yellow;"> from the swelling of Jordan unto the habitation of the strong: but I will make them suddenly run away from her: and who <i>is</i> a chosen <span class="GramE"><i>man, that</i></span> I may appoint over her? <span class="GramE">for</span> who <i>is</i> like me? <span class="GramE">and</span> who will appoint me the time? <span class="GramE">and</span> who <i>is</i> that shepherd that will stand before me? <sup>45</sup>Therefore hear ye the counsel of the <span class="GramE">LORD, that</span> he hath taken against Babylon; and his purposes, that he hath purposed against the land of the Chaldeans: Surely the least of the flock shall draw them out: surely he shall make <i>their</i> habitation desolate with them.</span><br />
<sup>46</sup>At the noise of the taking of Babylon the earth is <span class="GramE">moved,</span> and the cry is heard among the nations.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><h2><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The dragon and the beast</span></h2><div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The dragon and the beast</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Revelation 13 </span></b><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And I stood upon the sand of the sea, and saw a beast rise up out of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns, and upon his horns ten crowns, and upon his heads the name of blasphemy. <sup>2</sup>And the beast which I saw was like unto a leopard, and his feet were as <i>the feet</i> of a bear, and his mouth as the mouth of a lion: and the dragon gave him his power, and his seat, and great authority. <sup>3</sup>And I saw one of his heads as it <span class="GramE">were</span> wounded to death; and his deadly wound was healed: and all the world wondered after the beast. <b><sup><span style="background: yellow;">4</span></sup><span style="background: yellow;">And they worshipped the dragon which gave power unto the beast: and they worshipped the beast,</span></b> saying, <span class="GramE">Who</span> <i>is</i> like unto the beast? <span class="GramE">who</span> is able to make war with him? <sup>5</sup>And there was given unto him a mouth speaking great things and blasphemies; and power was given unto him to continue forty <i>and</i> two months. <sup>6</sup>And he opened his mouth in blasphemy against God, to blaspheme his name, and his tabernacle, and them that dwell in heaven. <sup>7</sup>And it was given unto him to make war with the saints, and to overcome them: and power was given him over all <span class="SpellE">kindreds</span>, and tongues, and nations. <sup>8</sup>And all that dwell upon the earth shall worship him, whose names are not written in the book of life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world. <sup>9</sup>If any man have an ear, let him hear. <sup>10</sup>He that <span class="SpellE">leadeth</span> into captivity shall go into captivity: he that <span class="SpellE">killeth</span> with the sword must be killed with the sword. Here is the patience and the faith of the saints.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And I beheld another beast coming up out of the earth; and he had two horns like a lamb, and he <span class="SpellE">spake</span> as a dragon. <sup>12</sup>And he <span class="SpellE">exerciseth</span> all the power of the first beast before him, and <span class="SpellE">causeth</span> the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the first beast, <span class="GramE">whose</span> deadly wound was healed. <sup>13</sup>And he doeth great wonders, so that he <span class="SpellE">maketh</span> fire come down from heaven on the earth in the sight of men, <sup>1<span style="background: yellow;">4</span></sup><span style="background: yellow;">And <span class="SpellE">deceiveth</span> them that dwell on the earth by </span><i>the means of</i><span style="background: yellow;"> those miracles which he had power to do in the sight of the beast;</span> saying to them that dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the beast, which had the wound by a sword, and did live. <sup>15</sup>And he had power to give life unto the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as would not worship the image of the beast should be killed. <sup>16</sup>And he <span class="SpellE">causeth</span> all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: <sup>17</sup>And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. <sup>18</sup>Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number <i>is</i> Six hundred threescore <i>and</i> six.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h2><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The dragon in the sea</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0000cc;">The dragon as a symbol of covetousness. <span class="GramE">Pharaoh coveting the river.</span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ezekiel 29 </span></b><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Son of man, set thy face against Pharaoh king of Egypt, and prophesy against him, and against all Egypt: </span><b><sup><span style="background: aqua; color: #0000cc; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></sup></b><b><span style="background: aqua; color: #0000cc; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speak, and say, Thus <span class="SpellE">saith</span> the Lord GOD;</span></b><span style="background: aqua; color: #0000cc; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Behold, I <i>am</i> against thee, Pharaoh king of Egypt, the great dragon that <span class="SpellE">lieth</span> in the midst of his rivers, which hath said, <b>My river <i>is</i> mine own, and I have made <i>it</i> for myself</b>. <sup>4</sup>But I will put hooks in thy jaws, and I will cause the fish of thy rivers to stick unto thy scales, and I will bring thee up out of the midst of thy rivers, and all the fish of thy rivers shall stick unto thy scales. <sup>5</sup>And I will leave thee <i>thrown</i> into the wilderness, thee and all the fish of thy rivers: thou shalt fall upon the open fields; thou shalt not be brought together, nor gathered: I have given thee for meat to the beasts of the field and to the fowls of the heaven. </span><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span></sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And all the inhabitants of Egypt shall know that I <i>am</i> the LORD, because they have been a staff of reed to the house of Israel. <sup>7</sup>When they took hold of thee by thy hand, thou didst break, and rend all their shoulder: and when they leaned upon thee, thou <span class="SpellE">brakest</span>, and <span class="SpellE">madest</span> all their loins to be at a stand.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span></sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Therefore thus <span class="SpellE">saith</span> the Lord GOD; Behold, I will bring a sword upon thee, and cut off man and beast out of thee. </span><sup><span style="background: aqua; color: #0000cc; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9</span></sup><span style="background: aqua; color: #0000cc; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And the land of Egypt shall be desolate and waste; and they shall know that I <i>am</i> the LORD: because he hath said, <b>The <span class="GramE">river</span> <i>is</i> mine, and I have made <i>it</i>. </b></span><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span></sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Behold, therefore I <i>am</i> against thee, and against thy rivers, and I will make the land of Egypt utterly waste <i>and</i> desolate, from the tower of <span class="SpellE">Syene</span> even unto the border of Ethiopia</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1><br />
</h1><h4 align="left" style="margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;"> </h4><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-60793795287759037652011-10-27T05:26:00.001-04:002011-10-27T06:01:43.664-04:00Belshazzar<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="WordSection1"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belshazzar</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isaiah 46 </span></b><sup>1</sup><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">Bel</span> </b><span class="SpellE">boweth</span> down<span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Nebo <span class="SpellE">stoopeth</span>, their idols were upon the beasts, and upon the cattle: your carriages <i>were</i> heavy <span class="SpellE">loaden</span>; <i>they are</i> a burden to the weary <i>beast</i>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">2</span></sup><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">They stoop, they bow down together; they could not deliver the burden, but <span class="GramE">themselves</span> are gone into captivity.</span></b> <sup>3</sup>Hearken unto me, O house of Jacob, and all the remnant of the house of Israel, which are borne <i>by me</i> from the belly, which are carried from the womb: <sup>4</sup>And <i>even</i> to <i>your</i> old age I <i>am</i> he; and <i>even</i> to hoar hairs will I carry <i>you</i>: I have made, and I will bear; even I will carry, and will deliver <i>you</i>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span></sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To whom will ye liken me, and make <i>me</i> equal, and compare me, that we may be like? <sup>6</sup>They lavish gold out of the bag, and weigh silver in the balance, <i>and</i> hire a goldsmith; and he <span class="SpellE">maketh</span> it a god: they fall down, yea, they worship. <sup>7</sup>They bear him upon the shoulder, they carry him, and set him in his place, and he <span class="SpellE">standeth</span>; from his place shall he not remove: yea, <i>one</i> shall cry unto him, yet can he not answer, nor save him out of his trouble. <sup><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: aqua;">8</span></sup><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: aqua;">Remember this, and show yourselves men: bring <i>it</i> again to mind, O ye transgressors.</span><span style="background: aqua;"> </span><sup>9</sup>Remember the former things of old: for I <i>am</i> God, and <i>there is</i> none else; <i>I am</i> God, and <i>there is</i> none like me, <sup>10</sup>Declaring the end from the beginning, and from ancient times <i>the things</i> that are not <i>yet</i> done, saying, My counsel shall stand, and I will do all my pleasure: <sup>11</sup>Calling a ravenous bird from the east, the man that <span class="SpellE">executeth</span> my counsel from a far country: yea, I have spoken <i>it</i>, I will also bring it to pass; I have purposed <i>it</i>, I will also do it. <sup>12</sup>Hearken unto me, ye <span class="GramE">stouthearted, that</span> <i>are</i> far from righteousness: <sup>13</sup>I bring near my righteousness; it shall not be far off, and my salvation shall not tarry: and I will place salvation in Zion for Israel my glory.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jeremiah 50 </span></b><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The word that the LORD <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">spake</span></span> against Babylon <i>and</i> against the land of the Chaldeans by Jeremiah the prophet. <sup>2</sup>Declare ye among the nations, and publish, and set up a standard; publish, <i>and</i> conceal not: say, <b><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: aqua;">Babylon is taken, Bel is confounded, <span class="SpellE">Merodach</span> is broken in pieces; her idols are confounded, her images are broken in pieces</span></b><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: aqua;"> <sup>3</sup></span>For out of the north there cometh up a nation against her, which shall make her land desolate, and none shall dwell th</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">erein: they shall remove, they shall depart, both man and beast<span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: lime;">. <sup>4</sup>In those days, and in that time, <span class="SpellE">saith</span> the LORD, the children of Israel shall come, they and the children of Judah together, going and weeping: they shall go, and seek the LORD their God. <sup>5</sup>They shall ask the way to Zion with their faces thitherward, <i>saying</i>, Come, and let us join ourselves to the LORD in a perpetual covenant <i>that</i> shall not be forgotten. <sup>6</sup>My people hath been lost sheep: their shepherds have caused them to go astray, they have turned them away <i>on</i> the mountains: they have gone from mountain to hill, they have forgotten their <span class="SpellE">restingplace</span>. <sup>7</sup>All that found them have devoured them: and their adversaries said, <span class="GramE">We</span> offend not, because they have sinned against the LORD, the habitation of justice, even the LORD, the hope of their fathers.</span><sup>8</sup>Remove out of the midst of Babylon, and go forth out of the land of the Chaldeans, and be as the he goats before the flocks </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jeremiah 51 </span></b><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">40</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I will bring them down like lambs to the slaughter, like rams with <span class="SpellE">he</span> goats. <sup>41</sup>How is <span class="SpellE">Sheshach</span> taken! <span class="GramE">and</span> how is the praise of the whole earth surprised! <span class="GramE">how</span> is Babylon become an astonishment among the nations! <sup>42</sup>The <span class="GramE">sea</span> is come up upon Babylon: she is covered with the multitude of the waves thereof. <sup>43</sup>Her cities are <span class="GramE">a desolation</span>, a dry land, and a wilderness, a land wherein no man <span class="SpellE">dwelleth</span>, neither doth <i>any</i> son of <span style="color: black;">man pass thereby. <sup><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: aqua;">44</span></sup><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: aqua;">And I will punish </span></span></span><span style="background: yellow; font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: aqua;">Bel</span><span style="background: yellow; color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: aqua;"> in Babylon, and I will bring forth out of his mouth that which he hath swallowed up: and the nations shall not flow together any more unto him: yea, the wall of Babylon shall fall. <sup>45</sup>My people, go ye out of the midst of her, and deliver ye every man his soul from the fierce anger of the LORD<span class="GramE">..</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belshazzar’s transgression</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #0000cc; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belshazzar’s transgression was greater because he knew what had happened with his father Nebuchadnezzar</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daniel 5 </span></b><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then Daniel answered and said before the king, <span class="GramE">Let</span> thy gifts be to thyself, and give thy rewards to another; yet I will read the writing unto the king, and make known to him the <span style="color: black;">interpretation. <sup><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: aqua;">18</span></sup><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: aqua;">O thou king, the most high God gave <b>Nebuchadnezzar thy father</b> a kingdom, and majesty, and glory, and <span class="SpellE">honour</span>: <sup>19</sup>And for the majesty that he gave him, all people, nations, and languages, trembled and feared before him: whom he would he slew; and whom he would he kept alive; and whom he would he set up; and whom he would he put down.</span><sup>20</sup>But when his heart was lifted up, and his mind hardened in pride, he was deposed from his kingly throne, and they took his glory from him: <sup>21</sup>And he was driven from the sons of men; and his heart was made like the beasts, and his dwelling <i>was</i> with the wild asses: they fed him with grass like oxen, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven; <b>till he knew that the most high God ruled in the kingdom of men, and <i>that</i> he <span class="SpellE">appointeth</span> over it whomsoever he will.</b></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">22</span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And thou <span style="background: yellow;">his son, O </span></span><b><span style="background: yellow; font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belshazzar</span></b><span style="background: yellow; color: black; font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, hast not humbled <span class="SpellE">thine</span> heart, though thou <span class="SpellE">knewest</span> all this;<sup>23</sup>But hast lifted up thyself against the Lord of heaven; and they have brought the vessels of his house before thee, and thou, <b>and thy lords, thy wives, and thy concubines, have drunk wine in them; and thou hast praised the gods of silver, and gold, of brass, iron, wood, and ston</b>e, which see not, nor hear, nor know: <b>and the God in whose hand thy breath <i>is</i>, and whose <i>are</i> all thy ways, hast thou not glorified:</b></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24</span></sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then was the part of the hand sent from him; and this writing was written. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And this <i>is</i> the writing that was written, MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN. <sup>26</sup>This <i>is</i> the interpretation of the thing: MENE; God hath numbered thy kingdom, and finished it. <sup>27</sup>TEKEL; Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting. <sup>28</sup>PERES; Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the Medes and Persians. <sup>29</sup>Then commanded Belshazzar, and they clothed Daniel with scarlet, and <i>put</i> a chain of gold about his neck, and made a proclamation concerning <span class="GramE">him, that</span> he should be the third ruler in the kingdom.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In that night was Belshazzar the king of the Chaldeans slain. <sup>31</sup>And Darius the Median took the kingdom, <i>being</i> about threescore and two years old.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Georges, Belshazzar and Nebuchadnezzar,</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kings of Babylon, King of the North</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daniel 11:21 <span class="GramE"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">And</span></span><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"> in his estate shall stand up a vile person, to whom they shall not give the <span class="SpellE">honour</span> of the kingdom: but he shall come in peaceably, and obtain the kingdom by flatteries</span></span></b><span style="background: yellow; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow;">.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 22 And with the arms of a flood shall they be overflown from before him, <b><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">and shall be broken; yea, also </span><span style="background: lime; mso-highlight: lime;">the prince of the covenant.</span></b> 23 And after the league <i>made</i> with him he shall work deceitfully: for he shall come up, and shall become strong with a small people. 24 He shall enter peaceably even upon the fattest places of the province; and he shall do <i>that</i> which his fathers have not done, nor his fathers’ fathers; he shall scatter among them the prey, and spoil, and riches: <span class="GramE"><i>yea</i>,</span> and he shall forecast his devices against the strong holds, even for a time. 25 And he shall stir up his power and his courage against the king of the south with a great army; and the king of the south shall be stirred up to battle with a very great and mighty army; but he shall not stand: for they shall forecast devices against him.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daniel 8:8 </span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Therefore the he goat waxed very great: and when he was strong, the great horn was broken; and for it came up four notable ones toward the four winds of heaven. 9 And out of one of them came forth a little horn, which waxed exceeding great, toward the south, and toward the east, and toward the pleasant <i>land</i>. 10 And it waxed great, <i>even</i> to the host of heaven; and it cast down <i>some</i> of the host and of the stars to the ground, and stamped upon them. <b><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">11 Yea, he magnified <i>himself</i> even to </span><span style="background: lime; mso-highlight: lime;">the prince of the host,</span></b> and by him the daily <i>sacrifice</i> was taken away, and the place of his sanctuary was cast down. 12 And <span class="GramE">an</span> host was given <i>him</i> against the daily <i>sacrifice</i> by reason of transgression<span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">, <b>and it cast down the truth to the ground; and it practiced, and prospered.</b></span><b> </b></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13 Then I heard one saint speaking, and another saint said unto that certain <i>saint</i> which <span class="SpellE">spake</span>, How long <i>shall be</i> the vision <i>concerning</i> the daily <i>sacrifice</i>, and the transgression of desolation, <span style="background: yellow;">to give both the sanctuary and the host to be trodden under foot?</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bel</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">shazzar, Son of <b>Nebuchadnezzar</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jeremiah 50:1</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The word that the LORD <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">spake</span></span> against Babylon <i>and</i> against the land of the Chaldeans by Jeremiah the prophet. 2 Declare <span class="GramE">ye</span> among the nations, and publish, and set up a standard; publish, <i>and</i> conceal not: say, <span style="background: yellow;">Babylon is taken, Bel is confounded,</span> <span class="SpellE">Merodach</span> is broken in pieces; her idols are confounded, her images are broken in pieces. 3 For out of the north there cometh up a nation against her, which shall make her land desolate, and none shall dwell therein: they shall remove, they shall depart, both man and beast. 4In those days, and in that time, <span class="SpellE">saith</span> the LORD, the children of Israel shall come, they and the children of Judah together, going and weeping: they shall go, and seek the LORD their God. 5 They shall ask the way to Zion with their faces thitherward, <i>saying</i>, Come, and let us join ourselves to the LORD in a perpetual covenant <i>that</i> shall not be forgotten. 6 My people <span class="GramE">hath</span> been lost sheep: their shepherds have caused them to go astray, they have turned them away <i>on</i> the mountains: they have gone from mountain to hill, they have forgotten their <span class="SpellE">restingplace</span>. 7 All that found them have devoured them: and their adversaries said, <span class="GramE">We</span> offend not, because they have sinned against the LORD, the habitation of justice, even the LORD, the hope of their fathers. <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">8 <span style="mso-shading: lime;">Remove out of the midst of Babylon,</span> and go forth out of the land of the Chaldeans, and <span class="GramE">be</span> as the he goats before the flocks.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jeremiah 51:32</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And that the passages are stopped, and the reeds they have burned with <span class="GramE">fire,</span> and the men of war are affrighted. 33For thus <span class="SpellE">saith</span> the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; <span class="GramE">The</span> daughter of Babylon <i>is</i> like a <span class="SpellE">threshingfloor</span>, <i>it is</i> time to thresh her: yet a little while, and the time of her harvest shall come. 34 <span class="SpellE"><span style="background: yellow;">Nebuchadrezzar</span></span><span style="background: yellow;"> the king of Babylon hath devoured me,</span> he hath crushed me, he hath made me an empty vessel, <span style="background: yellow;">he hath swallowed me up like </span><b><span style="background: aqua;">a dragon</span></b><span style="background: aqua;">,</span> he hath filled his belly with my <span class="SpellE">delicates</span>, <span class="GramE">he</span> hath cast me out. 35The violence done to me and to my flesh <span class="GramE"><i>be</i></span> upon Babylon, shall the inhabitant of Zion say; and my blood upon the inhabitants of Chaldea, shall Jerusalem say. 36 Therefore thus <span class="SpellE">saith</span> the LORD; Behold, I will plead thy cause, and take vengeance for thee; and I will dry up her sea, and make her springs dry</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jeremiah 51:41</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How is <span class="SpellE">Sheshach</span> taken! <span class="GramE">and</span> how is the praise of the whole earth surprised! <span class="GramE">how</span> is Babylon become an astonishment among the nations! 42 The sea is come up upon Babylon: she is covered with the multitude of the waves thereof. 43 Her cities are <span class="GramE">a desolation</span>, a dry land, and a wilderness, a land wherein no man <span class="SpellE">dwelleth</span>, neither doth <i>any</i> son of man pass thereby. 44 <span style="background: yellow;">And I will punish Bel in Babylon, and I will bring forth out of his mouth that which he hath swallowed up</span>: and the nations shall not flow together any more unto him: yea, the wall of Babylon shall fall. 45 <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: lime;">My people, go ye out of the midst of her, and deliver ye every man his soul from the fierce anger of the LORD.</span> 46 And lest your heart faint, and ye fear for the <span class="SpellE">rumour</span> that shall be heard in the land; a <span class="SpellE">rumour</span> shall both come <i>one</i> year, and after that in <i>another</i> year <i>shall come</i> a <span class="SpellE">rumour</span>, and violence in the land, ruler against ruler. 47 Therefore, behold, the days come, that I will do judgment upon the graven images of Babylon: and her whole land shall be confounded, and all her slain shall fall in the midst of her. 48 Then the heaven and the earth, and all that <i>is</i> therein, shall sing for Babylon: for the spoilers shall come unto her from the north, <span class="SpellE">saith</span> the LORD.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bel short for Belshazzar, according to historical accounts the grandson of Nebuchadnezzar</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isaiah 46:1</span></b><span style="background: yellow; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: yellow;">Bel</span><span style="background: yellow; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span class="SpellE">boweth</span> down,</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Nebo <span class="SpellE">stoopeth</span>, their idols were upon the beasts, and upon the cattle: your carriages <i>were</i> heavy <span class="SpellE">loaden</span>; <i>they are</i> a burden to the weary <i>beast</i>. 2 They stoop, they bow down together; <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: aqua;">they could not deliver the burden,</span> but <span class="GramE">themselves</span> are gone into captivity. 3 Hearken unto me, O house of Jacob, and all the remnant of the house of Israel, which are borne <i>by me</i> from the belly, which are carried from the womb: 4 And <i>even</i> to <i>your</i> old age I <i>am</i> he; and <i>even</i> to hoar hairs will I carry <i>you</i>: I have made, and I will bear; even I will carry, and will deliver <i>you</i>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5 To whom will ye liken me, and make <i>me</i> equal, and compare <span class="GramE">me, that</span> we may be like?</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daniel 11:14 </span></b><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And in those times there shall many stand up against the king of the south: <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: aqua;">also the robbers of thy people shall exalt themselves to establish the vision; but they shall fall.</span><sup>15</sup>So the king of the north shall come, and cast up a mount, and take the most fenced cities: and the arms of the south shall not withstand, neither his chosen people, neither <i>shall there be any</i> strength to withstand.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daniel 11:30</span></b><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For the ships of <span class="SpellE">Chittim</span> shall come against him: therefore he shall be grieved, and return, and have indignation against the holy covenant: so shall he do; he shall even return, and have intelligence with them that forsake the holy covenant. <sup><span style="background: yellow;">31</span></sup><span style="background: yellow;">And arms shall stand on his part, and they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength, and shall take away the daily <i>sacrifice</i>, and they shall place the abomination that <span class="SpellE">maketh</span> desolate.</span><sup>32</sup>And such as do wickedly against the covenant shall he corrupt by flatteries: but the people that do know their God shall be strong, and do <i>exploits</i>. <sup>33</sup>And they that understand among the people shall instruct many: yet they shall fall by the sword, and by flame, by captivity, and by spoil, <i>many</i> days. <sup>34</sup>Now when they shall fall, they shall be <span class="SpellE">holpen</span> with a little help: but many shall cleave to them with flatteries. <sup>35</sup>And <i>some</i> of them of understanding shall fall, to try them, and to purge, and to make <i>them</i> white, <i>even</i> to the time of the end: because <i>it is</i> yet for a time appointed. <sup><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">36</span></sup><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">And the king shall do according to his will; and he shall exalt <span class="GramE">himself</span>, and magnify himself above every god, and shall speak <span class="SpellE">marvellous</span> things against the God of gods, and shall prosper till the indignation be accomplished: for that that is determined shall be done. <sup>37</sup>Neither shall he regard the God of his fathers, nor the desire of women, nor regard any god: for he shall magnify himself above all. <sup>38</sup>But in his estate shall he <span class="SpellE">honour</span> the God of forces: and a god whom his <span class="SpellE">fathers</span> knew not shall he <span class="SpellE">honour</span> with gold, and silver, and with precious stones, and pleasant things. <sup>39</sup>Thus shall he do in the <span class="GramE">most strong</span> holds with a strange god, whom he shall acknowledge <i>and</i> increase with glory: and he shall cause them to rule over many, and shall divide the land for gain.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HABAKKUK</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Habakkuk 1:1</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span class="GramE">The</span> burden which Habakkuk the prophet did see. 2 O LORD, how long shall I cry, and thou wilt not hear! <span class="GramE"><i>even</i></span> cry out unto thee <i>of</i> violence, and thou wilt not save! 3 Why dost thou show me iniquity, and cause <i>me</i> to behold grievance? <span class="GramE">for</span> spoiling and violence <i>are</i> before me: and there are <i>that</i> raise up strife and contention</span>. <span style="background: yellow; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: lime;">4 Therefore the law is slacked, and judgment doth never go forth: for the wicked doth compass about the righteous; therefore wrong judgment <span class="SpellE">proceedeth</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Habakkuk 2:1</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> I will stand upon my watch, and set me upon the tower, and will watch to see what he will say unto me, and what I shall answer when I am reproved. 2 And the LORD answered me, and said, <span class="GramE"><b><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: lime;">Write</span></b></span><b><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: lime;"> the vision, and make <i>it</i> plain upon tables</span></b><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: lime;">,</span> that he may run that <span class="SpellE">readeth</span> it. 3 For the vision <i>is</i> yet for an appointed time, but at the end it shall speak, and not lie: though it tarry, wait for it; because it will surely come, it will not tarry. <sup><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">4 </span></sup><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">Behold, his soul <i>which</i> is lifted up is not upright in him: <span style="mso-shading: lime;">but the just shall live by his faith.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: yellow; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow;">5 <span style="mso-shading: red;">Yea also, because he <span class="SpellE">transgresseth</span> by <b>wine</b>, <i>he is</i> a proud man, neither <span class="SpellE">keepeth</span> at home, who <span class="SpellE">enlargeth</span> his desire as hell, and <i>is</i> as death, and cannot be satisfied, but <span class="SpellE"><b>gathereth</b></span><b> unto him all nations</b>, and <span class="SpellE">heapeth</span> unto him all people: </span>6 Shall not all these take up a parable against him, and a taunting proverb against him, and say, Woe to him that <span class="SpellE">increaseth</span> <i>that which is</i> not his! <span class="GramE">how</span> long? <span class="GramE">and</span> to him that <span class="SpellE">ladeth</span> himself with thick clay! <span class="GramE">7 Shall they not rise up suddenly that shall bite thee, and awake that shall</span> vex thee, and thou shalt be for booties unto them? 8 Because thou hast spoiled many nations, all the remnant of the people shall spoil thee; <b>because of men’s blood, and <i>for</i> the violence of the land, of the city, and of all that dwell therein.</b></span><span style="background: yellow; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: yellow; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow;">9 <b><span style="mso-shading: red;">Woe to him that <span class="SpellE">coveteth</span> an evil covetousness to his house</span></b><span style="mso-shading: red;">, that he may set his nest on <span class="GramE">high, that</span> he may be delivered from the power of evil! </span>10 Thou hast consulted shame to thy house by cutting off many people, and hast sinned <i>against</i> thy soul. 11 For the stone shall cry out of the wall, and the beam out of the timber shall answer it. </span><span style="background: yellow; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: yellow; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow;">12 <b><span style="mso-shading: red;">Woe to him that <span class="SpellE">buildeth</span> a town with blood</span></b><span style="mso-shading: red;">, and <span class="SpellE">stablisheth</span> a city by iniquity! </span>13 <span class="GramE"><b>Behold,</b></span><b> <i>is it</i> not of the LORD of hosts that the people shall <span class="SpellE">labour</span> in the very fire, and the people shall weary themselves for very vanity? 14 For the earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the LORD, as the waters cover the sea</b>.</span><span style="background: yellow; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: yellow; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow;">15 <b><span style="mso-shading: red;">Woe unto him that <span class="SpellE">giveth</span> his <span class="SpellE">neighbour</span> drink, that <span class="SpellE">puttest</span> thy bottle to <i>him</i>, and <span class="SpellE">makest</span> <i>him</i> drunken also</span></b><span style="mso-shading: red;">, that thou <span class="SpellE">mayest</span> look on their nakedness</span>! 16 Thou art filled with shame for glory: drink thou also, and let thy foreskin be uncovered: the cup of the LORD’S right hand shall be turned unto thee, and shameful spewing <i>shall be</i> on thy glory. 17 For the violence of Lebanon shall cover <span class="GramE">thee,</span> and the spoil of beasts, <i>which</i> made them afraid, <b>because of men’s blood, and for the violence of the land, of the city, and of all that dwell therein.</b></span><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18 What <span class="SpellE">profiteth</span> the graven image that the maker thereof hath graven it; the molten image, and a teacher of <span class="GramE">lies, that</span> the maker of his work <span class="SpellE">trusteth</span> therein, to make dumb idols? 19 <b>Woe unto him that <span class="SpellE">saith</span> to the wood, Awake; to the dumb stone, Arise, it shall teach</b>! Behold, it <i>is</i> laid over with gold and silver, and <i>there is</i> no breath at all in the midst of it. 20 But the LORD <i>is</i> in his holy temple: let all the earth keep silence before him.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #3333ff; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lucifer, King of Babylon</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isaiah 14 </span></b><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That thou shalt take up this proverb against <span style="background: yellow;">the king of Babylon</span>, and say, <span class="GramE"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: lime;">How</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: lime;"> hath the oppressor ceased! <span class="GramE">the</span> golden city ceased!</span></b><span style="background: lime;"> </span><sup>5</sup>The LORD hath broken the staff of the wicked, <i>and</i> the <span class="SpellE">sceptre</span> of the rulers. <sup>6</sup>He who smote the people in wrath with a continual stroke<span style="background: yellow;">, he that ruled the nations in anger,</span> is persecuted, <i>and</i> none <span class="SpellE">hindereth</span>. <sup>7</sup>The whole earth is at rest, <i>and</i> is quiet: they break forth into singing. <sup>8</sup>Yea, the fir trees rejoice at thee, <i>and</i> the cedars of Lebanon, <i>saying</i>, <span class="GramE">Since</span> thou art laid down, no feller is come up against us. <sup>9</sup>Hell from beneath is moved for thee to meet <i>thee</i> at thy coming: it <span class="SpellE">stirreth</span> up the dead for thee, <i>even</i> all the chief ones of the earth; it hath raised up from their thrones all the kings of the nations. <sup>10</sup>All they shall speak and say unto thee, Art thou also become weak as we? <span class="GramE">art</span> thou become like unto us? <sup>11</sup>Thy pomp is brought down to the grave, <i>and</i> the noise of thy viols: the worm is spread under thee, and the worms cover thee. <sup><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">12</span></sup><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">How art thou fallen from heaven<span style="mso-shading: yellow;">, O <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lucifer, son of the morning</b></span>! <i><span style="mso-shading: lime;">how</span></i><span style="mso-shading: lime;"> art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations<span class="GramE">!<sup>13</sup>For</span> thou hast said in <span class="SpellE">thine</span> heart, I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God: </span><span style="mso-shading: aqua;">I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north: </span><sup>14</sup>I will ascend above the heights of the </span></span><span style="background: yellow; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow;">clouds; I will be like the most High. <sup>15</sup>Yet</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> thou shalt be brought down to hell, to the sides of the pit. <sup>16</sup>They that see thee shall narrowly look upon thee, <i>and</i> consider thee, <i>saying, Is</i> this the man that made the earth to tremble, that did shake kingdoms; <sup>17</sup><i>That</i> made the world as a wilderness, and destroyed the cities thereof; <i>that</i> opened not the house of his prisoners? <sup>18</sup>All the kings of the nations, <i>even</i> all of them, lie in glory, <span class="SpellE">every one</span> in <span class="GramE">his own</span> house. <sup>19</sup>But thou art cast out of thy grave like an abominable branch, <i>and as</i> the raiment of those that are slain, thrust through with a sword, that go down to the stones of the pit; as a <span class="SpellE">carcase</span> trodden under feet<span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="mso-shading: red;">20</span></sup><span style="mso-shading: red;">Thou shalt not be joined with them in burial, because thou hast destroyed thy land, <i>and</i> slain thy people: the seed of evildoers shall never be renowned.</span></b><span style="mso-shading: red;"> <sup>21</sup>Prepare slaughter for his children for the iniquity of their fathers; that they do not rise, nor possess the land, nor fill the face of the world with cities.</span></span><sup>22</sup>For I will rise up against them, <span class="SpellE">saith</span> the LORD of hosts, and cut off from <span style="background: yellow;">Babylon</span> the name, and remnant, and son, and nephew, <span class="SpellE">saith</span> the LORD. <sup>23</sup>I will also make it a possession for the bittern, and pools of water: and I will sweep it with the besom of destruction, <span class="SpellE">saith</span> the LORD of hosts.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The LORD of hosts hath sworn, saying, <span class="GramE">Surely</span> as I have thought, so shall it come to pass; and as I have purposed, <i>so</i> shall it stand:</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="background: yellow; color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow;">The glorious holy mountain</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: yellow; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: aqua;">Daniel 11:45 </span></b><sup><span style="background: yellow; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: aqua;">45</span></sup><span style="background: yellow; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: aqua;">And he shall plant the tabernacles of his palace between the seas in the glorious holy mountain; yet he shall come to his end, and none shall help him.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Engravers MT","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Writing on the Wall</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daniel 5:1 </span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belshazzar the king made a great feast to a thousand of his lords, and drank wine before the thousand. 2 Belshazzar, whiles he tasted the wine, commanded to bring the golden and silver vessels which his father Nebuchadnezzar had taken out of the temple which <i>was</i> in Jerusalem; that the king, and his princes, his wives, and his concubines, might drink therein. 3Then they brought the golden vessels that were taken out of the temple of the house of God which <i>was</i> at Jerusalem; and the king, and his princes, his wives, and his concubines, drank in them. 4They drank wine, and praised the gods of gold, and of silver, of brass, of iron, of wood, and of stone. 5In the same hour came forth fingers of a man’s hand, and wrote over against the candlestick upon the plaster of the wall of the king’s palace: and the king saw the part of the hand that wrote. 6 Then the king’s countenance was changed, and his thoughts troubled him, so that the joints of his loins were loosed, and his knees smote one against another. 7 The king cried aloud to bring in the astrologers, the Chaldeans, and the soothsayers. <i>And</i> the king <span class="SpellE">spake</span>, and said to the wise <i>men</i> of Babylon, Whosoever shall read this writing, and show me the interpretation thereof, shall be clothed with scarlet, and <i>have</i> a chain of gold about his neck, and shall be the third ruler in the kingdom. 8Then came in all the king’s wise <i>men</i>: but they could not read the writing, nor make known to the king the interpretation thereof. 9 Then was <span class="GramE">king</span> Belshazzar greatly troubled, and his countenance was changed in him, and his lords were <span class="SpellE">astonied</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10 <i>Now</i> the queen, by reason of the words of the king and his lords, came into the banquet house: <i>and</i> the queen <span class="SpellE">spake</span> and said, O king, live <span class="SpellE">for ever</span>: let not thy thoughts trouble thee, nor let thy countenance be changed: 11There is a man in thy kingdom, in whom <i>is</i> the spirit of the holy gods; and in the days of thy father light and understanding and wisdom, like the wisdom of the gods, was found in him; whom the king Nebuchadnezzar thy father, the king, <i>I say</i>, thy father, made master of the magicians, astrologers, Chaldeans, <i>and</i> soothsayers; 12 Forasmuch as an excellent spirit, and knowledge, and understanding, interpreting of dreams, and showing of hard sentences, and dissolving of doubts, were found in the same Daniel, whom the king named <span class="SpellE">Belteshazzar</span>: now let Daniel be called, and he will show the interpretation. 13Then was Daniel brought in before the king. <i>And</i> the king <span class="SpellE">spake</span> and said unto Daniel, <i>Art</i> thou that Daniel, which <i>art</i> of the children of the captivity of Judah, whom the king my father brought out of Jewry? 14 I have even heard of thee, that the spirit of the gods <i>is</i> in thee, and <i>that</i> light and understanding and excellent wisdom is found in thee. 15 And now the wise <i>men</i>, the astrologers, have been brought in before me, that they should read this writing, and make known unto me the interpretation thereof: but they could not show the interpretation of the thing: 16 And I have heard of thee, that thou canst make interpretations, and dissolve doubts: now if thou canst read the writing, and make known to me the interpretation thereof, thou shalt be clothed with scarlet, and <i>have</i> a chain of gold about thy neck, and shalt be the third ruler in the kingdom. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17 Then Daniel answered and said before the king, <span class="GramE">Let</span> thy gifts be to thyself, and give thy rewards to another; yet I will read the writing unto the king, and make known to him the interpretation. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">18 O thou king, the most high God gave Nebuchadnezzar thy father a kingdom, and majesty, and glory, and <span class="SpellE">honour</span>: 19 And for the majesty that he gave him, all people, nations, and languages, trembled and feared before him: whom he would he slew; and whom he would he kept alive; and whom he would he set up; and whom he would he put down.</span> </b>20 But when his heart was lifted up, and his mind hardened in pride, he was deposed from his kingly throne, and they took his glory from him: 21 And he was driven from the sons of men; and his heart was made like the beasts, and his dwelling <i>was</i> with the wild asses: they fed him with grass like oxen, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven; till he knew that the most high God ruled in the kingdom of men, and <i>that</i> he <span class="SpellE">appointeth</span> over it whomsoever he will. 22 And thou his son, O Belshazzar, hast not humbled <span class="SpellE">thine</span> heart, though thou <span class="SpellE">knewest</span> all this; <span style="background: yellow;">23 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">But hast lifted up thyself against the Lord of heaven;</b> and they have brought the vessels of his house before thee, and thou, and thy lords, thy wives, and thy concubines, have drunk wine in them; and thou hast praised the gods of silver, and gold, of brass, iron, wood, and stone, which see not, nor hear, nor know: and the God in whose hand thy breath <i>is</i>, and whose <i>are</i> all thy ways, hast thou not glorified:</span> 24 Then was the part of the hand sent from him; and this writing was written. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: yellow; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: fuchsia;">25 And this <i>is</i> the writing that was written, MENE, MENE, TEKEL, <span class="GramE">UPHARSIN</span>. 26This <i>is</i> the interpretation of the thing: MENE; God hath numbered thy kingdom, and finished it. 27 TEKEL; Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting. 28 PERES; Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the Medes and Persians. 29 Then commanded <span class="GramE">Belshazzar,</span> and they clothed Daniel with scarlet, and <i>put</i> a chain of gold about his neck, and made a proclamation concerning him, that he should be the third ruler in the kingdom.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30 In that night was Belshazzar the king of the Chaldeans slain. 31And Darius the Median took the kingdom, <i>being</i> about threescore and two years old.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b><span style="font-size: 24.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The king of the north and the son of perdition</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The son of perdition</span></b><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #0000cc; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In Satan’s impersonation of God (</span></i><span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0000cc; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">liness</span></i></span><i><span style="color: #0000cc; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) </span></i><span class="GramE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0000cc; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The</span></i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0000cc; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> son of perdition, and the king of the north<b> exalt </b>their selves above all, including the Almighty, and the prince of the covenant.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">John 17 </span></b><sup><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">11</span></sup><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">And now I am no more in the world, but these are in the world, and I come to thee. Holy Father, keep through <span class="SpellE">thine</span> own name those whom thou hast given <span class="GramE">me, that</span> they may be one, as we <i>are</i>. <sup>12</sup>While I was with them in the world, I kept them in thy name: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">those that thou <span class="SpellE">gavest</span> me I have <span class="GramE">kept,</span> and none of them is lost, but the son of perdition; that the scripture might be fulfilled.</span></b> <sup>13</sup>And now come I to thee; and these things I speak in the world, that they might have my joy fulfilled in themselves. <sup>14</sup>I have given them thy word; and the world hath hated them, because they are not of the world, even as I am not of the world. <sup>15</sup>I pray not that thou <span class="SpellE">shouldest</span> take them out of the world, but that thou <span class="SpellE">shouldest</span> keep them from the evil. <sup>16</sup>They are not of the world, even as I am not of the world.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2 Thessalonians 2:3</span></b><span style="background: yellow; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">Let no man deceive you by any means: for <i>that day shall not come</i>, except there <span class="SpellE">come</span> a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, </span></span><b><span style="background: yellow; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: lime;">the son of perdition</span></b><span style="background: yellow; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: lime;">; 4 Who <span class="SpellE">opposeth</span> and <span class="SpellE">exalteth</span> himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God <span class="SpellE">sitteth</span> in the temple of God, showing himself that he is God. </span><span style="background: yellow; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: yellow;">5 Remember ye not</span><span style="background: yellow; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, that, when I was yet with you, I told you these things? 6 And now ye know what <span class="SpellE">withholdeth</span> that he might be revealed in his time. 7 For the mystery of iniquity doth already work: only he who now <span class="SpellE">letteth</span> <i>will let</i>, until he be taken out of the way. 8 <b>And then shall that Wicked be revealed, whom the Lord shall consume with the spirit of his mouth, and shall destroy with the brightness of his coming: </b>9 <i>Even him</i>, whose coming is after the working of Satan with all power and signs and lying wonders, 10 And with all deceivableness of unrighteousness in them that perish; because they received not <b>the love of the truth</b>, that they might be saved. 11 And for this cause God shall send them strong delusion, that they should believe a lie: 12 <span class="GramE">That</span> they all might be damned who believed not <b>the truth</b>, but had pleasure in unrighteousness.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0000cc;">The king honors the God of forces and like Belshazzar does that which his fathers had not done and greatly offends the God of gods</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daniel</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 11:36 <span class="GramE"><b><span style="background: yellow;">And</span></b></span><b><span style="background: yellow;"> the king shall do according to his will</span></b><span style="background: yellow;">; and he shall exalt himself, and magnify himself above every god, and shall speak <span class="SpellE">marvellous</span> things <b>against the God of gods</b>,</span> and shall prosper till the indignation be accomplished: for that that is determined shall be done. 37 Neither shall he regard the God of his fathers, nor the desire of women, nor regard any god: <b><span style="background: yellow;">for he shall magnify himself above <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">all.</span></span></b><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">38 But in his estate shall he <span class="SpellE"><span style="mso-shading: yellow;">honour</span></span><span style="mso-shading: yellow;"> </span></b></span><b><span style="background: lime; mso-highlight: lime; mso-shading: yellow;">the God of forces:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: lime; mso-highlight: lime;"> </span><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">and a god whom his <span class="SpellE">fathers</span> knew not shall he <span class="SpellE">honour</span> with gold, and silver, and with precious stones, and pleasant things. 39 Thus shall he do in the <span class="GramE">most strong</span> holds with a strange god, whom he shall acknowledge <i>and</i> increase with glory: and he shall cause them to rule over many, and shall divide the land for gain.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daniel 8:9</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> And out of one of them came forth a little horn, which waxed exceeding great, toward the south, and toward the east, and toward the pleasant <i>land</i>. 10 And it waxed great, <i>even</i> to the host of heaven; and it cast down <i>some</i> of the host and of the stars to the ground, and stamped upon them. <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">11 Yea, he magnified <i>himself</i> even to <b>the prince of the host</b>, and by him the daily <i>sacrifice</i> was taken away, and the place of his sanctuary was cast down. 12 And <span class="GramE">an</span> host was given <i>him</i> against the daily <i>sacrifice</i> by reason of transgression, and it cast down <b>the truth</b> to the ground; and it practiced, and prospered.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">135, 18536</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Babylon, Bel, Satan, The king of Babylon, Uncategorized Bel, Belshazzar, Pride, Satan, Uncategorized Bel, Bible, dragon, George H.W. Bush, king of Babylon, King of the north, Satan, The dragon, the son of perdition, Uncategorized, Worshipped creatures, Bel, King of the north, Satan, the son of perdition, Uncategorized</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-42350150637259126262011-10-27T05:12:00.001-04:002011-10-27T06:01:43.673-04:00Apollyon and the meaning of perdition<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div align="CENTER" class="msonormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Engravers MT,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Apollyon and the meaning of perdition</span></span></div><div class="msonormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Revelation 9 </b></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">11</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">And they had a king over them, </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>which is </i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">the angel of the </span></b></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyss_%28religion%29"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">bottomless pit</span></b></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">, whose name in the </span></b></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">Hebrew</span></b></span></span></span></a><span style="background: #ffff00;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">tongue </span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">is</span></b></i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;"> Abaddon, but in the </span></b></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">Greek</span></b></span></span></span></a><span style="background: #ffff00;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">tongue hath </span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">his</span></b></i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;"> name </span></b></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaddon"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">Apollyon</span></b></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">. </span></b></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">12</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">One woe is past; </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>and</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, behold, there come two woes more hereafter. </span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">13</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">And the sixth angel sounded, and I heard a voice from the four horns of the golden </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">altar</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">which is before </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">God</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">,</span></span></div><div class="msonormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>definitions</i></span></span></div><div class="msonormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><u><br />
</u></i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>G684 </b></span></span><span style="font-family: WL GreekTimes Ancient,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pðþëåéá, </span></span><span style="font-family: WL LatinAllIn1Cour;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">apoôleia</span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: WL LatinAllIn1Cour;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>ap-o'-li-a</i></span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">From a presumed derivative of G622; </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>ruin</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> or </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>loss</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> (physical, spiritual or eternal):—damnable (-nation), destruction, die, perdition, X perish, pernicious ways, waste</span></span></div><div class="msonormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>G622 </b></span></span><span style="font-family: WL GreekTimes Ancient,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pðüëëõìé, </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></span><span style="font-family: WL LatinAllIn1Cour;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">apollumi</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: WL LatinAllIn1Cour;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>ap-ol'-loo-mee</i></span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">From G575 and the base of G3639; to </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>destroy</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> fully (reflexively to </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>perish</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, or </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>lose</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">), literally or figuratively:—destroy, die, lose, mar, perish.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>G3639 </b></span></span>–<span style="font-family: WL GreekTimes Ancient,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">ëåèñïò</span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">,</span></span> <span style="font-family: WL LatinAllIn1Cour;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">olethros,</span></span> <span style="font-family: WL LatinAllIn1Cour;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>ol'-eth-ros,</i></span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">From </span></span>–<span style="font-family: WL GreekTimes Ancient,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">ëëõìé </span></span><span style="font-family: WL LatinAllIn1Cour;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">ollumi</span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">a primary word (to </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>destroy</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">; a prolonged form); </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>ruin</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, that is, </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>death</i></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>punishment:</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">—destruction.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>G3 </b></span></span><span style="font-family: WL GreekTimes Ancient,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">EÁâáääþí, </span></span><span style="font-family: WL LatinAllIn1Cour;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Abaddoôn</span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: WL LatinAllIn1Cour;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>ab-ad-dohn',</i></span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Of Hebrew origin [H11]; a destroying </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>angel:</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">—Abaddon.</span></span></div><div class="msonormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>H11 </b></span></span><span style="font-family: WL HebrewParsons;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">ïBcá</span></span>—<span style="font-family: WL HebrewParsons;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">àÂ</span></span> <span style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: WL LatinAllIn1Cour;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">チ</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: WL LatinAllIn1Cour;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">aõbaddoòn,</span></span> <span style="font-family: WL LatinAllIn1Cour;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>ab-ad-done',</i></span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Intensively from H6; abstractly a </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>perishing</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">; concretely </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hades</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">:—destruction. </span></span> </div><div class="msonormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>H6 </b></span></span><span style="font-family: WL HebrewParsons;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">ãá</span></span>—<span style="font-family: WL HebrewParsons;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">S</span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: WL LatinAllIn1Cour;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">チ</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: WL LatinAllIn1Cour;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">aòbad,</span></span> <span style="font-family: WL LatinAllIn1Cour;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>aw-bad',</i></span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">A primitive root; properly to </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>wander</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> away, that is </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>lose</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> oneself; by implication to </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>perish</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> (causatively, </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>destroy</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">):—break, destroy (-uction), + not escape, fail, lose, (cause to, make) perish, spend, X and surely, take, be undone, X utterly, be void of, have no way to flee.</span></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-54703358277323758452011-08-31T00:04:00.001-04:002011-10-27T06:01:43.681-04:00Strong's Concordance<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Strong's Concordance</h1><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" /></div></td> <td class="mbox-text">This article <b>does not <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references or sources</a></b>. Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strong%27s_Concordance&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> by adding citations to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">challenged</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><i>(April 2008)</i></small></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Strong_theologian_-_Brady-Handy.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="459" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/James_Strong_theologian_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-James_Strong_theologian_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Strong_theologian_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>James Strong (1822–1894)</div></div></div><i><b>Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible</b></i>, generally known as <i><b>Strong's Concordance</b></i>, is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_concordance" title="Bible concordance">concordance</a> of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version_of_the_Bible" title="King James Version of the Bible">King James Bible</a> (KJV) that was constructed under the direction of Dr. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Strong_%28theologian%29" title="James Strong (theologian)">James Strong</a> (1822–1894) and first published in 1890. Dr. Strong was Professor of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegetical</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_University" title="Drew University">Drew Theological Seminary</a> at the time. It is an exhaustive cross-reference of every word in the KJV back to the word in the original text.<br />
Unlike other Biblical reference books, the purpose of Strong's Concordance is not to provide content or commentary about the Bible, but to provide an index to the Bible. This allows the reader to find words where they appear in the Bible. This index allows a student of the Bible to re-find a phrase or passage previously studied. It also lets the reader directly compare how the same word may be used elsewhere in the Bible. In this way Strong's Notes provides an independent check against translations, and offers an opportunity for greater, and more technically accurate understanding of text.<br />
Strong's Concordance includes:<br />
<ul style="background-color: yellow;"><li>The 8674 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> root words used in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. (Example: <a class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudytools.net/Lexicons/Hebrew/heb.cgi?number=582&version=kjv" rel="nofollow">Hebrew word #582</a> in <strong class="selflink">Strong's</strong>)</li>
<li>The 5624 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> root words used in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. (Example: <a class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudytools.net/Lexicons/Greek/grk.cgi?number=3056&version=kjv" rel="nofollow">Greek word #3056</a> in <strong class="selflink">Strong's</strong>)</li>
</ul>James Strong did not construct Strong's Concordance by himself; it was constructed with the effort of more than a hundred colleagues. It has become the most widely used concordance for the King James Bible.<br />
Each original-language word is given an entry number in the dictionary of those original language words listed in the back of the concordance. These have become known as the "Strong's numbers". The main concordance lists each word that appears in the KJV Bible in alphabetical order with each verse in which it appears listed in order of its appearance in the Bible, with a snippet of the surrounding text (including the word in italics). Appearing to the right of scripture reference is the Strong's number. This allows the user of the concordance to look up the meaning of the original language word in the associated dictionary in the back, thereby showing how the original language word was translated into the English word in the KJV Bible.<br />
New editions of <i>Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible</i> are still in print (in 2007). Additionally, other authors have used Strong's numbers in concordances of other Bible translations, such as the <i>New International Version</i> and <i>American Standard Version</i>. These are often also referred to as <i>Strong's Concordances</i>.<br />
New editions of Strong's exclude the comparative section (1611 KJV to 1614) and the asterisks that denote differential definitions of the same Hebrew or Greek words; they also, due perhaps to denominational considerations, more or less alter definitions to suit their fancies. Second hand book vendors are a good source of the "Genuine" article. Caveat Emptor; publishers are not bound by copyright as Strong's is in public domain.<br />
Although the Greek words in Strong's Concordance are numbered 1–5624 editions of Strong's , the numbers 2717 and 3203–3302 are unassigned due to "changes in the enumeration while in progress". Not every distinct word is assigned a number, but only the root words. For example, αγαπησεις is assigned the same number as αγαπατε – both are listed as <a class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudytools.net/Lexicons/Greek/grk.cgi?number=25&version=kjv" rel="nofollow">Greek word #25</a> in <strong class="selflink">Strong's</strong> "αγαπαω".<br />
Strong's Concordance is not a translation of the Bible nor is it intended as a translation tool. The use of Strong's numbers is not a substitute for professional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> of the Bible from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> by those with formal training in ancient languages and the literature of the cultures in which the Bible was written.<br />
Since Strong's Concordance identifies the original words in Hebrew and Greek, Strong's Numbers are sometimes misinterpreted by those without adequate training to change the Bible from its accurate meaning simply by taking the words out of cultural context. The use of Strong's numbers does not consider figures of speech, metaphors, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioms" title="Idioms">idioms</a>, common phrases, cultural references, references to historical events, or alternate meanings used by those of the time period to express their thoughts in their own language at the time. As such, professionals and amateurs alike must consult a number of contextual tools to reconstruct these cultural backgrounds. Many scholarly Greek and Hebrew Lexicons (e.g., Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon, Thayer's Greek Dictionary, and Vine's Bible Dictionary) also use Strong's numbers for cross-referencing, encouraging <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutical</a> approaches to study.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strong%27s_Concordance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruden%27s_Concordance" title="Cruden's Concordance">Cruden's Concordance</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%27s_Analytical_Concordance_to_the_Bible" title="Young's Analytical Concordance to the Bible">Young's Analytical Concordance to the Bible</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strong%27s_Concordance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://studybible.info/strongs/" rel="nofollow">Preface to Strong's Concordance</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.htmlbible.com/sacrednamebiblecom/kjvstrongs/" rel="nofollow">Old and New Testaments with every word linked to Strong's Concordance</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudytools.net/Lexicons/OldTestamentHebrew/" rel="nofollow">Look up Hebrew words in Strong's Concordance</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudytools.net/Lexicons/NewTestamentGreek/" rel="nofollow">Look up Greek words in Strong's Concordance</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.blueletterbible.org/index.html" rel="nofollow">Several English versions of OT and NT with Greek and Hebrew words linked to Strong's Concordance</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://christsassembly.info/online_strongs_concordance.htm" rel="nofollow">Strong's Concordance Online Searchable</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.sacrednamebible.com/kjvstrongs/index2.htm" rel="nofollow">Strong's Concordance online</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.eliyah.com/lexicon.html" rel="nofollow">Look up words in Strong's Concordance</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://ulrikp.dk/strongsgreek/" rel="nofollow">Look up Greek words in Strong's Greek Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://files.morphgnt.org/strongs-dictionary/" rel="nofollow">Download Strong's Greek Dictionary in XML form</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.apostolicbible.com/concordances.htm" rel="nofollow">Look up Greek Septuagint words in AB-Strong's Concordances</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.deq.ca/livres/public.html" rel="nofollow">Distributions évangéliques du Québec</a> Concordance des mots français de la Bible ou Concordances des mots hébreux et grecs de la Bible</li>
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<tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" /></div></td> <td class="mbox-text">This article's <b>citation style may be unclear</b>. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">footnoting</a>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external linking</a>. <small><i>(July 2010)</i></small></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" /></div></td> <td class="mbox-text">This article <b>needs additional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>. Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> by adding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">reliable references</a>. Unsourced material may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">challenged</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><i>(May 2009)</i></small></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KA-TKE.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="153" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/KA-TKE.jpg/300px-KA-TKE.jpg" width="300" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KA-TKE.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Tau Kappa Epsilon">Tau Kappa Epsilon</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Order" title="Kappa Alpha Order">Kappa Alpha Order</a> fraternities at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_State_University" title="Bowling Green State University">Bowling Green State University</a>.</div></div></div><b>Fraternities and sororities</b> (from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words <i><span lang="la">frater</span></i> and <i><span lang="la">soror</span></i>, meaning "brother" and "sister" respectively) are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternity" title="Fraternity">fraternal</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club" title="Club">social organizations</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">undergraduate students</a>. In Latin, the term refers mainly to such organizations at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">colleges and universities in the United States</a>, although it is also applied to analogous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> groups also known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_%28university%29" title="Corporation (university)">corporations</a>. Similar, but less common, organizations also exist for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary school</a> students. In modern usage, the term "Greek letter organization" is often synonymous, in North America, with the terms "fraternity" and "sorority".<br />
Typically, Greek letters organizations are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">single-sex</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">initiatory</a> organizations with membership considered active during the undergraduate years only, although a notable exception to this rule are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">historically black</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Latino_Fraternal_Organizations" title="National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations">Latino</a>, Asian, and multicultural organizations, in which active membership continues, and into which members are often initiated long after the completion of their undergraduate degrees. Greek letter organizations may sometimes be considered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefit_society" title="Benefit society">mutual aid societies</a>, providing academic and social activities. Some groups also maintain a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_fraternity_and_sorority_housing" title="North American fraternity and sorority housing">chapter house</a>, providing residential and dining facilities for members.<br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Terminology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Terminology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#History_and_development"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History and development</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Beginnings"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Beginnings</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#The_fraternity_system_becomes_.22national.22"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">The fraternity system becomes "national"</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Greek_letters"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Greek letters</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Types_of_Greek_letter_organizations"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Types of Greek letter organizations</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Philanthropy"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Philanthropy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Competition_and_cooperation"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Competition and cooperation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Structure_and_organization"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Structure and organization</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Rituals_and_symbols"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Rituals and symbols</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Pins_or_badges"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pins or badges</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Crests"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Crests</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Objects"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Objects</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Chapter_houses"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Chapter houses</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Joining"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Joining</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Controversy_and_criticism"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Controversy and criticism</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Academic_achievement"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Academic achievement</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Hazing_issues"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Hazing issues</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Exclusionary_nature"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Exclusionary nature</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Alcohol_and_other_drug_abuse"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Alcohol and other drug abuse</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#North_American_Greek_letter_organizations_in_other_regions"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">North American Greek letter organizations in other regions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Sororities"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Sororities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#High_school_fraternities_and_sororities"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">High school fraternities and sororities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#Other_countries"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Other countries</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#References"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Terminology">Terminology</span></h2><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" /></div></td> <td class="mbox-text">This section <b>does not <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references or sources</a></b>. Please help improve this section by adding citations to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">challenged</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><i>(July 2010)</i></small></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>In modern usage, the term has become synonymous with the North American fraternity and sorority. The term <i>fraternity</i>, often <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquially</a> shortened to "frat" (though use of such term may be derogatory in some contexts), typically refers to an all-male group, while the term "sorority", created by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Phi_Beta" title="Gamma Phi Beta">Gamma Phi Beta</a>, typically refers to an all-female group. Some women's groups define themselves as fraternities for women or women's fraternities, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi" title="Alpha Phi">Alpha Phi</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Mu" title="Phi Mu">Phi Mu</a>. Additionally, some groups that define themselves as "fraternities" may be mixed-sex, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Pi" title="Delta Sigma Pi">Delta Sigma Pi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Omega" title="Alpha Phi Omega">Alpha Phi Omega</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Pi" title="Phi Sigma Pi">Phi Sigma Pi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi#The_Society" title="Alpha Delta Phi">Alpha Delta Phi Society</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Psi" title="Kappa Kappa Psi">Kappa Kappa Psi</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_Phi_Epsilon" title="Mu Phi Epsilon">Mu Phi Epsilon</a>; the same is true of groups that define themselves as "sororities", such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_Beta_Sigma" title="Tau Beta Sigma">Tau Beta Sigma</a>. Due to the ambiguous nature of the terms "fraternity" and "sorority" with respect to gender, and due to the inaccuracy and potentially sexist nature of the use "fraternity" to describe aforementioned organizations, it has become commonplace to use the synonym "Greek letter organization", since the vast majority of fraternities and sororities identify themselves using Greek letters. A recent example of this is the usage of the terms "(historically) Black Greek letter organizations" (BGLOs) and "Latino Greek letter organizations" (LGOs) within the literature. However, since most of those organizations that do <i>not</i> identify themselves using Greek letters are structured similarly to and share other several common characteristics with those that do identify themselves using Greek letters, all of these organizations are still considered to be "Greek letter organizations". All this said, the public at large and most members of fraternities and sororities still use the traditional terms ("fraternity" and "sorority"), to refer to all-male and all-female groups, respectively. Coeducational service fraternities and academic honors organizations (despite sharing a common history, as well as a common naming scheme, with modern fraternities and sororities) tend to be referred to more specifically. "Greek letter organization" tends to be used in "formal" contexts, but rarely in popular discourse.<br />
The term <i>social fraternity</i> is used to differentiate four-year, undergraduate, and frequently residential groups from other organizations, many of which also have Greek-letter names, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_society" title="Honor society">honor societies</a>, academic societies, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_fraternities_and_sororities" title="Service fraternities and sororities">service fraternities and sororities</a>.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and development">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History_and_development">History and development</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_North_American_college_fraternities_and_sororities" title="History of North American college fraternities and sororities">History of North American college fraternities and sororities</a></div><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beginnings">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Beginnings">Beginnings</span></h3>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa_Society" title="Phi Beta Kappa Society">Phi Beta Kappa Society</a>, founded on 5 December 1776, at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, is generally recognized as the first Greek-letter student society in North America.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was founded by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heath_%28politician%29" title="John Heath (politician)">John Heath</a>, who had failed at admission to the two existing <i>Latin</i>-letter fraternities at the College, the F.H.C. Society (nicknamed as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">backronym</a> the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Hat_Club" title="Flat Hat Club">Flat Hat Club</a>") and the P.D.A. Society (nicknamed "Please Don't Ask").<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The main developments associated with Phi Beta Kappa are the use of Greek-letter initials as a society name and the establishment of branches or "chapters" at different campuses, following the pattern set by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonic_lodges" title="Masonic lodges">Masonic lodges</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
The Greek letters (<span lang="el">ΦΒΚ</span>) come from the motto <span lang="el">Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης</span> (<i><span lang="el-Latn">philosophia biou kybernētēs</span>,</i> "Philosophy is the helmsman of life"), now officially translated as "Philosophy is the guide of life".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Greek was chosen as the language for the motto due generally to classical education at the time, and specifically because Heath "was the best Greek scholar in college." One official historian of the society, William T. Hastings, and some others believe that the society was originally known by the Latin name <i>Societas Philosophiae</i> (Philosophical Society), and that the name Phi Beta Kappa became the society name over time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hastings1965_p3_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-Hastings1965_p3-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> This use of Greek letters was briefly preceded by the use of <i>Latin</i> letters, notably the F.H.C. Society drawing its name from its secret motto, presumed to be "Fraternitas, Humanitas, et Cognitio," or "Fraternitas Humanitas Cognitioque." (These are two renderings of "brotherhood, humaneness, and knowledge.")<br />
However, Phi Beta Kappa was very different from a typical college fraternity of today, in that the membership was generally restricted to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upperclassman" title="Upperclassman">upperclassmen</a>, if not <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_%28education%29" title="Senior (education)">seniors</a>; and men initiated as students remained active in the society after becoming members of the faculty of the host university. The annual Phi Beta Kappa exercises at Yale were public literary exercises, with as many or more faculty members of the society than undergraduate.<br />
As Phi Beta Kappa developed, it became an influential association of faculty and select students on several college campuses, with membership becoming more of an honor and less of social selection. Many came to see the increasing influence of the society as undemocratic and contrary to the free flow of intellectual ideas in American academia. As a curious side effect of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">anti-masonic controversy</a> in the early Republic, the secrets of Phi Beta Kappa were published in the appendix to a book in 1831.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After that time, Phi Beta Kappa ceased to be a social fraternity in any real sense and is now only an honorary society, though prominent and respected.<br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_literary_societies_%28American%29" title="College literary societies (American)">College literary societies</a>, or Latin societies, were common in the early 18th century, both smaller private ones and large societies that operated campus wide. These organizations used both Roman and Greek themes, held meetings, elected officers, operated libraries, and provided models for many of the early college fraternities.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Phi" title="Chi Phi">Chi Phi</a> was established at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a> on 24 December 1824 on the principles of Truth, Honor, and Personal Integrity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> However, shortly after the founding the Chi Phi Society (which included both faculty and student members) became inactive. Some 30 years later the name and traditions of the group were unearthed and adopted by a second organization founded at Princeton in 1854, but not as a direct outgrowth of the original organization. This was acknowledged formally by Chi Phi's national president A. Holley Rudd, at the public ceremonies in 1924 celebrating the Centennial of the original group. Two other organizations of the same name merged with it to create the modern Chi Phi Fraternity in 1874. It is also possible that other college organizations with Greek letter names may have existed prior to 1825 without having a direct influence on the future history of the fraternity system.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> became the "mother" of the existing college fraternity movement with the establishment of The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Society" title="Kappa Alpha Society">Kappa Alpha Society</a> on 26 November 1825, an outgrowth of an organization called the Philosophers that was founded a year earlier as a literary society. Kappa Alpha possessed most of the distinctive elements of a modern fraternity, and was clearly the model that inspired the development of other societies according to Baird's Manual, the definitive reference work on fraternities. (The Kappa Alpha Society is distinct from the southern Kappa Alpha Order.) Kappa Alpha's founders adopted many of Phi Beta Kappa's practices, but made their organization an exclusively student group, adopted a much more elaborate ritual and doubled as a literary society. Its example encouraged the formation of two competitors on campus; the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Phi" title="Sigma Phi">Sigma Phi Society</a> formed in March 1827, followed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Phi" title="Delta Phi">Delta Phi</a> in November. These three are generally called the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Triad" title="Union Triad">Union Triad</a>.<br />
<h3 style="background-color: yellow;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The fraternity system becomes "national"">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="The_fraternity_system_becomes_.22national.22">The fraternity system becomes "national"</span></h3><div style="background-color: yellow;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Phi" title="Sigma Phi">Sigma Phi</a> was the first fraternity to expand "nationally" when it opened a second chapter at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_College_%28New_York%29" title="Hamilton College (New York)">Hamilton College</a> in 1831.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> That and an effort by The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Society" title="Kappa Alpha Society">Kappa Alpha Society</a> to enter Hamilton led to the formation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Delta Phi">Alpha Delta Phi</a> in 1832. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Upsilon" title="Delta Upsilon">Delta Upsilon</a>, the first non-secret (originally anti-secret), fraternity was founded at Williams College in Massachusetts in 1834, following the establishment of chapters of Kappa Alpha and Sigma Phi in 1833 and 1834, respectively.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Theta_Pi" title="Beta Theta Pi">Beta Theta Pi</a> was founded at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_University" title="Miami University">Miami University</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_Ohio" title="Oxford, Ohio">Oxford</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> in August, 1839 in response to the chartering of the new chapter of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Delta Phi">Alpha Delta Phi</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Phi" title="Alpha Sigma Phi">Alpha Sigma Phi</a> was founded in December 1845 at Yale followed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Delta_Theta" title="Phi Delta Theta">Phi Delta Theta</a> (1848) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Chi" title="Sigma Chi">Sigma Chi</a> (1855) at Miami University.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Along with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Theta_Pi" title="Beta Theta Pi">Beta Theta Pi</a>, these three fraternities have been called the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Triad" title="Miami Triad">Miami Triad</a>. Also, around that time the Jefferson Duo was formed at Jefferson college in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, consisting of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Gamma_Delta" title="Phi Gamma Delta">Phi Gamma Delta</a> (1848) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Psi" title="Phi Kappa Psi">Phi Kappa Psi</a> (1852).<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although this is a duo, it is recorded along with the other triads formed at the time.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a> continued its role as the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_of_Fraternities" title="Mother of Fraternities">Mother of Fraternities</a>" with the founding of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psi_Upsilon" title="Psi Upsilon">Psi Upsilon</a> (1833), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Psi" title="Chi Psi">Chi Psi</a> (1841) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_Delta_Chi" title="Theta Delta Chi">Theta Delta Chi</a> (1847). With this second "triad", <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a> can lay claim to the foundation of nearly half of the thirteen oldest fraternities in the country.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div><div style="background-color: yellow;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystical_Seven_%28Wesleyan%29" title="Mystical Seven (Wesleyan)">Mystical 7</a> was founded at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_University" title="Wesleyan University">Wesleyan University</a> in 1837, and established the first chapters in the South, at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory</a> in 1841, and elsewhere.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Epsilon" title="Sigma Alpha Epsilon">Sigma Alpha Epsilon</a> was founded at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a> in 1856, and it is the only fraternity founded in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum South</a> that still operates.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, Then in 1862, Adelphic Alpha Pi was founded at Olivet College (Michigan), and it remains the oldest house on campus. Adelphic Alpha Pi is the Brother Society to Sigma Beta.</div>Growth was then mainly stunted by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_Xi" title="Theta Xi">Theta Xi</a>, founded at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_New_York" title="Troy, New York">Troy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> on 29 April 1864, is the only fraternity to be established during the War. However, following the War, the system as a whole underwent strong growth in the late 19th century and early 20th century, both in the number of organizations founded and chapters of existing organizations established.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This was aided, in part, by the reopening of schools and the return of veterans as students.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Tau_Omega" title="Alpha Tau Omega">Alpha Tau Omega</a> was the first Fraternity founded after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, and it also was the first Fraternity to be founded as a national organization, not local or regional.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">Alpha Phi Alpha</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Iota_Alpha" title="Phi Iota Alpha">Phi Iota Alpha</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rho_Psi" title="Rho Psi">Rho Psi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Nu" title="Phi Sigma Nu">Phi Sigma Nu</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Beta_Tau" title="Zeta Beta Tau">Zeta Beta Tau</a> were founded as the first fraternities for African-American, Latino-American, Asian-American, Native American, and Jewish students, respectively.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Greek letters">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Greek_letters">Greek letters</span></h3>The names of North American fraternities and sororities generally consist of two or three <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> letters, often the initials of a Greek motto, which may be secret. For example: Phi Beta Kappa (Society), from phi + beta + kappa, initials of the society's Greek motto philosophia biou kybernētēs meaning philosophy the guide of life. The main thought behind the use of Greek letters is that the fraternities and sororities have a Hellenic way of thinking named hellinism. Hellinism meaning: a body of humanistic and classical ideals associated with ancient Greece and including reason, the pursuit of knowledge and the arts, moderation, civic responsibility, and bodily development.<br />
Fraternities and sororities are referred to by the encompassing term "Greek letter organization" and described by the adjective "Greek", as seen in phrases such as "Greek community", "Greek system", "Greek life", or members as "Greeks". An individual fraternity or sorority is often called a "Greek house" or simply "house," terms that may be misleading, since it could be taken to refer to a chapter's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_fraternity_and_sorority_housing" title="North American fraternity and sorority housing">physical property</a>, whereas many fraternities and sororities do not have a chapter house. "Chapter" and "organization" are used in these contexts, with the latter referring to the group as a collective entity, and the former referring to a specific division of such entity, though not all fraternities and sororities have multiple chapters.<br />
The use of Greek letters started with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa_Society" title="Phi Beta Kappa Society">Phi Beta Kappa</a> (then a social fraternity and today an honor society) at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="The College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a> – see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities#Beginnings" title="Fraternities and sororities">History: Beginnings</a>, below. Several groups, however, do not use Greek letters. Examples include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_Fraternity" title="Acacia Fraternity">Acacia</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FarmHouse_%28fraternity%29" title="FarmHouse (fraternity)">FarmHouse</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_Fraternity" title="Triangle Fraternity">Triangle</a>, as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_club" title="Final club">final clubs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_club" title="Eating club">eating clubs</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_societies" title="Secret societies">secret societies</a> at some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> colleges, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale</a> and the military affiliated fraternity the National Society of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pershing_Rifles" title="Pershing Rifles">Pershing Rifles</a>.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types of Greek letter organizations">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Types_of_Greek_letter_organizations">Types of Greek letter organizations</span></h2><div class="rellink">Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_fraternities_and_sororities" title="List of social fraternities and sororities">List of social fraternities and sororities</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_fraternities_and_sororities" title="Service fraternities and sororities">service fraternities and sororities</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_fraternity" title="Professional fraternity">professional fraternity</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Literary_Societies_%28American%29" title="College Literary Societies (American)">College Literary Societies (American)</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_society" title="Honor society">honor society</a></div>Most Greek letter organizations are social organizations, presenting themselves as societies to help their members better themselves in a social setting.<br />
A variety of Greek letter organizations are distinguished from social groups by their function. They can be specifically organized for service to the community, for professional advancement, or for scholastic achievement.<br />
Certain organizations were established for specific religious or ethnic groups. Some social organizations are expressly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian" title="Christian">Christian</a>, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Chi_Rho" title="Alpha Chi Rho">Alpha Chi Rho</a> (founded as Christian, presently non-exclusive). <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew" title="Jew">Jewish</a> fraternities, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Pi" title="Alpha Epsilon Pi">Alpha Epsilon Pi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Beta_Tau" title="Zeta Beta Tau">Zeta Beta Tau</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Mu" title="Sigma Alpha Mu">Sigma Alpha Mu</a> (historically Jewish, but has been non-sectarian since the 1950s) were established, in part, in response to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictive_covenant" title="Restrictive covenant">restrictive clauses</a> that existed in many social fraternities' laws barring Jewish membership, which were removed in the mid-20th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sanua-2003_6-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-Sanua-2003-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Torbenson-2005_7-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-Torbenson-2005-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> A controversy remains between the idea of creating supportive communities for distinct groups on the one hand and the intent to create non-discriminatory communities on the other.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
There are also organizations with a cultural or multicultural emphasis. For example, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">Alpha Phi Alpha</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Psi" title="Kappa Alpha Psi">Kappa Alpha Psi</a>, both African American Fraternities, were established at Cornell University in 1906 and Indiana University - Bloomington in 1911, respectively, the first Chinese fraternity, established at Cornell in 1916, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Iota" title="Sigma Iota">Sigma Iota</a>, the first Hispanic fraternity, established at Louisiana State University in 1904.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Torbenson-2005_7-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-Torbenson-2005-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> The latter later merged with other Hispanic fraternities and organizations around the nation to form <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Iota_Alpha" title="Phi Iota Alpha">Phi Iota Alpha</a>, the oldest Latino fraternity in existence, in 1931.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Alpha" title="Phi Sigma Alpha">Phi Sigma Alpha</a> fraternity in Puerto Rico can also trace its roots back to Sigma Iota. There are now 20 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latino_Greek_Lettered_Organizations" title="List of Latino Greek Lettered Organizations">Latino</a> fraternities in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Latino_Fraternal_Organizations" title="National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations">National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations</a>. A distinct set of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> fraternities and sororities also exists, although black students are not barred from non-black organizations and there are black members of non-black organizations. Non African-American students are also not barred from predominately African American fraternities and sororities.<br />
Organizations designed for particular class years do exist, but are usually categorized separately from other types of Greek letter organizations.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While these were once common in older institutions in the Northeast, the only surviving underclass society is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_Nu_Epsilon" title="Theta Nu Epsilon">Theta Nu Epsilon</a>, which is specifically for sophomores. Many senior class societies also survive, and they are often simply referred to as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_secret_societies_in_North_America" title="Collegiate secret societies in North America">Secret Societies</a>.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philanthropy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gamma_Phi_Beta_trike_race.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="225" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gamma_Phi_Beta_trike_race.jpg/300px-Gamma_Phi_Beta_trike_race.jpg" width="300" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gamma_Phi_Beta_trike_race.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Fraternity <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricycle" title="Tricycle">Tricycle</a> race philanthropy</div></div></div>Many Greek letter organizations make Philanthropy an integral part of their objectives to reach beyond their own group to support others. It would not be possible to list all <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organizations" title="Charitable organizations">charitable organizations</a> and activities done on their behalf. This is an abbreviated list showing source of support, organization supported, and last known monetary contribution from a fund raiser.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Delta" title="Kappa Delta">Kappa Delta</a>: - Girl Scouts of the USA; Prevent Child Abuse America; Richmond VA Children's Hospital; American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; Kappa Delta Foundation. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Kappa_Phi" title="Pi Kappa Phi">Pi Kappa Phi</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_America" title="Push America">Push America</a> for the disabled. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Alpha" title="Phi Sigma Alpha">Phi Sigma Alpha</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Alpha#Sigma_Foundation" title="Phi Sigma Alpha">Sigma Foundation</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Delta_Delta" title="Delta Delta Delta">Delta Delta Delta</a>: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Jude_Children%27s_Hospital" title="St. Jude Children's Hospital">St. Jude Children's Hospital</a> $9.1mm. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Pi" title="Alpha Delta Pi">Alpha Delta Pi</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_McDonald_House_Charities" title="Ronald McDonald House Charities">Ronald McDonald House Charities</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Omicron_Pi" title="Alpha Omicron Pi">Alpha Omicron Pi</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">Arthritis</a> Research, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Phi_Beta" title="Gamma Phi Beta">Gamma Phi Beta</a>: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campfire_USA" title="Campfire USA">Campfire USA</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Phi" title="Alpha Sigma Phi">Alpha Sigma Phi</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Armstrong_Foundation" title="Lance Armstrong Foundation">Lance Armstrong Foundation</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Omega" title="Chi Omega">Chi Omega</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make-A-Wish_Foundation" title="Make-A-Wish Foundation">Make-A-Wish Foundation</a>. Delta Chi Lambda: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeRice.com" title="FreeRice.com">FreeRice.com</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Tau_Alpha" title="Zeta Tau Alpha">Zeta Tau Alpha</a>: breast cancer. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Sigma_Sigma" title="Sigma Sigma Sigma">Sigma Sigma Sigma</a>: Robbie Page Memorial]]. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_Phi_Alpha" title="Theta Phi Alpha">Theta Phi Alpha</a>: Homeless shelters, underprivileged children. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Sigma" title="Phi Sigma Sigma">Phi Sigma Sigma</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Kidney_Foundation" title="National Kidney Foundation">National Kidney Foundation</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Mu" title="Phi Mu">Phi Mu</a>: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Miracle_Network" title="Children's Miracle Network">Children's Miracle Network</a>. Phi Mu: Children’s Miracle Network<br />
Note worthy fundraisers. 2010 Derby Days at Rutgers University: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Miracle_Network" title="Children's Miracle Network">Children's Miracle Network</a>; $95k. February 2011 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_IFC/Panhellenic_Dance_Marathon" title="Penn State IFC/Panhellenic Dance Marathon">Pennsylvania State University's Dance Marathon</a>; Pediatric cancer; $9.5mm (2010 $7.8mm)<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Competition and cooperation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Competition_and_cooperation">Competition and cooperation</span></h3>Early fraternal societies were very competitive for members, for academic honors, and for any other benefit or gain. Some of this competition was seen as divisive on college campuses. Today there is still competition, but that competition is intended to be within limits, and for nobler purposes, such as charitable fundraising.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Often, organizations compete in various sporting events. There is also a greater emphasis on interfraternity cooperation. The single greatest effort along these lines was the creation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-American_Interfraternity_Conference" title="North-American Interfraternity Conference">National Interfraternity Council</a>, now the North American Interfraternity Conference, a century ago, which was intended to minimize conflicts, destructive competition, and encourage student members to recognize members of other fraternities and sororities as people who share common interests. The National Pan-Hellenic Council has similar goals to unite members of all predominant BGLOs; (historically) Black Greek letter organizations.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Structure and organization">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Structure_and_organization">Structure and organization</span></h3>Most Greek letter organizations were originally organized on one campus.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An organization that has only one established chapter is a "local." A local can authorize chapters of the same name at other campuses. After the first authorized chapter, a local is considered a "national," even if it only has two chapters.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Over the past 180 years, North America has accrued several large national organizations with hundreds of chapters.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Two or more nationals can also merge, and some of the larger nationals were created this way. Several national fraternities are international, which usually means they have chapters in Canada.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
A local organization can petition one of the existing national organizations and be absorbed into their organization dropping all ties to the former local organization. Recently this has become the preferred method for expansion within national organizations because the members have already formed a bond and presence on campus but are changing their name, ritual, and structure.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
The central business offices of the organizations are also commonly referred to as "Nationals". Nationals may place certain requirements on individual chapters to standardize rituals and policies regarding membership, housing, finances, or behavior. These policies are generally codified in a constitution and bylaws. Greek letter organizations may once have been governed by the original chapter, but virtually all have adopted some version of governance with executive officers who report to a board of trustees, and 'legislative' body consisting of periodic conventions of delegates from all the chapters.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rituals and symbols">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Rituals_and_symbols">Rituals and symbols</span></h2>Most<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Greek letter organizations maintain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditions</a>, sometimes accompanied by secret <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a>, which are generally <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolic</a> in nature. They include an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiation_ceremony" title="Initiation ceremony">initiation ceremony</a>, and may also include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password" title="Password">passwords</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song" title="Song">songs</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handshake" title="Handshake">handshakes</a>. For example, writer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Hawthorne" title="Julian Hawthorne">Julian Hawthorne</a>, the son of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>, wrote (in his posthumously published <i>Memoirs</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup>) of an ironic coincidence surrounding his fraternal initiation:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<blockquote> I was initiated into a college secret society—a couple of hours of grotesque and good-humored <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodomontade" title="Rodomontade">rodomontade</a> and horseplay, in which I cooperated as in a kind of pleasant nightmare, confident, even when branded with a red-hot iron or doused head-over heels in boiling oil,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> that it would come out all right. The neophyte is effectively blindfolded during the proceedings, and at last, still sightless, I was led down flights of steps into a silent crypt, and helped into a coffin, where I was to stay until the Resurrection...Thus it was that just as my father passed from this earth, I was lying in a coffin during my initiation into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a>.<br />
</blockquote>Meetings of active members are generally kept private and not discussed without formal approval of the chapter as a whole.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
For organizations with Greek letters composing their name, these letters are the initials of a motto (such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Upsilon" title="Delta Upsilon">Delta Upsilon</a>), a set of virtues (such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Lambda" title="Alpha Kappa Lambda">Alpha Kappa Lambda</a>), or the history of its organization (such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Tau" title="Phi Tau">Phi Tau</a>).<br />
Greek letter organizations often have a number of distinctive emblems, such as colors, flags, flowers, in addition to a badge (or pin), crest, and/or seal. An open motto (indicating that the organization has a "secret motto" as well) is used to express the unique ideals of a fraternity or sorority.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pins or badges">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Pins_or_badges">Pins or badges</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akapledgepin.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="271" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Akapledgepin.jpg/220px-Akapledgepin.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akapledgepin.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Alpha" title="Alpha Kappa Alpha">Alpha Kappa Alpha</a> pledge pin</div></div></div>Pins have become increasingly popular to collect, even by individuals that never were members. Groups such as the Fraternity Pin Collector Society have collected thousands of pins worth tens of thousands of dollars in individual collections while organizations such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Gamma" title="Kappa Kappa Gamma">Kappa Kappa Gamma</a>'s "Keepers of the Key" work to reunite lost or stolen badges with their original owners.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#CITEREFMartin1918">Martin (1918)</a>, the primary fraternal jewelers of the late 19th century and early 20th century were D. L. Auld Co. of Columbus, L. G. Balfour Co. of Attleboro, Mass., Burr, Patterson and Co. of Detroit, Upmeyer Company of Milwaukee, A. H. Fetting Co. of Baltimore, Hoover and Smith Co. of Philadelphia, O. C. Lanphear of Galesburg, Ill., Miller Jewelry Co. of Cincinnati, J. F. Newman of New York, Edward Roehm of Detroit, and Wright, Kay and Co. of Detroit. Currently the most widely used jewelers are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herff_Jones" title="Herff Jones">Herff Jones</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jostens" title="Jostens">Jostens</a>, and Balfour. Jewelers' initials and stampings are typically found on the back of pins along with the member name and/or chapter information. The history of fraternal jewelers is important when determining age of non-dated jewelry pieces.<br />
Since fraternity and sorority pins are used as the primary symbols for societies, licensing and marketing concerns have developed. As a result, many of the larger organizations have had to put a legal team on retainer as consultants.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Crests">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Crests">Crests</span></h3>Fraternities and Sororities have crests that represent the familial aspect of brotherhood and sisterhood. The greatest representation of fraternal crests is found in yearbooks and chapter publications from 1890 to 1925. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engravings</a> were made of crests and tipped into the yearbooks, often later removed and framed. Sizes range from a square inch to a full page layout. Many of these engravings were signed, creating a period art form.<br />
Fraternal crest engravings were typically made by cutting lines in metal or wood for the purpose of printing reproduction. The earliest known engravings printed on paper in this fashion date back to the 16th century. Much of the engravings done in the 19th century were metal engravings where the image was carved into a piece of steel or iron. In the early 20th century, it became more common to use photo-engraving, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogravure" title="Photogravure">photogravure</a> to print the crests.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Objects">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Objects">Objects</span></h3>Apparel such as shirts, pants, bags, canteens, jewelry and key chains are often worn by members with their Greek letters on them. These shirts and other articles may later be used for a pass-down ceremony between seniors and fellow members. Seniors may choose to pass down some or all of the clothing they own that is associated with the sorority. Some of the shirts are ten or more years old and in some chapters, girls will compete for them. In those chapters, generally members feel it is an honor to have older artifacts. At some institutions, it is considered inappropriate and may be prohibited to wear apparel with the society's name when the member is consuming alcohol. It is considered disrespectful to have their letters on when drinking, regardless of their age. Also, it is generally taboo for non-members to wear any apparel with a group's letters.<br />
Membership pins are not worn at all times. Some organizations limit pin-wearing to times of professional or business dress, also known as "Pin Attire".<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The pins are kept until the member dies, when they are returned to the Fraternity.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chapter houses">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Chapter_houses">Chapter houses</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_fraternity_and_sorority_housing" title="North American fraternity and sorority housing">North American fraternity and sorority housing</a></div>Unique among most campus organizations, members of social Greek letter organizations often live together in a large house or distinct part of the university dormitories. This can help emphasize the "bonds of brotherhood or sisterhood" and provide a place of meeting for the members of the organization as well as alumni. For reasons of cost, liability, and stability, housing is usually owned or overseen by an alumni corporation or the organization's national headquarters. As a result, some houses have visitor restrictions, and some national organizations restrict or prohibit alcohol on the premises.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> At some colleges where chapters do not have residential houses for the general membership, they may still have chapter houses where meals are served for their membership and guests.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Joining">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Joining">Joining</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha_Xi_Delta_sorority_rush.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="108" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Alpha_Xi_Delta_sorority_rush.png/200px-Alpha_Xi_Delta_sorority_rush.png" width="200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha_Xi_Delta_sorority_rush.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>University students line up to rush a sorority.</div></div></div>The process of joining a Greek letter organization varies from organization to organization. Organizations governed by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Panhellenic_Conference" title="National Panhellenic Conference">National Panhellenic Conference</a> or the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-American_Interfraternity_Conference" title="North-American Interfraternity Conference">North-American Interfraternity Conference</a> commonly begin their process with a formal recruitment period, often called "rush week," or formal recruitment, which usually consists of events and activities designed for members and potential members to learn about each other and the organization. At the end of the formal recruitment period, organizations give "bids", or invitations to membership. Most organizations have a period of "pledgeship" before extending full membership. Some organizations have changed the name of pledgeship due to negative connotations to the process (such as calling pledges "Zobes" or "new members"), or have given up the process in favor of other joining requirements.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Upon completion of the pledgeship and all its requirements, the active members will invite the pledges to be initiated and become full members. Initiation often includes secret ceremonies and rituals. Organizations governed by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a> (NPHC), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Latino_Fraternal_Organizations" title="National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations">National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations</a> (NALFO), or the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Multicultural_Greek_Council" title="National Multicultural Greek Council">National Multicultural Greek Council</a> (NMGC) have very different recruitment processes. Oftentimes the fraternities and sororities associated with these councils do not participate in a typical recruitment process nor do they host a rush week. Instead interested students must formally express their interest to a member, or more oftentimes than not, members of the particular organization they are interested in.<br />
Requirements may be imposed on those wishing to pledge either by the school or the organization itself, often including a minimum <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_point_average" title="Grade point average">grade point average</a>, wearing a pledge pin, learning about the history and structure of the organization, and performing public service. When a school places an age or tenure requirement on joining, this is called "deferred recruitment", as joining is deferred for a semester or year. The pledgeship period also serves as a probationary period in which both the organization and the pledge decide if they are compatible and will have a fulfilling experience.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Controversy and criticism">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Controversy_and_criticism">Controversy and criticism</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Academic achievement">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Academic_achievement">Academic achievement</span></h3>A 1996 study examined the cognitive effects of Greek affiliation during the first year of college. Statistical controls were made for individual pre-college ability and academic motivation as well as gender, ethnicity, age, credit hours taken, work responsibilities, and other factors. Data showed than men who were members of fraternities had significantly lower end-of-first-year reading comprehension, mathematics, critical thinking, and composite achievement than their peer who were not affiliated with a Greek organization. Sorority membership also had a negative effect on cognitive development. However, only the effects for reading comprehension and composite achievement were significant and the magnitude of the negative influence tended to be smaller for women than for men.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
A follow-up study in 2006 by the same researchers and using similar sampling techniques and controls showed that negative effects of fraternity/sorority affiliation were much less pronounced during the second and third year of college than during the first year of college. On objective, standardized measures of cognitive skills, the effects of Greek affiliation continued to be negative for both men and women, but they were substantially smaller in magnitude and only one could be considered statistically significant (a negative effect for fraternity membership on end-of-third-year reading comprehension). The study also included self-reported measures of students’ cognitive growth. For men, fraternity membership continued to exert small negative effects in the second and third years of college, but only one was statistically significant. For women the impacts of sorority membership on self-reported gains were just the opposite. In both the second and third years of college, sorority membership exerted small positive effects on all self-reported gains measures, several of which reached statistical significance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
George D. Kuh, Ernest T. Pascarella, and Henry Wechsler used research from the National Study of Student Learning (NSSL) and concluded that “fraternities are indifferent to academic values and seem to short-change the education of many members.”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
A 2006 study which was published in the <i>American Journal of Economics and Sociology</i> found that fraternity and sorority members suffered from 1 to 10 percent lower cumulative GPAs than non-Greek students. This negative effect was most pronounced for small fraternities and weakest for sororities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Ambox_content.png" width="40" /></div></td> <td class="mbox-text">This section <b>may <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles">stray from the topic</a> of the article</b>. Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this section</a> or discuss this issue on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Talk:Fraternities and sororities">talk page</a>. <small><i>(July 2011)</i></small></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>Research indicates Greek affiliation leads to significantly higher levels of volunteerism, civic responsibility, willingness to donate to charitable or religious causes, participation in student organizations, and general educational gains (Hayek, Carini, O’Day, & Kuh, 2002; Whipple & Sullivan, 1998). Greek members have a higher tendency to persist through their senior year and graduate (Nelson, Halperin, Wasserman, Smith, & Graham, 2006). Furthermore, Greek members experience greater gains in interpersonal skills than unaffiliated peers (Hunt & Rentz, 1994; Pike, 2000).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-THE_EFFECTS_OF_FRATERNITY.2FSORORITY_MEMBERSHIP_ON_COLLEGE_EXPERIENCES_AND_OUTCOMES:_A_PORTRAIT_OF_COMPLEXITY_19-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-THE_EFFECTS_OF_FRATERNITY.2FSORORITY_MEMBERSHIP_ON_COLLEGE_EXPERIENCES_AND_OUTCOMES:_A_PORTRAIT_OF_COMPLEXITY-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hazing issues">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Hazing_issues">Hazing issues</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazing_in_Greek_letter_organizations" title="Hazing in Greek letter organizations">Hazing in Greek letter organizations</a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">Hazing</a> is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a> of new members as a rite of passage, by giving them meaningless, difficult, dangerous or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humiliating" title="Humiliating">humiliating</a> tasks to perform, exposing them to ridicule, or playing practical jokes on them. It is a crime in 44 states,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-laws_20-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-laws-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> and most educational institutions have their own definitions of, and prohibitions against, hazing, many required by state statutes.<br />
Due to the nature of hazing and the secretive nature of Greek letter organizations, hazing is largely underreported. Most, if not all, hazing activities take place either during pledge (or "interest") activities.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Exclusionary nature">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Exclusionary_nature">Exclusionary nature</span></h3>Some colleges and universities have banned Greek letter organizations with the justification that they are, by their very structure, set up to be elitist and exclusionary. The most famous, and oldest ban was at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#CITEREFLeitch1978">Leitch 1978</a>), though Princeton has now had fraternities since the 1980s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Fraternities have been banned in recent times from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_College" title="Middlebury College">Middlebury College</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> Stanford University banned sororities in 1944, but not fraternities. They were restored in 1977 under Title IX.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Victoria" title="University of Victoria">University of Victoria</a> administration enforces strict non-recognition of fraternities citing their exclusionary nature.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> While preferable, fraternities do not require recognition by a university.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Alcohol and other drug abuse">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Alcohol_and_other_drug_abuse">Alcohol and other drug abuse</span></h3>According to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Education" title="U.S. Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education</a>, fraternity and sorority members drink more often and in far greater quantities than their non-fraternity and non-sorority peers, and are therefore more likely to suffer the effects of alcohol abuse, such as poor academic performance, missing classes, fights, vandalism, injuries, and sexual assault, than the general college population. Citing a 2004 study and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitoring_the_Future" title="Monitoring the Future">Monitoring the Future</a> data, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Education" title="U.S. Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education</a> also states that Greek members abuse prescription <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulants" title="Stimulants">stimulants</a> more than other students do and that membership in a Greek-letter organization increases the likelihood of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a> use. Alcohol abuse and drug use in fraternities and sororities is related to both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socialization</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-selection" title="Self-selection">self-selection</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: North American Greek letter organizations in other regions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="North_American_Greek_letter_organizations_in_other_regions">North American Greek letter organizations in other regions</span></h2><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_fraternities_and_sororities" title="Puerto Rican fraternities and sororities">Puerto Rican fraternities and sororities</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternities_in_France" title="Fraternities in France">Fraternities in France</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities_in_Canada" title="Fraternities and sororities in Canada">Fraternities and sororities in Canada</a></div>North American Greek letter organizations (NAGLO) are present almost exclusively in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the English speaking universities of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, with a minority of organizations having chapters elsewhere, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and some in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> there have also been temporary accommodations. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> currently has the largest Greek system in the world with 69 fraternities and 36 sororities. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Gamma_Rho" title="Sigma Gamma Rho">Sigma Gamma Rho</a> Sorority, a prominent historically African-American Sorority, currently has chapters in the Virgin Islands, Germany, and Bermuda. There was a brief chapter of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Phi" title="Chi Phi">Chi Phi</a> at Edinburgh, Scotland during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> to accommodate Southern students studying abroad, and another for American servicemen who were still college students during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but there has been no real export of the system to Europe. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Phi_Beta" title="Zeta Phi Beta">Zeta Phi Beta</a> Sorority, Incorporated, a historically black sorority founded in Washington, DC, USA, was the very first Greek-lettered organization ever to establish a chapter in Africa (1948), along with it's constitutionally bonded brother organization, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Sigma" title="Phi Beta Sigma">Phi Beta Sigma</a>, Fraternity , Inc.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Today, both the Sigmas and Zetas have chapters in the USA, Africa, Europe, and the Caribbean. Likewise, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Psi" title="Zeta Psi">Zeta Psi</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Mu" title="Sigma Alpha Mu">Sigma Alpha Mu</a> have chapters in Canada. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Psi" title="Zeta Psi">Zeta Psi</a> also has one in England<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Tau Kappa Epsilon">Tau Kappa Epsilon</a> has chapters in Canada and a chapter in Germany. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Th%C3%AAta_Pi" title="Sigma Thêta Pi">Sigma Thêta Pi</a> is present in Canada and France. In the National Panhellenic Conference, notable Canadian expansion efforts include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Delta" title="Alpha Gamma Delta">Alpha Gamma Delta</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi" title="Alpha Phi">Alpha Phi</a>, which have seven and six Canadian chapters respectively.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2009, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Pi" title="Alpha Epsilon Pi">Alpha Epsilon Pi</a> established its Aleph chapter at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinary_Center" title="Interdisciplinary Center">Interdisciplinary Center</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzliya" title="Herzliya">Herzliya</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> Delta Lambda Sorority was founded in 2009, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and is currently the country's only active Greek letter organization.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> there are a number of social fraternities and sororities, a few having chapters in the mainland United States such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Alpha" title="Phi Sigma Alpha">Phi Sigma Alpha</a>. Puerto Rico does have many chapters of professional, honorary, and service fraternities and sororities from the United States such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Lambda_Beta" title="Sigma Lambda Beta">Sigma Lambda Beta</a> International.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sororities">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Sororities">Sororities</span></h2>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Order_of_Odd_Fellows" title="Independent Order of Odd Fellows">Independent Order of Odd Fellows</a>, also known as the three link fraternity, was the first organization to form a woman's auxiliary when it formed the Daughters of Rebekah in 1851 but the term sorority was not yet coined during that time. However, many of the first societies for women were not modeled as fraternities, but were woman's versions of the common Latin literary societies. The Adelphean Society (now <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Pi" title="Alpha Delta Pi">Alpha Delta Pi</a>) was established in 1851 at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_College" title="Wesleyan College">Wesleyan College</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon,_Georgia" title="Macon, Georgia">Macon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Philomathean Society (now <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Mu" title="Phi Mu">Phi Mu</a>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> was founded at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_College" title="Wesleyan College">Wesleyan College</a> a year later in 1852. The Adelphean Society and the Philomathean Society did not take on their modern Greek names (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Pi" title="Alpha Delta Pi">Alpha Delta Pi</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Mu" title="Phi Mu">Phi Mu</a>, respectively) until 1904 when they expanded beyond the Wesleyan campus.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>They are now often referred to as the Macon Magnolias. Many aspects of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Pi" title="Alpha Delta Pi">Alpha Delta Pi</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Mu" title="Phi Mu">Phi Mu</a> (such as the stars and hands on their badges and the mascot of the lion) are similar due to the fact that while at Wesleyan a founder of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Pi" title="Alpha Delta Pi">Alpha Delta Pi</a>, Eugenia Tucker Fitzgerald, and Phi Mu's Mary Ann DuPont (Lines) were roommates.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
On 28 April 1867, I.C. Sorosis (later known by its original Greek motto <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Beta_Phi" title="Pi Beta Phi">Pi Beta Phi</a>) was founded at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_College" title="Monmouth College">Monmouth College</a>, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth,_Illinois" title="Monmouth, Illinois">Monmouth</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. It is the first sorority founded on the model of the men's fraternity. A year later it established a second chapter at Iowa Wesleyan College. Three years later on 13 October 1870, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Gamma" title="Kappa Kappa Gamma">Kappa Kappa Gamma</a> was founded. These two fraternities were later known as the Monmouth Duo.<br />
On 27 January 1870, Kappa Alpha Theta was formed at De Pauw University as the first Greek Lettered Fraternity know among women.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In the mid-19th century, previously all-male universities began to admit women, and many women students felt it was in their best interest to band together. The first collegiate women formed woman's fraternities in an effort to counteract the widespread opposition to their presence (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#CITEREFTurk2004">Turk 2004</a>). Others disagree with this agonistic historical view.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Pi" title="Alpha Delta Pi">Alpha Delta Pi</a> was the first sorority, founded in 1851 at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_College" title="Wesleyan College">Wesleyan College</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> The earliest organizations were founded as "women's fraternities" or "fraternities for women;" the term <i>sorority</i> was coined by professor Frank Smalley in 1874, in reference to the Greek organization, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Phi_Beta" title="Gamma Phi Beta">Gamma Phi Beta</a> being established at Syracuse University. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Gamma" title="Kappa Kappa Gamma">Kappa Kappa Gamma</a> (1870) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Beta_Phi" title="Pi Beta Phi">Pi Beta Phi</a> (1867), known as "The Monmouth Duo", were both founded at Monmouth College in Monmouth, Illinois. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi" title="Alpha Phi">Alpha Phi</a> was established at Syracuse University first, in 1872. Along with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Delta" title="Alpha Gamma Delta">Alpha Gamma Delta</a>, these three sororities make up the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Triad" title="Syracuse Triad">Syracuse Triad</a>. The first organization to adopt the word <i>sorority</i> was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Phi_Beta" title="Gamma Phi Beta">Gamma Phi Beta</a>, established on 11 November 1874 at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a> in Syracuse, New York. In 1874, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Kappa" title="Sigma Kappa">Sigma Kappa</a> was also founded in Waterville, Maine at Colby College. Also founded at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DePauw_University" title="DePauw University">DePauw University</a>, was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Chi_Omega" title="Alpha Chi Omega">Alpha Chi Omega</a> in 1885. In 1893, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Xi_Delta" title="Alpha Xi Delta">Alpha Xi Delta</a> was founded at Lombard College in Galesburg, Illinois.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> January 2, 1897, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Omicron_Pi" title="Alpha Omicron Pi">Alpha Omicron Pi</a> was founded at Barnard College of Columbia University. Later in 1897 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Delta" title="Kappa Delta">Kappa Delta</a> was founded in Farmville, Virginia at Longwood University. A year later, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Sigma_Sigma" title="Sigma Sigma Sigma">Sigma Sigma Sigma</a> , <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Tau_Alpha" title="Zeta Tau Alpha">Zeta Tau Alpha</a> followed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Alpha" title="Alpha Sigma Alpha">Alpha Sigma Alpha</a> were founded, also at Longwood and are called the Farmville Four. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Delta_Delta" title="Delta Delta Delta">Delta Delta Delta</a> was founded at Boston University in 1888.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tridelta.org_34-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-tridelta.org-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> Like Pi Beta Phi, Tri Delta was modeled after the men's fraternity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tridelta.org_34-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-tridelta.org-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Alpha" title="Alpha Kappa Alpha">Alpha Kappa Alpha</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_Theta_Alpha" title="Lambda Theta Alpha">Lambda Theta Alpha</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Pi_Omega" title="Alpha Pi Omega">Alpha Pi Omega</a> were founded as the first sororities by and for African-American, Latina-American, and Native American members respectively. In 1913, at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_College" title="Hunter College">Hunter College</a>, New York, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Sigma" title="Phi Sigma Sigma">Phi Sigma Sigma</a> became the first non-denominational sorority, allowing any woman, regardless of race, religion, or economic background into membership.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
A number of sororities have been founded at the graduate school level. In 1917, at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law" title="New York University School of Law">New York University School of Law</a> five female law students founded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Phi_Epsilon_%28social%29" title="Delta Phi Epsilon (social)">Delta Phi Epsilon Sorority</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DFE_History_35-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-DFE_History-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> Currently active collegiate membership is only open to undergraduates.<br />
Currently, the largest non-cultural sorority is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Omega" title="Chi Omega">Chi Omega</a> with 17,000 collegiate members at any given time.,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-www.chiomega.com_36-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-www.chiomega.com-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-http:.2F.2Fwww.greekrank.com.2Franks.php_37-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-http:.2F.2Fwww.greekrank.com.2Franks.php-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Zeta" title="Delta Zeta">Delta Zeta</a> is the second largest, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi" title="Alpha Phi">Alpha Phi</a> follows in third.<br />
In North America, there are certain sororities that are considered bigger in Southern states just like certain sororities are bigger in the Northern states. Some Colleges or universities don't have sororities but could instead have groups.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: High school fraternities and sororities">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="High_school_fraternities_and_sororities">High school fraternities and sororities</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_fraternities_and_sororities" title="High school fraternities and sororities">High school fraternities and sororities</a></div><b>High school fraternities and sororities</b> (or secondary fraternities and sororities), are social organizations for high school-aged students.<br />
Torch and Dagger (later Omega Eta Tau) was the first such organization and was established in Council Bluffs, Iowa, in 1859. The movement more generally developed in the 1870s with Gamma Sigma, Alpha Zeta and Alpha Phi, all closely modeled on college fraternities in their areas. Some of these early groups were discussed in the early editions of Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities under the heading "Academic Societies." In 1913, "American Secondary School Fraternities" by J. Ward Brown, provided a detailed history of these organizations. By that time there were at least 57 national fraternities and 21 national sororities. Some like Gamma Delta Psi, Gamma Eta Kappa, Delta Sigma, Delta Sigma Nu, Lambda Sigma, Sigma Phi Upsilon and Phi Sigma Chi were spread broadly across the entire country, but most were regional in nature given the difficulty for high school students to travel. Typical of those that survive are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Kappa" title="Phi Kappa">Phi Kappa</a>, limited to around 50 chapters in the deep south (with five still active) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_Gamma_Delta" title="Omega Gamma Delta">Omega Gamma Delta</a> with more than 100 chapters in the northeast (two still active) and a couple of chapters further afield. In addition there were an enormous number of local fraternities scattered around the country.<br />
Another 15 nationals were founded after this period including several that still exist. But starting around 1910, a strong anti-fraternity movement among high school administrators took a heavy toll on such organizations in many parts of the country. A reduced level of interest by high school students themselves since 1970, has brought the number down even further.<br />
The largest such organizations are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph_Zadik_Aleph" title="Aleph Zadik Aleph">Aleph Zadik Aleph</a> with around 250 chapters and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Rho" title="Sigma Alpha Rho">Sigma Alpha Rho</a> with more than 100. Both of these have the advantage of being sponsored by Jewish community groups and are more than simple fraternities. Beyond that, Gamma Eta Kappa, Delta Sigma, Phi Lambda Epsilon and Theta Phi all had more than 75 chapters over the years, with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_Gamma_Delta" title="Omega Gamma Delta">Omega Gamma Delta</a> and Phi Sigma Kappa having more than 100 each.<br />
Several nationals also had chapters in Canada and, in recent years, a whole class of similar fraternities has emerged in the Philippines, many of them outgrowths of sponsoring college organizations.<br />
The fraternity tradition still has pockets of interest. Beyond <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph_Zadik_Aleph" title="Aleph Zadik Aleph">Aleph Zadik Aleph</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Rho_%28SAR%29" title="Sigma Alpha Rho (SAR)">Sigma Alpha Rho (SAR)</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_Gamma_Delta" title="Omega Gamma Delta">Omega Gamma Delta</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Kappa" title="Phi Kappa">Phi Kappa</a>, there are similar groups such as the Order of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeMolay" title="DeMolay">DeMolay</a> sponsored by the Masons. <a class="external text" href="http://www.fraternalbrotherhood.com/" rel="nofollow">Alpha Omega Theta</a> of New York still exists, though not in high schools, ΕΣAΔΕ is in Barcelona, The Lounge operates in Saginaw, Michigan; Phi Eta Sigma and Zeta Mu Gamma are located in Puerto Rico; Sigma Nu Xi is on the mainland United States. Sigma Delta Chi is an active sorority that was established in Alabama and continues today with several different chapters throughout Alabama, Tennessee and Florida. Although these are analogous societies, they are considered wholly different and unrelated societies. The Sub Deb Club, also known as "Sigma Delta Chi" was chartered in Athens, Alabama, in 1965, as a service and social sorority for young ladies who are students at Athens High School; Sub Deb Clubs or local chapters can be found in neighboring towns such as Decatur, Hunstville, Florence, Sheffield, Russellville, and Pulaski, Tennessee. Theta Phi Delta was the second high school sorority founded in Durham, North Carolina in 1996 and was incorporated in 2004. Fox Theta Delta, is a Philippines fraternity, founded in Butuan City in 1977, and claiming a somewhat tenuous connection with an American organization in Michigan.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span></h2><div class="rellink">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_fraternities_and_sororities" title="List of fictional fraternities and sororities">list of fictional fraternities and sororities</a>.</div>In the 1967 movie <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Graduate" title="The Graduate">The Graduate</a></i>, Ben (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a>) runs into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_Delta_Chi" title="Theta Delta Chi">Theta Delta Chi</a> house at Berkeley while searching for Elaine and her fiance, Carl - supposedly a member living there prior to his nuptuals. (The flag for the fraternity is visible over the ivy covered entry.)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The 1978 comedy movie <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Animal_House" title="National Lampoon's Animal House">National Lampoon's Animal House</a></i> portrayed members of a fictitious fraternity at a fictitious college.<br />
The 1984 comedy movie <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Nerds" title="Revenge of the Nerds">Revenge of the Nerds</a></i> portrayed 'rejected' fraternity members taking revenge on popular fraternities by setting up their own fraternity and the change in power from the jocks and cheerleaders to the nerds. Starred <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Carradine" title="Robert Carradine">Robert Carradine</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Edwards" title="Anthony Edwards">Anthony Edwards</a>.<br />
The 1994 comedy movie <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCU_%28film%29" title="PCU (film)"><i>PCU</i></a> also portrays members of a student group at a fictitious college where fraternities have been prohibited.<br />
The 1997 movie <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scream_2" title="Scream 2">Scream 2</a></i> includes fictional Greek organizations. The character Derek gives a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavalier" title="Lavalier">lettered necklace</a> to his girlfriend, prompting an angry response from his fraternity brothers.<br />
The 2001 film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legally_Blonde" title="Legally Blonde">Legally Blonde</a></i> features the sorority 'Delta Nu'. Several of the characters, including Elle Woods and Brooke Wyndham, are members.<br />
The 2002 film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Van_Wilder" title="National Lampoon's Van Wilder">National Lampoon's Van Wilder</a></i> features the fraternity 'Delta Iota Kappa', which Van's love rival leads.<br />
The 2002 film <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumline_%28film%29" title="Drumline (film)"><i>Drumline</i></a> includes the real <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Psi" title="Kappa Kappa Psi">Kappa Kappa Psi</a> fraternity and the fictional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_fraternities_and_sororities#Drumline" title="List of fictional fraternities and sororities">Sigma Phi Alpha</a> sorority. Images of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_Beta_Sigma" title="Tau Beta Sigma">Tau Beta Sigma</a> appear throughout the film.<br />
The 2006 film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomp_the_Yard" title="Stomp the Yard">Stomp the Yard</a></i> depicts African American Greek life centered around the tradition of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepping_%28African-American%29" title="Stepping (African-American)">stepping</a>, made popular by Black Greek Letter Organizations.<br />
The 2007 film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_White" title="Sydney White">Sydney White</a></i> features the sorority 'Kappa Phi Nu'. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Bynes" title="Amanda Bynes">Amanda Bynes</a> was one of their members.<br />
The 2007–2011 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Family" title="ABC Family">ABC Family</a> television series <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_%28TV_series%29" title="Greek (TV series)"><i>Greek</i></a> depicts students of the fictional Cyprus-Rhodes University (CRU) who participate in the school's Greek system.<br />
The 2008 season of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrassi:_The_Next_Generation" title="Degrassi: The Next Generation">Degrassi: The Next Generation</a></i> features the sorority 'Phi Gamma Phi'. Liberty was trying to apply to the sorority<br />
The 2008 film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_Bunny" title="The House Bunny">The House Bunny</a></i> features the sorority 'Phi Iota Mu' competing with 'ZETA'.<br />
The 2009 slasher film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorority_Row" title="Sorority Row">Sorority Row</a></i> features the sorority 'Theta Pi' in which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrina_Patridge" title="Audrina Patridge">Audrina Patridge</a> was one of their members.<br />
The 2009 movie "Sorority Wars" involves around sorority experience in college.<br />
The 2010 television series <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_Daze_%28TV_series%29" title="Glory Daze (TV series)"><i>Glory Daze</i></a> depicts students of the fictional Hayes University who participate in the school's Greek system.<br />
The 2010 film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_%282010_film%29" title="Brotherhood (2010 film)">Brotherhood</a></i> directed by <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_Canon&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Will Canon (page does not exist)">Will Canon</a> depicts an initiation ritual (or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">hazing</a>) gone wrong.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other countries">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Other_countries">Other countries</span></h2>Other countries have similar institutions; in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Sprachraum" title="German Sprachraum">German-speaking countries</a> these are significantly older, and fall under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_term" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> of <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studentenverbindung" title="Studentenverbindung">Studentenverbindung</a></b>, includes the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burschenschaft" title="Burschenschaft">Burschenschaften</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsmannschaft" title="Landsmannschaft">Landsmannschaften</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Student_Corps" title="German Student Corps">Corps</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnerschaft" title="Turnerschaft">Turnerschaften</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A4ngerschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sängerschaft (page does not exist)">Sängerschaften</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartellverband_der_katholischen_deutschen_Studentenverbindungen" title="Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen">Catholic Corporations</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingolf" title="Wingolf">Wingolf</a> and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferialverbindung&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ferialverbindung (page does not exist)">Ferialverbindungen</a>.<br />
In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> there are student clubs similar to the German Studentenverbindungen, however they are not the same. The main differences being that clubs do not own a clubhouse with dorms but rather have a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_%28establishment%29" title="Bar (establishment)">bar</a> where they regularly meet and there is no fencing. The largest clubs are based around a specific academic course or a collection of them, the others usually are based off of regional origins of the students and the others are simply a group of friends or patrons of the same bar.<br />
In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, student <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dining_club" title="Dining club">dining clubs</a> exist, which are similar to American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_club" title="Eating club">eating clubs</a> which were later eclipsed by Greek societies. Some well known one such as Bullingdon Club in Oxford University are socially exclusive due to being prohibitively expensive. Also, several secret societies exist, the most famous one being the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Apostles" title="Cambridge Apostles">Cambridge Apostles</a>, also known as the Cambridge Conversazione Society.<br />
In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, there are also fraternities, especially in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a>, the city with the oldest university in the country and one of the oldest in Europe. These houses, called "Repúblicas", are independent, protected by law, and run by students. They first appeared in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1309" title="1309">1309</a> when King <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D._Dinis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="D. Dinis (page does not exist)">D. Dinis</a> first ordered to build student housing for the recently founded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a>, in 1290. The name, translating to "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a>", represents the house spirit: every member of the house participates in the household tasks and decisions are made unanimously. There are 27 Republics in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a>, 3 in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> and 1 in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oporto" title="Oporto">Oporto</a>. Republicas are also found at the Federal University of Ouro Preto in Ouro Preto, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. And at the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA) in Lavras' City, also in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.<br />
In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, there are similar student institutions in called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_%28university%29" title="Nation (university)">Nations</a>. At the oldest Nordic universities, the Nations have existed since the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Nations have also existed in Central Europe in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The universities in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> have the oldest Nations. Since the beginning, the Nations have been social gatherings for students that came from the same parts of the country, and they are also named after parts of Sweden and Finland. Nations have also been founded at younger universities like the ones in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a>. It has been mandatory for students attending the universities of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a> to be members of nations until the autumn of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a>. After the mandatory membership was abolished by the parliament the Nations of Sweden are now contemplating founding a League of Nations to help further connections between Nations and universities.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_North_American_fraternity_and_sorority_system" title="History of the North American fraternity and sorority system">History of the North American fraternity and sorority system</a></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Everett, Edward (1840). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=0sMKAAAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>Importance of Practical Education and Useful Knowledge</i></a>. Boston: Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb. p. 382</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Importance+of+Practical+Education+and+Useful+Knowledge&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Everett%2C%26%2332%3BEdward&rft.date=1840&rft.pages=p.+382&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Marsh%2C+Capen%2C+Lyon%2C+and+Webb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D0sMKAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hastings1965_p3-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-Hastings1965_p3_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Hastings, William T. (1965). <i>Phi Beta Kappa as a Secret Society with its Relations to Freemasonry and Antimasonry Some Supplementary Documents</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>: United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa. pp. 3.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phi+Beta+Kappa+as+a+Secret+Society+with+its+Relations+to+Freemasonry+and+Antimasonry+Some+Supplementary+Documents&rft.aulast=Hastings%2C+William+T.&rft.au=Hastings%2C+William+T.&rft.date=1965&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B3&rft.place=%5B%5BRichmond%2C+Virginia%5D%5D&rft.pub=United+Chapters+of+Phi+Beta+Kappa&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://chiphi.org/Students/StudentAboutUs.aspx" rel="nofollow">"About Us: The Authentic Fraternity"</a>. Chi Phi Fraternity<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 31 May 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=About+Us%3A+The+Authentic+Fraternity&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Chi+Phi+Fraternity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchiphi.org%2FStudents%2FStudentAboutUs.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ato.org/AlphaTauOmega/atohistory/HistoryTheATOStory.aspx" rel="nofollow">"The ATO Story"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 13 April 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+ATO+Story&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ato.org%2FAlphaTauOmega%2Fatohistory%2FHistoryTheATOStory.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://davidscott.house.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID=47752" rel="nofollow">"Congressman Scott Honors Centennial Anniversary of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc.,"</a>. davidscott.house.gov.<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-12-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Congressman+Scott+Honors+Centennial+Anniversary+of+Alpha+Phi+Alpha+Fraternity%2C+Inc.%2C&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=davidscott.house.gov.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdavidscott.house.gov%2FNews%2FDocumentSingle.aspx%3FDocumentID%3D47752&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" id="CITEREFAnsonMarchesani1991">Anson, Jack L.; Marchesani, Robert F., Jr. (1991). <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baird%27s_Manual_of_American_College_Fraternities" title="Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities">Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities</a></i>. Menasha, Wisconsin: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banta_Corporation" title="Banta Corporation">Banta Corporation</a>. VIII–22. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9637159-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9637159-0-9">0-9637159-0-9</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5BBaird%27s+Manual+of+American+College+Fraternities%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Anson&rft.aufirst=Jack+L.&rft.au=Anson%2C%26%2332%3BJack+L.&rft.au=Marchesani%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+F.%2C+Jr.&rft.date=1991&rft.pages=VIII%E2%80%9322&rft.place=Menasha%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=%5B%5BBanta+Corporation%5D%5D&rft.isbn=0-9637159-0-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Sanua-2003-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-Sanua-2003_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Sanua, Marianne Rachel (2003). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=1u0sPzMEwOUC&pg=PA80&lpg=PA80&dq=%22Iota+Alpha+Pi%22#PPA80,M1" rel="nofollow"><i>Going Greek: Jewish College Fraternities in the US, 1895- 1945</i></a>. Wayne State University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814328576" title="Special:BookSources/9780814328576">9780814328576</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Going+Greek%3A+Jewish+College+Fraternities+in+the+US%2C+1895-+1945&rft.aulast=Sanua%2C+Marianne+Rachel&rft.au=Sanua%2C+Marianne+Rachel&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780814328576&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D1u0sPzMEwOUC%26pg%3DPA80%26lpg%3DPA80%26dq%3D%2522Iota%2BAlpha%2BPi%2522%23PPA80%2CM1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Torbenson-2005-7">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-Torbenson-2005_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-Torbenson-2005_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Torbenson, Craig L. (2005). "Origin and evolution of college fraternities and sororities". In T. Brown, G. Parks, & C. Phillips (Eds.), <i>African American fraternities and sororities: the legacy and the vision</i> (37-65). Lexington, KY: University Press.</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://phiota.org/fraternalhist.php" rel="nofollow">"Fraternal History"</a>. <i>About Us</i>. Phi Iota Alpha Fraternity, Inc.<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 30 May 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Fraternal+History&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Phi+Iota+Alpha+Fraternity%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiota.org%2Ffraternalhist.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,931060,00.html" rel="nofollow">"Books: Hawthorne's Line"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. April 25, 1938<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-17</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Books%3A+Hawthorne%27s+Line&rft.atitle=&rft.date=April+25%2C+1938&rft.pub=%5B%5BTime+%28magazine%29%7CTime%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fprintout%2F0%2C8816%2C931060%2C00.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Matthews, Jack (August 15, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/Nathaniel-Hawthornes-Untold/123889" rel="nofollow">"Nathaniel Hawthorne's Untold Tale"</a>. <i>Excerpts from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Hawthorne" title="Julian Hawthorne">Julian Hawthorne</a>'s</i> Memoirs. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle Review</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-17</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Nathaniel+Hawthorne%27s+Untold+Tale&rft.atitle=Excerpts+from+%5B%5BJulian+Hawthorne%5D%5D%27s+%27%27Memoirs%27%27&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Matthews%2C%26%2332%3BJack&rft.date=August+15%2C+2010&rft.pub=%5B%5BThe+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education%7CThe+Chronicle+Review%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FNathaniel-Hawthornes-Untold%2F123889&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Matthews, Jack (August 15, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/Nathaniel-Hawthornes-Untold/123889" rel="nofollow">"Nathaniel Hawthorne's Untold Tale"</a>. The Chronicle Review<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-17</span>. "This was, of course, all very collegiate for that long-ago time, and—with the exception of the "red-hot iron" and "boiling oil" references, if taken too literally—quite typical."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Nathaniel+Hawthorne%27s+Untold+Tale&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Matthews%2C%26%2332%3BJack&rft.date=August+15%2C+2010&rft.pub=The+Chronicle+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FNathaniel-Hawthornes-Untold%2F123889&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Katherine, Rosman (11 August 2002). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/11/style/o-brother-and-sister-where-art-thy-pins.html?fta=y" rel="nofollow">"O Brother (and Sister), Where Art Thy Pins?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>: p. Section 9 Column 2 Style Desk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 30 May 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=O+Brother+%28and+Sister%29%2C+Where+Art+Thy+Pins%3F&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Katherine&rft.aufirst=Rosman&rft.au=Katherine%2C%26%2332%3BRosman&rft.date=11+August+2002&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3BSection+9+Column+2+Style+Desk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F08%2F11%2Fstyle%2Fo-brother-and-sister-where-art-thy-pins.html%3Ffta%3Dy&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Bill, Schackner (18 August 2000). <a class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/regionstate/20000818fraternity3.asp" rel="nofollow">"Fraternity houses turn off the taps and sober up"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 31 May 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fraternity+houses+turn+off+the+taps+and+sober+up&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.aulast=Bill&rft.aufirst=Schackner&rft.au=Bill%2C%26%2332%3BSchackner&rft.date=18+August+2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fregionstate%2F20000818fraternity3.asp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.vanderbilt.edu/greek_life/housing.php" rel="nofollow">"Housing"</a>. <i>Greek Life at Vanderbilt University</i>. Office of Greek Life, Vanderbilt University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 31 May 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Housing&rft.atitle=Greek+Life+at+Vanderbilt+University&rft.pub=Office+of+Greek+Life%2C+Vanderbilt+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanderbilt.edu%2Fgreek_life%2Fhousing.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> Ernest T. Pascarella, Elizabeth J. Whitt, Amaury Nora, Marcia Edison, Linda Serra Hagedorn, Patrick. T Terenzini. <a class="external text" href="http://eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED381054.pdf" rel="nofollow"><i>What have we learned from the first year of the National Study of Student Learning?</i></a></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> Pascarella, Ernest T., Lemont Flowers, Elizabeth J. Whitt, <a class="external text" href="http://www.fraternityadvisors.org/Uploads/PublicDocuments/Oracle_vol2_iss2_Pascarella.pdf" rel="nofollow"><i>Research revisited: Cognitive effects of Greek affiliation in college: Additional evidence.</i></a> The Research Journal of the Association of Fraternity, Vol. 2. Iss. 1, September 2006.</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> Kuh, G. D., Pascarella, E. T., & Wechsler, H. (1996). <i>The questionable value of fraternities.</i> Chronicle of Higher Education, 42(32), A68.</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> Farley Grubb (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1536-7150.2006.00457.x/full" rel="nofollow"><i>Does Going Greek Impair Undergraduate Academic Performance?</i></a> <b>American Journal of Economics and Sociology</b>, 65, p. 1085-1110.</li>
<li id="cite_note-THE_EFFECTS_OF_FRATERNITY.2FSORORITY_MEMBERSHIP_ON_COLLEGE_EXPERIENCES_AND_OUTCOMES:_A_PORTRAIT_OF_COMPLEXITY-19"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-THE_EFFECTS_OF_FRATERNITY.2FSORORITY_MEMBERSHIP_ON_COLLEGE_EXPERIENCES_AND_OUTCOMES:_A_PORTRAIT_OF_COMPLEXITY_19-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Asel; Seifert and Pascarella (2009). <i>Oracle: The Research Journal of the Association of Fraternity/Sorority Advisors</i> <b>4</b> (2).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=&rft.jtitle=Oracle%3A+The+Research+Journal+of+the+Association+of+Fraternity%2FSorority+Advisors&rft.aulast=Asel&rft.au=Asel&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-laws-20"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-laws_20-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.stophazing.org/laws.html" rel="nofollow">"State Anti-Hazing Laws"</a>. <i>StopHazing.org: Educating to Eliminate Hazing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 May 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=State+Anti-Hazing+Laws&rft.atitle=StopHazing.org%3A+Educating+to+Eliminate+Hazing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stophazing.org%2Flaws.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/28/nyregion/princeton-s-fraternities-growing.html" rel="nofollow">"Princeton’s Fraternities Growing"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>: pp. Section 1 Page 56. 28 November 1993<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 31 May 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Princeton%E2%80%99s+Fraternities+Growing&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.date=28+November+1993&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3BSection+1+Page+56&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F11%2F28%2Fnyregion%2Fprinceton-s-fraternities-growing.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Donofrio, Leana (16 October 2002). <a class="external text" href="http://media.www.isubengal.com/media/storage/paper275/news/2002/10/16/News/Private.Colleges.Ban.Fraternities.Sororities.Nationwide-298259.shtml" rel="nofollow">"Private colleges ban fraternities, sororities nationwide"</a>. <i>ISU Bengal</i> (Idaho State University)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 31 May 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Private+colleges+ban+fraternities%2C+sororities+nationwide&rft.jtitle=ISU+Bengal&rft.aulast=Donofrio&rft.aufirst=Leana&rft.au=Donofrio%2C%26%2332%3BLeana&rft.date=16+October+2002&rft.place=Idaho+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.www.isubengal.com%2Fmedia%2Fstorage%2Fpaper275%2Fnews%2F2002%2F10%2F16%2FNews%2FPrivate.Colleges.Ban.Fraternities.Sororities.Nationwide-298259.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.alphadeltaphi.org/AboutUs/Chapters/tabid/59/agentType/View/PropertyID/1/Default.aspx" rel="nofollow">"The Amherst Chapter of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity"</a>. <i>The Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity</i>. Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 31 May 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Amherst+Chapter+of+the+Alpha+Delta+Phi+Fraternity&rft.atitle=The+Alpha+Delta+Phi+Fraternity&rft.pub=Alpha+Delta+Phi+Fraternity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alphadeltaphi.org%2FAboutUs%2FChapters%2Ftabid%2F59%2FagentType%2FView%2FPropertyID%2F1%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://martlet.ca/article/5976-frats-don-t-jive-at-uvic" rel="nofollow">http://martlet.ca/article/5976-frats-don-t-jive-at-uvic</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.higheredcenter.org/services/audiences/students/fraternity-and-sorority" rel="nofollow">"Fraternity and Sorority Members"</a>. U.S. Dept. of Education Higher Education Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 10 December 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Fraternity+and+Sorority+Members&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=U.S.+Dept.+of+Education+Higher+Education+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.higheredcenter.org%2Fservices%2Faudiences%2Fstudents%2Ffraternity-and-sorority&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.zetapsi.org/about/chapters" rel="nofollow">"Zeta Psi Active Chapter List"</a> (in English)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 8/22/2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Zeta+Psi+Active+Chapter+List&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zetapsi.org%2Fabout%2Fchapters&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/39284/brothers-in-the-holy-land-aepi-chapter-in-herzliya-is-first-college-fratern/" rel="nofollow">"Brothers in the Holy Land: AEPi chapter in Herzliya is first college fraternity in Israel"</a>. jweekly.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 January 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Brothers+in+the+Holy+Land%3A+AEPi+chapter+in+Herzliya+is+first+college+fraternity+in+Israel&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=jweekly.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jweekly.com%2Farticle%2Ffull%2F39284%2Fbrothers-in-the-holy-land-aepi-chapter-in-herzliya-is-first-college-fratern%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://damlaget.wordpress.com/about/" rel="nofollow">http://damlaget.wordpress.com/about/</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.pucpr.edu/catalogo/espanol/info_general/vice_asuntos_est.htm" rel="nofollow">"VICEPRESIDENCIA ASOCIADO PARA ASUNTOS ESTUDIANTILES"</a> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 5, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=VICEPRESIDENCIA+ASOCIADO+PARA+ASUNTOS+ESTUDIANTILES&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pucpr.edu%2Fcatalogo%2Fespanol%2Finfo_general%2Fvice_asuntos_est.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> Not associated with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philomathean_Society_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania">Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.kappaalphatheta.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.kappaalphatheta.org/</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Nuwer, Hank (1999). <i>Wrongs of Passage: Fraternities, Sororities, Hazing, and Binge Drinking</i>. Indiana University Press. pp. 149. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21498-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21498-X">0-253-21498-X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wrongs+of+Passage%3A+Fraternities%2C+Sororities%2C+Hazing%2C+and+Binge+Drinking&rft.aulast=Nuwer&rft.aufirst=Hank&rft.au=Nuwer%2C%26%2332%3BHank&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B149&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-253-21498-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.alphaxidelta.org/index.php?submenu=FriendsFamily&src=gendocs&ref=Friends_About%20Alpha%20Xi%20Delta&category=Friends" rel="nofollow">http://www.alphaxidelta.org/index.php?submenu=FriendsFamily&src=gendocs&ref=Friends_About%20Alpha%20Xi%20Delta&category=Friends</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-tridelta.org-34">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-tridelta.org_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-tridelta.org_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external free" href="https://www.tridelta.org/AboutUs/History/" rel="nofollow">https://www.tridelta.org/AboutUs/History/</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-DFE_History-35"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-DFE_History_35-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.dphie.org/history.cfm" rel="nofollow">"Who We Are...The Founding of Delta Phi Epsilon"</a>. Delta Phi Epsilon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 July 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Who+We+Are...The+Founding+of+Delta+Phi+Epsilon&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Delta+Phi+Epsilon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dphie.org%2Fhistory.cfm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fraternities_and_sororities"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-www.chiomega.com-36"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-www.chiomega.com_36-0">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.chiomega.com/students/about.aspx?item=students/XOLife/C1_ExperienceChiOmega.xml" rel="nofollow">http://www.chiomega.com/students/about.aspx?item=students/XOLife/C1_ExperienceChiOmega.xml</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-http:.2F.2Fwww.greekrank.com.2Franks.php-37"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-http:.2F.2Fwww.greekrank.com.2Franks.php_37-0">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.greekrank.com/ranks.php" rel="nofollow">http://www.greekrank.com/ranks.php</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.filminamerica.com/Movies/TheGraduate/" rel="nofollow">Film in America - The Graduate</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letter_society#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.calgreeks.com/author/ucbtdx/" rel="nofollow">Cal Greeks - UCB Theta Delta Chi</a></li>
</ol></div><div class="articleFeedback" id="mw-articlefeedback"><div class="articleFeedback-panel"> <div class="articleFeedback-buffer articleFeedback-ui"> <div class="articleFeedback-switch articleFeedback-switch-report articleFeedback-visibleWith-form" rel="report">View page ratings</div><div class="articleFeedback-title articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">Rate this page</div><div class="articleFeedback-explanation articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"><a class="articleFeedback-explanation-link" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article%20Feedback%20Tool">What's this?</a></div><div class="articleFeedback-ratings"><div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="trustworthy"> <div class="articleFeedback-label">Trustworthy</div><div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div><div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div><div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="objective"> <div class="articleFeedback-label">Objective</div><div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div><div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div><div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="complete"> <div class="articleFeedback-label">Complete</div><div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div><div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div><div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="wellwritten"> <div class="articleFeedback-label">Well-written</div><div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div><div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div></div><div class="articleFeedback-options"> <div class="articleFeedback-expertise articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> <input disabled="disabled" id="articleFeedback-expertise-general" type="checkbox" value="general" /><label class="articleFeedback-expertise-disabled" for="articleFeedback-expertise-general">I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional)</label> </div></div><div class="articleFeedback-notices articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div></div></div><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Category:Fraternities and sororities">Fraternities and sororities</a></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-40394482334739967252011-08-30T23:46:00.000-04:002011-08-30T23:46:39.560-04:00Shesh (shah) shi'ah sixth (ambiguous usage)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">H8337
שִׁשָּׁה שֵׁשׁ
shêsh shishshâh
shaysh, shish-shaw'
(The second form is masculine); a primitive number; six (as an overplus (see H7797) beyond five or the fingers of the hand); as ordinal sixth:—six ([-teen, -teenth]), sixth.
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-80226472029772710432011-08-30T23:32:00.001-04:002011-08-30T23:47:23.001-04:00Facebook<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Facebook</h1><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div class="dablink">This article is about the website. For the collection of photographs of people after which it is named, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_%28directory%29" title="Facebook (directory)">Facebook (directory)</a>.</div><div class="metadata topicon" id="protected-icon" style="display: none; right: 55px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" height="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" width="20" /></a></div><table cellspacing="5" class="infobox vcard" style="width: 22em;"><caption class="fn org">Facebook, Inc.</caption> <tbody>
<tr class=""> <td class="logo" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook.svg"><img alt="Facebook.svg" height="81" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Facebook.svg/215px-Facebook.svg.png" width="215" /></a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entity" title="Types of business entity">Type</a></th> <td class="category"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Private</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Founded</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Growth_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-Growth-0">[1]</a></sup> (2004)</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur" title="Entrepreneur">Founder</a></th> <td class=""><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Saverin" title="Eduardo Saverin">Eduardo Saverin</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Moskovitz" title="Dustin Moskovitz">Dustin Moskovitz</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hughes" title="Chris Hughes">Chris Hughes</a></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Headquarters</th> <td class="adr"><span class="locality"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>, U.S., currently being moved to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park, California</a>, U.S.</span></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Area served</th> <td class="">Worldwide</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Key people</th> <td class=""><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li>Mark Zuckerberg <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cox_%28Facebook%29" title="Chris Cox (Facebook)">Chris Cox</a> <small>(VP of Product)</small></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheryl_Sandberg" title="Sheryl Sandberg">Sheryl Sandberg</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">COO</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_E._Graham" title="Donald E. Graham">Donald E. Graham</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman" title="Chairman">Chairman</a>)</small></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">Revenue</a></th> <td class=""><img alt="increase" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" width="11" /> US$2 billion (2010 est.)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-likely_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-likely-1">[2]</a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></th> <td class="">N/A</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employees</a></th> <td class="">2000+ (2010)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pressinfo_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-pressinfo-2">[3]</a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website" title="Website">Website</a></th> <td class="url"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/" rel="nofollow">facebook.com</a></span></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> support</th> <td class=""><a class="external text" href="http://www.v6.facebook.com/" rel="nofollow">www.v6.facebook.com</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa</a> rank</th> <td class=""><img alt="steady" height="2" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Steady.PNG/11px-Steady.PNG" width="11" /> 2 (August 2011)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-alexa_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-alexa-3">[4]</a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Type of site</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networking service</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">Advertising</a></th> <td class=""><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_ad" title="Banner ad">Banner ads</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referral_marketing" title="Referral marketing">referral marketing</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casual_game" title="Casual game">casual games</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Registration</th> <td class="">Required</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_user" title="Registered user">Users</a></th> <td class="">750 million <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup> (active in July 2011)</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Available in</a></th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">Multilingual</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Launched</th> <td class="">February 4, 2004</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Current status</th> <td class="category">Active</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <td class="screenshot" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame1" style="border: none;"><div class="NavHead" style="background: #ccccff; background: transparent; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">Screenshot<a class="NavToggle" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7370911872226679194&postID=8022647202977271043" id="NavToggle1">[show]</a></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><b>Facebook</b> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking service</a> and website launched in February 2004, operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Growth_0-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-Growth-0">[1]</a></sup> As of July 2011, Facebook has more than 750 million active users.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-msnbc.msn.com_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-msnbc.msn.com-5">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-businessinsider.com_6-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-businessinsider.com-6">[7]</a></sup> Users may create a personal profile, add other users as friends, and exchange messages, including automatic notifications when they update their profile. Facebook users must register before using the site. Additionally, users may join common-interest user groups, organized by workplace, school or college, or other characteristics. The name of the service stems from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_%28directory%29" title="Facebook (directory)">colloquial name for the book</a> given to students at the start of the academic year by university administrations in the United States to help students get to know each other better. Facebook allows any users who declare themselves to be at least 13 years old to become registered users of the website.It is ranked 2 by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa" title="Alexa">Alexa</a><br />
Facebook was founded by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> with his college roommates and fellow computer science students <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Saverin" title="Eduardo Saverin">Eduardo Saverin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Moskovitz" title="Dustin Moskovitz">Dustin Moskovitz</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hughes" title="Chris Hughes">Chris Hughes</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup> The website's membership was initially limited by the founders to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> students, but was expanded to other colleges in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> area, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. It gradually added support for students at various other universities before opening to high school students, and, finally, to anyone aged 13 and over. However, based on ConsumersReports.org on May 2011, there are 7.5 million children under 13 with accounts, violating the site's terms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup><br />
A January 2009 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compete.com" title="Compete.com">Compete.com</a> study ranked Facebook as the most used <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking service</a> by worldwide monthly active users, followed by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace" title="MySpace">MySpace</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kazeniac_9-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-Kazeniac-9">[10]</a></sup> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i> included the site on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list, saying, "How on earth did we stalk our exes, remember our co-workers' birthdays, bug our friends, and play a rousing game of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexulous" title="Lexulous">Scrabulous</a> before Facebook?"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantcast" title="Quantcast">Quantcast</a> estimates Facebook has 138.9 million monthly unique U.S. visitors in May 2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup> According to <i>Social Media Today</i>, in April 2010 an estimated 41.6% of the U.S. population had a Facebook account.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-12">[13]</a></sup> Nevertheless, Facebook's market growth started to stall in some regions, with the site losing 7 million active users in the United States and Canada in May 2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-13">[14]</a></sup><br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Company"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Company</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Ownership"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ownership</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Management"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Management</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Revenue"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Revenue</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Mergers_and_acquisitions"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Mergers and acquisitions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Operations"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Operations</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Website"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Website</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Reception"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Reception</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Privacy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Privacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Media_impact"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Media impact</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Social_impact"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Social impact</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Political_impact"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Political impact</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Media"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Facebook" title="History of Facebook">History of Facebook</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Facebook" title="Timeline of Facebook">Timeline of Facebook</a></div>Mark Zuckerberg wrote Facemash, the predecessor to Facebook, on October 28, 2003, while attending <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> as a sophomore. According to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a></i>, the site was comparable to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_or_Not" title="Hot or Not">Hot or Not</a>, and "used photos compiled from the online facebooks of nine houses, placing two next to each other at a time and asking users to choose the 'hotter' person".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated2007_14-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-autogenerated2007-14">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-15">[16]</a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 177px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MarkZuckerberg.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="233" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/MarkZuckerberg.jpg/175px-MarkZuckerberg.jpg" width="175" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MarkZuckerberg.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Mark Zuckerberg co-created Facebook in his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> dorm room.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 177px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chris_Hughes.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="235" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Chris_Hughes.jpg/175px-Chris_Hughes.jpg" width="175" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chris_Hughes.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Chris Hughes</div></div></div><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 177px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dustin_Moskovitz.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="203" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dustin_Moskovitz.jpg/175px-Dustin_Moskovitz.jpg" width="175" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dustin_Moskovitz.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Dustin Moskovitz</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 177px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sean_Parker.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="158" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sean_Parker.jpg/175px-Sean_Parker.jpg" width="175" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sean_Parker.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Sean Parker</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 177px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cameron_Winklevoss_at_the_2008_Beijing_Olympics_-_20080817.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="193" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cameron_Winklevoss_at_the_2008_Beijing_Olympics_-_20080817.jpg/175px-Cameron_Winklevoss_at_the_2008_Beijing_Olympics_-_20080817.jpg" width="175" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cameron_Winklevoss_at_the_2008_Beijing_Olympics_-_20080817.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Cameron Winklevoss</div></div></div>To accomplish this, Zuckerberg <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_%28computer_security%29" title="Hacker (computer security)">hacked</a> into the protected areas of Harvard's computer network and copied the houses' private dormitory <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID_card" title="ID card">ID</a> images. Harvard at that time did not have a student "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_%28directory%29" title="Facebook (directory)">facebook</a>" (a directory with photos and basic information). Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours online.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated2007_14-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-autogenerated2007-14">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fastcompany.com_16-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-fastcompany.com-16">[17]</a></sup><br />
The site was quickly forwarded to several campus group list-servers, but was shut down a few days later by the Harvard administration. Zuckerberg was charged by the administration with breach of security, violating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrights</a>, and violating individual privacy, and faced expulsion. Ultimately, however, the charges were dropped.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-facemash_survives_17-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-facemash_survives-17">[18]</a></sup> Zuckerberg expanded on this initial project that semester by creating a social study tool ahead of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a> final, by uploading 500 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">Augustan</a> images to a website, with one image per page along with a comment section.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fastcompany.com_16-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-fastcompany.com-16">[17]</a></sup> He opened the site up to his classmates, and people started sharing their notes.<br />
The following semester, Zuckerberg began writing code for a new website in January 2004. He was inspired, he said, by an editorial in <i>The Harvard Crimson</i> about the Facemash incident.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hoffman.2C_Claire_18-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-Hoffman.2C_Claire-18">[19]</a></sup> On February 4, 2004, Zuckerberg launched "Thefacebook", originally located at thefacebook.com.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-skepticism_19-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-skepticism-19">[20]</a></sup><br />
Six days after the site launched, three Harvard seniors, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Winklevoss" title="Cameron Winklevoss">Cameron Winklevoss</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Winklevoss" title="Tyler Winklevoss">Tyler Winklevoss</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divya_Narendra" title="Divya Narendra">Divya Narendra</a>, accused Zuckerberg of intentionally misleading them into believing he would help them build a social network called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConnectU" title="ConnectU">HarvardConnection.com</a>, while he was instead using their ideas to build a competing product.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zuckerberghacked_20-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-zuckerberghacked-20">[21]</a></sup> The three complained to the <i>Harvard Crimson</i>, and the newspaper began an investigation. The three later filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg, subsequently settling.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nytb_21-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-nytb-21">[22]</a></sup><br />
Membership was initially restricted to students of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>, and within the first month, more than half the undergraduate population at Harvard was registered on the service.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-22">[23]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Saverin" title="Eduardo Saverin">Eduardo Saverin</a> (business aspects), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Moskovitz" title="Dustin Moskovitz">Dustin Moskovitz</a> (programmer), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_McCollum" title="Andrew McCollum">Andrew McCollum</a> (graphic artist), and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hughes" title="Chris Hughes">Chris Hughes</a> soon joined Zuckerberg to help promote the website. In March 2004, Facebook expanded to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-timeline_23-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-timeline-23">[24]</a></sup> It soon opened to the other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> schools, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT" title="MIT">MIT</a>, and gradually most universities in Canada and the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-24">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-25">[26]</a></sup><br />
Facebook <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_%28business%29" title="Incorporation (business)">incorporated</a> in the summer of 2004, and the entrepreneur <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Parker" title="Sean Parker">Sean Parker</a>, who had been informally advising Zuckerberg, became the company's president.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_260505_26-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-NYT_260505-26">[27]</a></sup> In June 2004, Facebook moved its base of operations to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-timeline_23-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-timeline-23">[24]</a></sup> It received its first investment later that month from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> co-founder <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-beware_27-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-beware-27">[28]</a></sup> The company dropped <i>The</i> from its name after purchasing the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a> facebook.com in 2005 for $200,000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-28">[29]</a></sup><br />
<table class="wikitable sortable" id="sortable_table_id_0" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px;"><caption>Total active users<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-totalactiveusers_29-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-totalactiveusers-29">[N 1]</a></sup></caption> <tbody>
<tr style="font-size: .8em;"> <th>Date<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></a></th> <th>Users<br />
(in millions)<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></a></th> <th>Days later<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></a></th> <th>Monthly growth<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-30">[N 2]</a></sup><a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></a></th> </tr>
<tr> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap;">August 26, 2008</span></td> <td>100<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup></td> <td>1,665</td> <td>178.38%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap;">April 8, 2009</span></td> <td>200<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup></td> <td>225</td> <td>13.33%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap;">September 15, 2009</span></td> <td>300<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup></td> <td>160</td> <td>9.38%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap;">February 5, 2010</span></td> <td>400<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-400m_34-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-400m-34">[33]</a></sup></td> <td>143</td> <td>6.99%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap;">July 21, 2010</span></td> <td>500<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-500m_35-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-500m-35">[34]</a></sup></td> <td>166</td> <td>4.52%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap;">January 5, 2011</span></td> <td>600<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-600m_36-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-600m-36">[35]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-37">[N 3]</a></sup></td> <td>168</td> <td>3.57%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap;">July 6, 2011</span></td> <td>750<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-750m_38-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-750m-38">[36]</a></sup></td> <td>182</td> <td>2.54%</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>Facebook launched a high-school version in September 2005, which Zuckerberg called the next logical step.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-39">[37]</a></sup> At that time, high-school networks required an invitation to join.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-40">[38]</a></sup> Facebook later expanded membership eligibility to employees of several companies, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-41">[39]</a></sup> Facebook was then opened on September 26, 2006, to everyone of age 13 and older with a valid <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_address" title="Email address">email address</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-welcome_42-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-welcome-42">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tos_43-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-tos-43">[41]</a></sup><br />
On October 24, 2007, Microsoft announced that it had purchased a 1.6% share of Facebook for $240 million, giving Facebook a total implied value of around $15 billion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MSPR1_44-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-MSPR1-44">[42]</a></sup> Microsoft's purchase included rights to place international ads on Facebook.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BW-6Aug08_45-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-BW-6Aug08-45">[43]</a></sup> In October 2008, Facebook announced that it would set up its international headquarters in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-46">[44]</a></sup> In September 2009, Facebook said that it had turned cash-flow positive for the first time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-47">[45]</a></sup> In November 2010, based on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SecondMarket" title="SecondMarket">SecondMarket</a> Inc., an exchange for shares of privately held companies, Facebook's value was $41 billion (slightly surpassing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>'s) and it became the third largest US web company after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-48">[46]</a></sup> Facebook has been identified as a possible candidate for an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_Public_Offering" title="Initial Public Offering">IPO</a> by 2013.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-49">[47]</a></sup><br />
Traffic to Facebook increased steadily after 2009. More people visited Facebook than Google for the week ending March 13, 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-50">[48]</a></sup><br />
In March 2011 it was reported that Facebook removes approximately 20,000 profiles from the site every day for various infractions, including spam, inappropriate content and underage use, as part of its efforts to boost cyber security.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-51">[49]</a></sup><br />
In early 2011, Facebook announced plans to move to its new headquarters, the former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> campus in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park, California</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-52">[50]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-53">[51]</a></sup><br />
Release of statistics by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick" title="DoubleClick">DoubleClick</a> showed that Facebook reached one trillion pageviews in the month of June 2011, making it the most visited website in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-54">[52]</a></sup> It should however be noted that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and some of its selected websites are not counted in the DoubleClick rankings.<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Company">Company</span></h2><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1601californiaavelobby.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="187" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1601californiaavelobby.jpg/220px-1601californiaavelobby.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1601californiaavelobby.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Entrance to Facebook's current headquarters in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park" title="Stanford Research Park">Stanford Research Park</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>.</div></div></div><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ownership">Ownership</span></h3>Mark Zuckerberg owns 24% of the company, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_Partners" title="Accel Partners">Accel Partners</a> owns 10%, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Sky_Technologies" title="Digital Sky Technologies">Digital Sky Technologies</a> owns 10%,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-55">[53]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Moskovitz" title="Dustin Moskovitz">Dustin Moskovitz</a> owns 6%, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Saverin" title="Eduardo Saverin">Eduardo Saverin</a> owns 5%, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Parker" title="Sean Parker">Sean Parker</a> owns 4%, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel</a> owns 3%, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greylock_Partners" title="Greylock Partners">Greylock Partners</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritech_Capital_Partners" title="Meritech Capital Partners">Meritech Capital Partners</a> own between 1 to 2% each, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> owns 1.3%, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ka-shing" title="Li Ka-shing">Li Ka-shing</a> owns 0.75%, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpublic_Group" title="Interpublic Group">Interpublic Group</a> owns less than 0.5%, a small group of current and former employees and celebrities own less than 1% each, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cohler" title="Matt Cohler">Matt Cohler</a>, Jeff Rothschild, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_D%27Angelo" title="Adam D'Angelo">Adam D'Angelo</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hughes" title="Chris Hughes">Chris Hughes</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Van_Natta" title="Owen Van Natta">Owen Van Natta</a>, while <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Pincus" title="Mark Pincus">Mark Pincus</a> have sizable holdings of the company, and the remaining 30% or so are owned by employees, an undisclosed number of celebrities, and outside investors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-56">[54]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_D%27Angelo" title="Adam D'Angelo">Adam D'Angelo</a>, chief technology officer and friend of Zuckerberg, resigned in May 2008. Reports claimed that he and Zuckerberg began quarreling, and that he was no longer interested in partial ownership of the company.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-57">[55]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Management">Management</span></h3>Key management personnel comprise Chris Cox (VP of Product), Sheryl Sandberg (COO), and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_E._Graham" title="Donald E. Graham">Donald E. Graham</a> (Chairman). As of April 2011, Facebook has over 2,000 employees, and offices in 15 countries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-58">[56]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Revenue">Revenue</span></h3>Most of Facebook's revenue comes from advertising. Microsoft is Facebook's exclusive partner for serving <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_banner" title="Web banner">banner advertising</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-59">[57]</a></sup> and therefore Facebook serves only advertisements that exist in Microsoft's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_network" title="Advertising network">advertisement inventory</a>.<br />
<table class="wikitable sortable" id="sortable_table_id_1" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px;"><caption>Revenues <small>(estimated, in millions <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$" title="US$">US$</a>)</small></caption> <tbody>
<tr> <th>Year<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></a></th> <th>Revenue<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></a></th> <th>Growth<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></a></th> </tr>
<tr> <td>2006</td> <td>$52<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-goes-beyond_60-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-goes-beyond-60">[58]</a></sup></td> <td>—</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>2007</td> <td>$150<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-finances-leaked_61-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-finances-leaked-61">[59]</a></sup></td> <td>188%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>2008</td> <td>$280<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-turns-down_62-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-turns-down-62">[60]</a></sup></td> <td>87%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>2009</td> <td>$775<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-reported_63-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-reported-63">[61]</a></sup></td> <td>177%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>2010</td> <td>$2,000<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-likely_1-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-likely-1">[2]</a></sup></td> <td>158%</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>Facebook generally has a lower <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickthrough_rate" title="Clickthrough rate">clickthrough rate</a> (CTR) for advertisements than most major websites. Banner advertisements on Facebook have generally received one-fifth the number of clicks compared to those on the Web as a whole.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-64">[62]</a></sup> This means that a smaller percentage of Facebook's users click on advertisements than many other large websites. For example, while <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> users click on the first advertisement for search results an average of 8% of the time (80,000 clicks for every one million searches),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-65">[63]</a></sup> Facebook's users click on advertisements an average of 0.04% of the time (400 clicks for every one million pages).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-66">[64]</a></sup><br />
Sarah Smith, who was Facebook's Online Sales Operations Manager, confirmed that successful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_campaign" title="Advertising campaign">advertising campaigns</a> can have clickthrough rates as low as 0.05% to 0.04%, and that CTR for ads tend to fall within two weeks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-67">[65]</a></sup> Competing social network <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace" title="MySpace">MySpace</a>'s CTR, in comparison, is about 0.1%, 2.5 times better than Facebook's but still low compared to many other websites. Explanations for Facebook's low CTR include the fact that Facebook's users are more technologically savvy and therefore use <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_blocking" title="Ad blocking">ad blocking</a> software to hide advertisements, that users are younger and therefore better at ignoring advertising messages, and that MySpace users spend more time browsing through content, while Facebook users spend their time communicating with friends and therefore have their attention diverted away from advertisements.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-68">[66]</a></sup><br />
On pages for brands and products, however, some companies have reported CTR as high as 6.49% for Wall posts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-69">[67]</a></sup> Involver, a social marketing platform, announced in July 2008 that it managed to attain a CTR of 0.7% on Facebook (over 10 times the typical CTR for Facebook ad campaigns) for its first client, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Software" title="Serena Software">Serena Software</a>, managing to convert 1.1 million views into 8,000 visitors to their website.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-70">[68]</a></sup> A study found that, for video advertisements on Facebook, over 40% of users who viewed the videos viewed the entire video, while the industry average was 25% for in-banner video ads.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-71">[69]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mergers_and_acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Facebook" title="List of acquisitions by Facebook">List of acquisitions by Facebook</a></div>On November 15, 2010, Facebook announced it had acquired the domain name fb.com from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Farm_Bureau_Federation" title="American Farm Bureau Federation">American Farm Bureau Federation</a> for an undisclosed amount. On January 11, 2011, the Farm Bureau disclosed $8.5 million in "domain sales income", making the acquisition of FB.com one of the ten highest domain sales in history.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-72">[70]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Operations">Operations</span></h3>A custom-built <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data center</a> with substantially reduced ("38% less") <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT_energy_management#Server_and_data_center_power_management" title="IT energy management">power consumption</a> compared to existing Facebook data centers opened in April 2011 in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prineville,_Oregon" title="Prineville, Oregon">Prineville, Oregon</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-73">[71]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Website">Website</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_features" title="Facebook features">Facebook features</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_Platform" title="Facebook Platform">Facebook Platform</a></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 282px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook_log_in.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="173" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/Facebook_log_in.png/280px-Facebook_log_in.png" width="280" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook_log_in.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Facebook's homepage features a login form on the top right for existing users, and a registration form directly underneath for new visitors.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 282px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook2011.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="181" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Facebook2011.jpg/280px-Facebook2011.jpg" width="280" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook2011.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Profile shown on Facebook in 2011</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 282px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook2007.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="290" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Facebook2007.jpg/280px-Facebook2007.jpg" width="280" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook2007.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Facebook profile shown in 2007</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 282px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Original-facebook.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="207" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Original-facebook.jpg/280px-Original-facebook.jpg" width="280" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Original-facebook.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Profile shown on Thefacebook in 2005</div></div></div>Users can create profiles with photos, lists of personal interests, contact information, and other personal information. Users can communicate with friends and other users through private or public messages and a chat feature. They can also create and join interest groups and "like pages" (called "fan pages" until April 19, 2010), some of which are maintained by organizations as a means of advertising.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-74">[72]</a></sup><br />
To allay concerns about privacy, Facebook enables users to choose their own privacy settings and choose who can see specific parts of their profile.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-75">[73]</a></sup> The website is free to users, and generates revenue from advertising, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_banner" title="Web banner">banner ads</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tc_76-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-tc-76">[74]</a></sup> Facebook requires a user's name and profile picture (if applicable) to be accessible by everyone. Users can control who sees other information they have shared, as well as who can find them in searches, through their privacy settings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Choose_Your_Privacy_Settings_77-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-Choose_Your_Privacy_Settings-77">[75]</a></sup><br />
The media often compare Facebook to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace" title="MySpace">MySpace</a>, but one significant difference between the two websites is the level of customization.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-78">[76]</a></sup> Another difference is Facebook's requirement that users give their true identity, a demand that MySpace does not make.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-79">[77]</a></sup> MySpace allows users to decorate their profiles using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> (CSS), while Facebook allows only <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-80">[78]</a></sup> Facebook has a number of features with which users may interact. They include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_features#Wall" title="Facebook features">Wall</a>, a space on every user's profile page that allows friends to post messages for the user to see;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-off_81-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-off-81">[79]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Poke" title="Super Poke">Pokes</a>, which allows users to send a virtual "poke" to each other (a notification then tells a user that they have been poked);<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-82">[80]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_features#Photo_and_video_uploads" title="Facebook features">Photos</a>, where users can upload albums and photos;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gifts_83-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-gifts-83">[81]</a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_features#Status_Updates" title="Facebook features">Status</a>, which allows users to inform their friends of their whereabouts and actions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-84">[82]</a></sup> Depending on privacy settings, anyone who can see a user's profile can also view that user's Wall. In July 2007, Facebook began allowing users to post attachments to the Wall, whereas the Wall was previously limited to textual content only.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-off_81-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-off-81">[79]</a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 282px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook_mobile.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="418" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Facebook_mobile.png/280px-Facebook_mobile.png" width="280" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook_mobile.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Facebook mobile <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a></div></div></div>On September 6, 2006, a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Feed_%28Facebook%29" title="News Feed (Facebook)">News Feed</a> was announced, which appears on every user's homepage and highlights information including profile changes, upcoming events, and birthdays of the user's friends.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-85">[83]</a></sup> This enabled spammers and other users to manipulate these features by creating illegitimate events or posting fake birthdays to attract attention to their profile or cause.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-86">[84]</a></sup> Initially, the News Feed caused dissatisfaction among Facebook users; some complained it was too cluttered and full of undesired information, others were concerned that it made it too easy for others to track individual activities (such as relationship status changes, events, and conversations with other users).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-87">[85]</a></sup><br />
In response, Zuckerberg issued an apology for the site's failure to include appropriate customizable privacy features. Since then, users have been able to control what types of information are shared automatically with friends. Users are now able to prevent user-set categories of friends from seeing updates about certain types of activities, including profile changes, Wall posts, and newly added friends.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-88">[86]</a></sup><br />
On February 23, 2010, Facebook was granted a patent<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-89">[87]</a></sup> on certain aspects of its News Feed. The patent covers News Feeds in which links are provided so that one user can participate in the same activity of another user.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-90">[88]</a></sup> The patent may encourage Facebook to pursue action against websites that violate its patent, which may potentially include websites such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-91">[89]</a></sup><br />
One of the most popular applications on Facebook is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_features#Photo_and_video_uploads" title="Facebook features">Photos</a> application, where users can upload albums and photos.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-92">[90]</a></sup> Facebook allows users to upload an unlimited number of photos, compared with other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_hosting_service" title="Image hosting service">image hosting services</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photobucket" title="Photobucket">Photobucket</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a>, which apply limits to the number of photos that a user is allowed to upload. During the first years, Facebook users were limited to 60 photos per album. As of May 2009, this limit has been increased to 200 photos per album.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-93">[91]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-94">[92]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-95">[93]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-96">[94]</a></sup><br />
Privacy settings can be set for individual albums, limiting the groups of users that can see an album. For example, the privacy of an album can be set so that only the user's friends can see the album, while the privacy of another album can be set so that all Facebook users can see it. Another feature of the Photos application is the ability to "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_%28metadata%29" title="Tag (metadata)">tag</a>", or label, users in a photo. For instance, if a photo contains a user's friend, then the user can tag the friend in the photo. This sends a notification to the friend that they have been tagged, and provides them a link to see the photo.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-97">[95]</a></sup><br />
Facebook Notes was introduced on August 22, 2006, a blogging feature that allowed tags and embeddable images. Users were later able to import blogs from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanga" title="Xanga">Xanga</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveJournal" title="LiveJournal">LiveJournal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger_%28service%29" title="Blogger (service)">Blogger</a>, and other blogging services.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-welcome_42-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-welcome-42">[40]</a></sup> During the week of April 7, 2008, Facebook released a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_%28programming%29" title="Comet (programming)">Comet</a>-based<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-98">[96]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> application called "Chat" to several networks,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-99">[97]</a></sup> which allows users to communicate with friends and is similar in functionality to desktop-based <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messengers" title="Instant messengers">instant messengers</a>.<br />
Facebook launched <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_features#Gifts" title="Facebook features">Gifts</a> on February 8, 2007, which allows users to send virtual gifts to their friends that appear on the recipient's profile. Gifts cost $1.00 each to purchase, and a personalized message can be attached to each gift.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-100">[98]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-101">[99]</a></sup> On May 14, 2007, Facebook launched <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_features#Marketplace" title="Facebook features">Marketplace</a>, which lets users post free classified ads.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-102">[100]</a></sup> Marketplace has been compared to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a>, which points out that the major difference between the two is that listings posted by a user on Marketplace are seen only by users in the same network as that user, whereas listings posted on Craigslist can be seen by anyone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-103">[101]</a></sup><br />
On July 20, 2008, Facebook introduced "Facebook Beta", a significant redesign of its user interface on selected networks. The Mini-Feed and Wall were consolidated, profiles were separated into tabbed sections, and an effort was made to create a "cleaner" look.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-104">[102]</a></sup> After initially giving users a choice to switch, Facebook began migrating all users to the new version beginning in September 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-105">[103]</a></sup> On December 11, 2008, it was announced that Facebook was testing a simpler signup process.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-106">[104]</a></sup><br />
On June 13, 2009, Facebook introduced a "Usernames" feature, whereby pages can be linked with simpler <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a> such as <code><a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/facebook" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/facebook</a></code> as opposed to <code><a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=20531316728" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=20531316728</a></code>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-107">[105]</a></sup> Many new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> offer access to Facebook services through either their web-browsers or applications. An official Facebook application is available for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_OS" title="IPhone OS">iPhone OS</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_OS" title="Android OS">Android OS</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebOS" title="WebOS">WebOS</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_In_Motion" title="Research In Motion">Research In Motion</a> both provide Facebook applications for their own mobile devices. More than 150 million active users access Facebook through mobile devices across 200 mobile operators in 60 countries.<br />
On November 15, 2010, Facebook announced a new "Facebook Messages" service. In a media event that day, CEO Mark Zuckerberg said, "It's true that people will be able to have an @facebook.com email addresses, but it's not email". The launch of such a feature had been anticipated for some time before the announcement, with some calling it a "Gmail killer". The system, to be available to all of the website's users, combines <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email" title="Email">emails</a>, and regular messages, and will include privacy settings similar to those of other Facebook services. Codenamed "Project Titan", Facebook Messages took 15 months to develop.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-108">[106]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-109">[107]</a></sup><br />
In February 2011, Facebook began to use the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCalendar" title="HCalendar">hCalendar microformat</a> to mark up events, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCard" title="HCard">hCard microformat</a> for the events' venues, enabling the extraction of details to users' own calendar or mapping applications.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Protalinski_110-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-Protalinski-110">[108]</a></sup><br />
Since April 2011 Facebook users have had the ability to make live voice calls via Facebook Chat, allowing users to chat with others from all over the world. This feature, which is provided free through T-Mobile's new Bobsled service, lets the user add voice to the current Facebook Chat as well as leave voice messages on Facebook.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-111">[109]</a></sup><br />
On July 6, 2011, Facebook launched its video calling services using Skype as its technology partner. It allows one to one calling using a Skype Rest API.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-112">[110]</a></sup> For a brief period of time earlier that day, the URL "facebook.com" led to a Swedish website that was hosted through Google Sites. On July 14 Facebook wouldn't allow access.<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reception">Reception</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook_popularity.PNG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="231" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/Facebook_popularity.PNG/300px-Facebook_popularity.PNG" width="300" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook_popularity.PNG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Facebook popularity. Active users of Facebook increased from just a million in 2004 to over 750 million in 2011.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook_users_by_age.PNG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="177" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Facebook_users_by_age.PNG/300px-Facebook_users_by_age.PNG" width="300" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook_users_by_age.PNG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Facebook - Users by Age.</div></div></div>According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComScore" title="ComScore">comScore</a>, Facebook is the leading social networking site based on monthly unique visitors, having overtaken main competitor <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace" title="MySpace">MySpace</a> in April 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-113">[111]</a></sup> ComScore reports that Facebook attracted 130 million unique visitors in May 2010, an increase of 8.6 million people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-114">[112]</a></sup> According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa</a>, the website's ranking among all websites increased from 60th to 7th in worldwide traffic, from September 2006 to September 2007, and is currently 2nd.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-alexatrafficrank_115-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-alexatrafficrank-115">[113]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantcast" title="Quantcast">Quantcast</a> ranks the website 2nd in the U.S. in traffic,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-116">[114]</a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compete.com" title="Compete.com">Compete.com</a> ranks it 2nd in the U.S.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-117">[115]</a></sup> The website is the most popular for uploading photos, with 50 billion uploaded cumulatively.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-118">[116]</a></sup> In 2010, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophos" title="Sophos">Sophos</a>'s "Security Threat Report 2010" polled over 500 firms, 60% of which responded that they believed that Facebook was the social network that posed the biggest threat to security, well ahead of MySpace, Twitter, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-revealed_119-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-revealed-119">[117]</a></sup><br />
Facebook is the most popular social networking site in several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries where English is an official language">English-speaking countries</a>, including Canada,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-canada_120-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-canada-120">[118]</a></sup> the United Kingdom,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-uk_121-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-uk-121">[119]</a></sup> and the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-122">[120]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-123">[121]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-124">[122]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-125">[123]</a></sup> In regional Internet markets, Facebook penetration is highest in North America (69 percent), followed by Middle East-Africa (67 percent), Latin America (58 percent), Europe (57 percent), and Asia-Pacific (17 percent).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-126">[124]</a></sup><br />
The website has won awards such as placement into the "Top 100 Classic Websites" by <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Magazine" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a></i> in 2007,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-127">[125]</a></sup> and winning the "People's Voice Award" from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webby_Award" title="Webby Award">Webby Awards</a> in 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-webby_128-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-webby-128">[126]</a></sup> In a 2006 study conducted by Student Monitor, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>-based company specializing in research concerning the college student market, Facebook was named the second most popular thing among undergraduates, tied with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> and only ranked lower than the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-129">[127]</a></sup><br />
On March 2010, Judge Richard Seeborg issued an order approving the class settlement in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_v._Facebook,_Inc." title="Lane v. Facebook, Inc.">Lane v. Facebook, Inc.</a></i>, the class action lawsuit arising out of Facebook's Beacon program.<br />
In 2010, Facebook won the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchie" title="Crunchie">Crunchie</a> "Best Overall Startup Or Product" for the third year in a row<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-130"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-130">[128]</a></sup> and was recognized as one of the "Hottest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a> Companies" by Lead411.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-131">[129]</a></sup> However, in a July 2010 survey performed by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Customer_Satisfaction_Index" title="American Customer Satisfaction Index">American Customer Satisfaction Index</a>, Facebook received a score of 64 out of 100, placing it in the bottom 5% of all private-sector companies in terms of customer satisfaction, alongside industries such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRS_e-file" title="IRS e-file">IRS e-file</a> system, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airlines</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_companies" title="Cable companies">cable companies</a>. The reasons why Facebook scored so poorly include privacy problems, frequent changes to the website's interface, the results returned by the News Feed, and spam.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-132"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-132">[130]</a></sup><br />
In December 2008, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory">Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory</a> ruled that Facebook is a valid <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_%28diplomacy%29" title="Protocol (diplomacy)">protocol</a> to serve court notices to defendants. It is believed to be the world's first legal judgement that defines a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summons" title="Summons">summons</a> posted on Facebook as legally binding.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-133"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-133">[131]</a></sup> In March 2009, the New Zealand High Court associate justice David Gendall allowed for the serving of legal papers on Craig Axe by the company Axe Market Garden via Facebook.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-134"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-134">[132]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-135"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-135">[133]</a></sup> Employers (such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic_Airways" title="Virgin Atlantic Airways">Virgin Atlantic Airways</a>) have also used Facebook as a means to keep tabs on their employees and have even been known to fire them over posts they have made.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-136"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-136">[134]</a></sup><br />
By 2005, the use of Facebook had already become so ubiquitous that the generic verb "facebooking" had come into use to describe the process of browsing others' profiles or updating one's own.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-137"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-137">[135]</a></sup> In 2008, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a> declared "Facebook" as its new Word of the Year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-138"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-138">[136]</a></sup> In December 2009, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Oxford_American_Dictionary" title="New Oxford American Dictionary">New Oxford American Dictionary</a> declared its word of the year to be the verb "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfriend" title="Unfriend">unfriend</a>", defined as "To remove someone as a '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friend_%28Facebook%29" title="Friend (Facebook)">friend</a>' on a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking" title="Social networking">social networking</a> site such as Facebook. As in, 'I decided to unfriend my roommate on Facebook after we had a fight.'"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-139">[137]</a></sup><br />
In April 2010, according to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, countries with the most Facebook users were the United States, the United Kingdom, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-140"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-140">[138]</a></sup> Indonesia has become the country with the second largest number of Facebook users, after the United States, with 24 million users, or 10% of Indonesia's population.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-141"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-141">[139]</a></sup> Also in early 2010, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openbook_%28website%29" title="Openbook (website)">Openbook</a> was established, an avowed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> (and privacy advocacy) website<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-142"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-142">[140]</a></sup> that enables text-based searches of those Wall posts that are available to "Everyone", i.e. to everyone on the Internet.<br />
Writers for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> found in 2010 that Facebook apps were transmitting identifying information to "dozens of advertising and Internet tracking companies". The apps used an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_referrer" title="HTTP referrer">HTTP referrer</a> which exposed the user's identity and sometimes their friends'. Facebook said, "We have taken immediate action to disable all applications that violate our terms".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-143"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-143">[141]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Privacy">Privacy</span></h2>According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComScore" title="ComScore">comScore</a>, an internet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_research" title="Marketing research">marketing research</a> company, Facebook collects as much data from its visitors as Google and Microsoft, but considerably less than <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-144"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-144">[142]</a></sup> In 2010, the security team began expanding its efforts to reduce the risks to users' <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-revealed_119-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-revealed-119">[117]</a></sup> On November 6, 2007, Facebook launched <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_Beacon" title="Facebook Beacon">Facebook Beacon</a>, which was an ultimately failed attempt to advertise to friends of users using the knowledge of what purchases friends made.<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a></div>Facebook has met with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">controversies</a>. It has been blocked intermittently in several countries including the People's Republic of China,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-chinablock_145-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-chinablock-145">[143]</a></sup> Vietnam,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-benstocking_146-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-benstocking-146">[144]</a></sup> Iran,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-147"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-147">[145]</a></sup> Uzbekistan,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-148"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-148">[146]</a></sup> Pakistan,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-149"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-149">[147]</a></sup> Syria,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-150"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-150">[148]</a></sup> and Bangladesh on different bases. For example, it was banned in many countries of the world on the basis of allowed content judged as anti-Islamic and containing religious discrimination. It has also been banned at many workplaces to prevent employees wasting their time on the site.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-151"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-151">[149]</a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook#Privacy_concerns" title="Criticism of Facebook">privacy of Facebook users</a> has also been an issue, and the safety of user accounts has been compromised several times. Facebook has settled a lawsuit regarding claims over source code and intellectual property.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-152"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-152">[150]</a></sup> In May 2011 emails were sent to journalists and bloggers making critical allegations about Google's privacy policies; however it was later discovered that the anti-Google campaign, conducted by PR giant Burson-Marsteller, was paid for by Facebook in what CNN referred to as "a new level skullduggery" and which Daily Beast called a "clumsy smear".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-153"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-153">[151]</a></sup><br />
In July 2011 German authorities began to discuss the prohibition of events organized on Facebook. The decision is based on several cases of overcrowding by people not originally invited.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-154"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-154">[152]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-155"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-155">[153]</a></sup> 1600 "guests" attended the 16th birthday party of a Hamburg girl who incorrectly marked the event invitation as public. After reports of overcrowding, more than a hundred police were deployed for crowd control. A policeman was injured and eleven participants were arrested for assault, property damage and resistance to authorities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-156"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-156">[154]</a></sup> In another unexpected event with overcrowding, 41 young people were arrested and at least 16 injured.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-157"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-157">[155]</a></sup><br />
In May 2011, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCL_Technologies" title="HCL Technologies">HCL Technologies</a> announced that approximately 50% of British employers had banned Facebook from the work place.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-158"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-158">[156]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Media_impact">Media impact</span></h2>In April 2011, Facebook launched a new portal for marketers and creative agencies to help them develop brand promotions on Facebook.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-159"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-159">[157]</a></sup> The company began its push by inviting a select group of British advertising leaders to meet Facebook's top executives at an "influencers' summit" in February 2010. Facebook has now been involved in campaigns for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Blood" title="True Blood">True Blood</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol" title="American Idol">American Idol</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear_%282002_TV_series%29" title="Top Gear (2002 TV series)">Top Gear</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-160"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-160">[158]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Social_impact">Social impact</span></h2>Facebook has affected the social life and activity of people in various ways. It can reunite lost family members and friends. One such reunion was between John Watson and the daughter he had been searching for 20 years. They met after Watson found her facebook profile.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-161"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-161">[159]</a></sup> Another father-daughter reunion was between Tony Macnauton and Frances Simpson, who had not seen each other for nearly 48 years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-162"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-162">[160]</a></sup><br />
Some studies have named Facebook as a source of problems in relationships. Several news stories have suggested that using Facebook causes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">infidelity</a>, but the claims have been questioned and refuted by other commentators.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-163"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-163">[161]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-164"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-164">[162]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_impact">Political impact</span></h2><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abc_facebook_debate_saint_anselm.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Abc_facebook_debate_saint_anselm.JPG/220px-Abc_facebook_debate_saint_anselm.JPG" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abc_facebook_debate_saint_anselm.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>The stage at the Facebook – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Anselm_College" title="Saint Anselm College">Saint Anselm College</a> debates in 2008.</div></div></div><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="23" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="40" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Wikinews has related news: <i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Egyptian_man_names_daughter_%27Facebook%27" title="wikinews:Egyptian man names daughter 'Facebook'">Egyptian man names daughter 'Facebook'</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>Facebook's role in the American political process was demonstrated in January 2008, shortly before the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a>, when Facebook teamed up with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Anselm_College" title="Saint Anselm College">Saint Anselm College</a> to allow users to give live feedback about the "back to back" January 5 Republican and Democratic debates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-165"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-165">[163]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-166"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-166">[164]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-167"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-167">[165]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gibson" title="Charles Gibson">Charles Gibson</a> moderated both debates, held at the Dana Center for the Humanities at Saint Anselm College. Facebook users took part in debate groups organized around specific topics, register to vote, and message questions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-168"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-168">[166]</a></sup><br />
Over a million people installed the Facebook application 'US politics' in order to take part, and the application measured users' responses to specific comments made by the debating candidates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-169"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-169">[167]</a></sup> This debate showed the broader community what many young students had already experienced: Facebook was an extremely popular and powerful new way to interact and voice opinions. An article by Michelle Sullivan of Uwire.com illustrates how the "facebook effect" has affected youth voting rates, support by youth of political candidates, and general involvement by the youth population in the 2008 election.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-170"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-170">[168]</a></sup><br />
In February 2008, a Facebook group called "One Million Voices Against FARC" organized an event in which hundreds of thousands of Colombians marched in protest against the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia</a>, better known as the FARC (from the group's Spanish name).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-171"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-171">[169]</a></sup> In August 2010, one of North Korea's official government websites and the official news agency of the country, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriminzokkiri" title="Uriminzokkiri">Uriminzokkiri</a>, joined Facebook.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-172"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-172">[170]</a></sup><br />
In 2010 an English director of public health, whose staff was researching <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, linked and attributed a rise in cases of the disease in areas of Britain to Facebook. The reports of this research were rebuked by Facebook as "ignoring the difference between <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">correlation</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causation</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-173"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-173">[171]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span></h2><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="23" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="40" /></td> <td class="mbox-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikinews" title="Wikinews">Wikinews</a> has news involving Facebook:</td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="mbox-text" colspan="2"><div style="clear: left; margin-left: 5px;"><ul><li><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Bloggers_investigate_social_networking_websites" title="n:Bloggers investigate social networking websites">Bloggers investigate social networking websites</a></li>
<li><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/News_services_and_World_Wide_Web_companies_increase_Farsi_services_after_Iranian_presidential_election" title="n:News services and World Wide Web companies increase Farsi services after Iranian presidential election">News services and World Wide Web companies increase Persian language services after Iranian presidential election</a></li>
</ul></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><ul><li>At age 102, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Bean" title="Ivy Bean">Ivy Bean</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, England joined Facebook in 2008, making her one of the oldest people ever on Facebook. An inspiration to other residents of the care home in which she lived,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-174"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-174">[172]</a></sup> she quickly became more widely known and several fan pages were made in her honor. She visited Prime Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> and his wife, Sarah, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_Street" title="Downing Street">Downing Street</a> early in 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-175"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-175">[173]</a></sup> Some time after creating her Facebook page, Bean also joined <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, when she passed the maximum number of friends allowed by Facebook. She became the oldest person to ever use the Twitter website. At the time of her death in July 2010, she had 4,962 friends on Facebook and more than 56,000 followers on Twitter. Her death was widely reported in the media and she received tributes from several notable media personalities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-176"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-176">[174]</a></sup></li>
<li>"<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FriendFace" title="FriendFace">FriendFace</a>", a December 2008 episode of the British sitcom, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd" title="The IT Crowd">The IT Crowd</a></i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parodied</a> Facebook and social networking sites in general.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DenOfGeek22March2009_177-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-DenOfGeek22March2009-177">[175]</a></sup></li>
<li>American author <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Mezrich" title="Ben Mezrich">Ben Mezrich</a> published a book in July 2009 about Mark Zuckerberg and the founding of Facebook, titled <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Accidental_Billionaires:_The_Founding_of_Facebook,_A_Tale_of_Sex,_Money,_Genius,_and_Betrayal" title="The Accidental Billionaires: The Founding of Facebook, A Tale of Sex, Money, Genius, and Betrayal">The Accidental Billionaires: The Founding of Facebook, A Tale of Sex, Money, Genius, and Betrayal</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-178"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-178">[176]</a></sup></li>
<li>In response to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_Draw_Mohammed_Day" title="Everybody Draw Mohammed Day">Everybody Draw Mohammed Day</a> controversy and the ban of the website in Pakistan, an Islamic version of the website was created, called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MillatFacebook" title="MillatFacebook">MillatFacebook</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-afp_179-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-afp-179">[177]</a></sup></li>
<li>"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Have_0_Friends" title="You Have 0 Friends">You Have 0 Friends</a>", an April 2010 episode of the American animated comedy series, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i>, parodied Facebook.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GuardianMediaMonkey8April2010_180-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-GuardianMediaMonkey8April2010-180">[178]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Network" title="The Social Network">The Social Network</a></i>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film" title="Drama film">drama film</a> directed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fincher" title="David Fincher">David Fincher</a> about the founding of Facebook, was released October 1, 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-181"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-181">[179]</a></sup> The film features an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast" title="Ensemble cast">ensemble cast</a> consisting of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Eisenberg" title="Jesse Eisenberg">Jesse Eisenberg</a> as Mark Zuckerberg, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Garfield" title="Andrew Garfield">Andrew Garfield</a> as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Saverin" title="Eduardo Saverin">Eduardo Saverin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Timberlake" title="Justin Timberlake">Justin Timberlake</a> as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Parker" title="Sean Parker">Sean Parker</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armie_Hammer" title="Armie Hammer">Armie Hammer</a> as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Winklevoss" title="Cameron Winklevoss">Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss</a>. The film was written by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Sorkin" title="Aaron Sorkin">Aaron Sorkin</a> and adapted from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Mezrich" title="Ben Mezrich">Ben Mezrich</a>'s 2009 book. The film was distributed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a>. No staff members of Facebook, including Zuckerberg, were involved with the project. However, one of Facebook's co-founders, Eduardo Saverin, was a consultant for Mezrich's book. Mark Zuckerberg has said that <i>The Social Network</i> is inaccurate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-182"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-182">[180]</a></sup></li>
<li>On February 22, 2011, an Egyptian baby was named "Facebook" to commemorate the vital role Facebook and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> played in Egypt's revolution.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-183"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-183">[181]</a></sup></li>
<li>On May 16, 2011, an Israeli couple named their daughter after the Facebook "like" feature. They explained that it wasn't to advertise for Facebook, but because they fancied the meaning behind the word.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-184"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-184">[182]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-185"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-185">[183]</a></sup></li>
</ul><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><div class="noprint tright portal" style="border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"><table style="background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 85%; line-height: 110%; max-width: 175px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg"><img alt="" height="23" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/32px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg" width="32" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Portal:San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area portal</a></b></i></td> </tr>
<tr valign="middle"> <td style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Factory_1b.svg"><img alt="" height="26" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Factory_1b.svg/32px-Factory_1b.svg.png" width="32" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></b></i></td> </tr>
<tr valign="middle"> <td style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png"><img alt="" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png" width="28" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_awareness" title="Ambient awareness">Ambient awareness</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">Cyberstalking</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_websites" title="List of social networking websites">List of social networking websites</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_virtual_communities_with_more_than_100_million_users" title="List of virtual communities with more than 100 million users">List of virtual communities with more than 100 million users</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_degrees_of_separation" title="Six degrees of separation">Six degrees of separation</a></li>
</ul><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2><div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-totalactiveusers-29"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-totalactiveusers_29-0">^</a></b> An "active user" is defined by Facebook as a user who has visited the website in the last 30 days.</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> "Monthly growth" is the average percentage growth rate at which the total number of active users grows each month over the specified period.</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> This value is from an investment document. The date is from when the document was revealed to the public, not the actual date that the website reached this many users.</li>
</ol></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-Growth-0">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-Growth_0-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-Growth_0-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news">Eldon, Eric (December 18, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://venturebeat.com/2008/12/18/2008-growth-puts-facebook-in-better-position-to-make-money/" rel="nofollow">"2008 Growth Puts Facebook In Better Position to Make Money"</a>. <i>VentureBeat</i> (San Francisco)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved December 19, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=2008+Growth+Puts+Facebook+In+Better+Position+to+Make+Money&rft.jtitle=VentureBeat&rft.aulast=Eldon%2C+Eric&rft.au=Eldon%2C+Eric&rft.date=December+18%2C+2008&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2008%2F12%2F18%2F2008-growth-puts-facebook-in-better-position-to-make-money%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-likely-1">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-likely_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-likely_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news">Womack, Brian (December 16, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-16/facebook-sales-said-likely-to-reach-2-billion-this-year-beating-target.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook 2010 Sales Said Likely to Reach $2 Billion, More Than Estimated"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i> (New York)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 5, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+2010+Sales+Said+Likely+to+Reach+%242+Billion%2C+More+Than+Estimated&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.aulast=Womack%2C+Brian&rft.au=Womack%2C+Brian&rft.date=December+16%2C+2010&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2010-12-16%2Ffacebook-sales-said-likely-to-reach-2-billion-this-year-beating-target.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pressinfo-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-pressinfo_2-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php" rel="nofollow">"Press Info"</a>, Facebook. Retrieved May 27, 2010.</li>
<li id="cite_note-alexa-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-alexa_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/facebook.com" rel="nofollow">"Facebook.com Site Info"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa Internet</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-08-04</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook.com+Site+Info&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BAlexa+Internet%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexa.com%2Fsiteinfo%2Ffacebook.com&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2011-07-06-facebook-skype-growth_n.htm" rel="nofollow">Facebook says membership has grown to 750 million - USATODAY.com</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-msnbc.msn.com-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-msnbc.msn.com_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40929239/ns/technology_and_science-tech_and_gadgets/" rel="nofollow">"Goldman to clients: Facebook has 600 million users"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></i>. January 5, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July January 15, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Goldman+to+clients%3A+Facebook+has+600%26nbsp%3Bmillion+users&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BMSNBC%5D%5D&rft.date=January+5%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F40929239%2Fns%2Ftechnology_and_science-tech_and_gadgets%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-businessinsider.com-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-businessinsider.com_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-has-more-than-600-million-users-goldman-tells-clients-2011-1" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Has More Than 600 Million Users, Goldman Tells Clients"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i>. January 5, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 15, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+Has+More+Than+600%26nbsp%3BMillion+Users%2C+Goldman+Tells+Clients&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BBusiness+Insider%5D%5D&rft.date=January+5%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Ffacebook-has-more-than-600-million-users-goldman-tells-clients-2011-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Carlson, Nicholas (March 5, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-facebook-was-founded-2010-3#we-can-talk-about-that-after-i-get-all-the-basic-functionality-up-tomorrow-night-1" rel="nofollow">"At Last – The Full Story Of How Facebook Was Founded"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=At+Last%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+The+Full+Story+Of+How+Facebook+Was+Founded&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Carlson%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&rft.date=March+5%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fhow-facebook-was-founded-2010-3%23we-can-talk-about-that-after-i-get-all-the-basic-functionality-up-tomorrow-night-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.consumerreports.org/electronics/2011/05/five-million-facebook-users-are-10-or-younger.html" rel="nofollow">"Five million Facebook users are 10 or younger"</a>. <i>ConsumerReports.org</i>. May 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 15, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Five+million+Facebook+users+are+10+or+younger&rft.jtitle=ConsumerReports.org&rft.date=May+10%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.consumerreports.org%2Felectronics%2F2011%2F05%2Ffive-million-facebook-users-are-10-or-younger.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Kazeniac-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-Kazeniac_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Kazeniac, Andy (February 9, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/" rel="nofollow">"Social Networks: Facebook Takes Over Top Spot, Twitter Climbs"</a>. <i>Compete Pulse blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 17, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Social+Networks%3A+Facebook+Takes+Over+Top+Spot%2C+Twitter+Climbs&rft.jtitle=Compete+Pulse+blog&rft.aulast=Kazeniac%2C+Andy&rft.au=Kazeniac%2C+Andy&rft.date=February+9%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.compete.com%2F2009%2F02%2F09%2Ffacebook-myspace-twitter-social-network%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; <i>et al.</i> (December 11, 2009). "THE 100 Greatest Movies, TV Shows, Albums, Books, Characters, Scenes, Episodes, Songs, Dresses, Music Videos, and Trends that entertained us over the 10 Years". <i>Entertainment Weekly</i> (New York) ((1079/1080):74-84).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=THE+100+Greatest+Movies%2C+TV+Shows%2C+Albums%2C+Books%2C+Characters%2C+Scenes%2C+Episodes%2C+Songs%2C+Dresses%2C+Music+Videos%2C+and+Trends+that+entertained+us+over+the+10+Years&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.aulast=Geier%2C+Thom&rft.au=Geier%2C+Thom&rft.date=December+11%2C+2009&rft.issue=%281079%2F1080%29%3A74-84&rft.place=New+York&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.quantcast.com/facebook.com" rel="nofollow">"facebook.com – Quantcast Audience Profile"</a>. Quantcast.com. April 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 15, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=facebook.com%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Quantcast+Audience+Profile&rft.atitle=&rft.date=April+29%2C+2011&rft.pub=Quantcast.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quantcast.com%2Ffacebook.com&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Wells, Roy (August 8, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.socialmediatoday.com/roywells1/158020/416-us-population-has-facebook-account" rel="nofollow">"41.6% of the U.S. Population has a Facebook account"</a>. <i>Social Media Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 6, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=41.6%25+of+the+U.S.+Population+has+a+Facebook+account&rft.jtitle=Social+Media+Today&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Wells%2C%26%2332%3BRoy&rft.date=August+8%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialmediatoday.com%2Froywells1%2F158020%2F416-us-population-has-facebook-account&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/TECH/social.media/06/13/facebook.dropping.america/index.html" rel="nofollow">"Is Facebook growth stalling in North America?"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Is+Facebook+growth+stalling+in+North+America%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2011%2FTECH%2Fsocial.media%2F06%2F13%2Ffacebook.dropping.america%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated2007-14">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-autogenerated2007_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-autogenerated2007_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news">Locke, Laura (July 17, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1644040,00.html" rel="nofollow">"The Future of Facebook"</a>. <i>Time</i> (New York)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 13, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Future+of+Facebook&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.aulast=Locke%2C+Laura&rft.au=Locke%2C+Laura&rft.date=July+17%2C+2007&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1644040%2C00.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Tabak, Alan J. (February 9, 2004). <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050403215543/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=357292" rel="nofollow">"Hundreds Register for New Facebook Website"</a>. <i>The Harvard Crimson</i> (Cambridge, MA). Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=357292" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on April 3, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 7, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hundreds+Register+for+New+Facebook+Website&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft.aulast=Tabak&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.&rft.au=Tabak%2C%26%2332%3BAlan+J.&rft.date=February+9%2C+2004&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20050403215543%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle.aspx%3Fref%3D357292&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-fastcompany.com-16">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-fastcompany.com_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-fastcompany.com_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news">McGirt, Ellen (May 1, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/115/open_features-hacker-dropout-ceo.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg: Hacker. Dropout. CEO."</a>. <i>Fast Company</i> (New York)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 5, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook%27s+Mark+Zuckerberg%3A+Hacker.+Dropout.+CEO.&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.aulast=McGirt%2C+Ellen&rft.au=McGirt%2C+Ellen&rft.date=May+1%2C+2007&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2Fmagazine%2F115%2Fopen_features-hacker-dropout-ceo.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-facemash_survives-17"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-facemash_survives_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Kaplan, Katherine (November 19, 2003). <a class="external text" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=350143" rel="nofollow">"Facemash Creator Survives Ad Board"</a>. <i>The Harvard Crimson</i> (Cambridge, MA)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 5, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facemash+Creator+Survives+Ad+Board&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft.aulast=Kaplan%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Katherine&rft.date=November+19%2C+2003&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle.aspx%3Fref%3D350143&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Hoffman.2C_Claire-18"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-Hoffman.2C_Claire_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Hoffman, Claire (June 28, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080703220456/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/21129674/the_battle_for_facebook/" rel="nofollow">"The Battle for Facebook"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i> (New York). Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/21129674/the_battle_for_facebook/" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on July 3, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 5, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Battle+for+Facebook&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.aulast=Hoffman%2C+Claire&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Claire&rft.date=June+28%2C+2008&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080703220456%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F21129674%2Fthe_battle_for_facebook%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-skepticism-19"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-skepticism_19-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Seward, Zachary M. (July 25, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118539991204578084.html?mod=googlenews_wsj" rel="nofollow">"Judge Expresses Skepticism About Facebook Lawsuit"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> (New York)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 30, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Judge+Expresses+Skepticism+About+Facebook+Lawsuit&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.aulast=Seward%2C+Zachary+M.&rft.au=Seward%2C+Zachary+M.&rft.date=July+25%2C+2007&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB118539991204578084.html%3Fmod%3Dgooglenews_wsj&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-zuckerberghacked-20"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-zuckerberghacked_20-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Carlson, Nicolas (March 5, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-mark-zuckerberg-hacked-into-the-harvard-crimson-2010-3" rel="nofollow">"In 2004, Mark Zuckerberg Broke Into A Facebook User's Private Email Account"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 5, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+2004%2C+Mark+Zuckerberg+Broke+Into+A+Facebook+User%27s+Private+Email+Account&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Carlson%2C%26%2332%3BNicolas&rft.date=March+5%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fhow-mark-zuckerberg-hacked-into-the-harvard-crimson-2010-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-nytb-21"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-nytb_21-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Stone, Brad (June 28, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/26/judge-ends-facebooks-feud-with-connectu/index.html" rel="nofollow">"Judge Ends Facebook's Feud With ConnectU"</a>. <i>New York Times blog</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Judge+Ends+Facebook%27s+Feud+With+ConnectU&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times+blog&rft.aulast=Stone%2C+Brad&rft.au=Stone%2C+Brad&rft.date=June+28%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbits.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F26%2Fjudge-ends-facebooks-feud-with-connectu%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Phillips, Sarah (July 25, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2007/jul/25/media.newmedia" rel="nofollow">"A brief history of Facebook"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 7, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+Facebook&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.aulast=Phillips%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Sarah&rft.date=July+25%2C+2007&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2F2007%2Fjul%2F25%2Fmedia.newmedia&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-timeline-23">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-timeline_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-timeline_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation press release">Facebook (January 1, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?timeline" rel="nofollow">"Company Timeline"</a>. Press release<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 5, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Company+Timeline&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Facebook&rft.au=Facebook&rft.date=January+1%2C+2007&rft.series=Press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpress%2Finfo.php%3Ftimeline&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Rosmarin, Rachel (September 11, 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.forbes.com/2006/09/11/facebook-opens-up-cx_rr_0911facebook.html" rel="nofollow">"Open Facebook"</a>. <i>Forbes</i> (New York)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 13, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Open+Facebook&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.aulast=Rosmarin%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Rosmarin%2C+Rachel&rft.date=September+11%2C+2006&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2006%2F09%2F11%2Ffacebook-opens-up-cx_rr_0911facebook.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Nguyen, Lananh (April 12, 2004). <a class="external text" href="http://www.tuftsdaily.com/2.5541/1.600318" rel="nofollow">"Online network created by Harvard students flourishes"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tufts_Daily" title="The Tufts Daily">The Tufts Daily</a></i> (Medford, MA)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 21, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Online+network+created+by+Harvard+students+flourishes&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Tufts+Daily%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Lananh&rft.au=Nguyen%2C%26%2332%3BLananh&rft.date=April+12%2C+2004&rft.place=Medford%2C+MA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuftsdaily.com%2F2.5541%2F1.600318&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NYT_260505-26"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-NYT_260505_26-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Rosen, Ellen (May 26, 2005). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/26/business/26sbiz.html?_r=2&scp=1&sq=thefacebook+parker&st=nyt" rel="nofollow">"Student's Start-Up Draws Attention and $13 Million"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 18, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Student%27s+Start-Up+Draws+Attention+and+%2413%26nbsp%3BMillion&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Rosen%2C+Ellen&rft.au=Rosen%2C+Ellen&rft.date=May+26%2C+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F05%2F26%2Fbusiness%2F26sbiz.html%3F_r%3D2%26scp%3D1%26sq%3Dthefacebook%2Bparker%26st%3Dnyt&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-beware-27"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-beware_27-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/general/beware-facebook/2008/01/18/1200620184398.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2" rel="nofollow">"Why you should beware of Facebook"</a>. <i>The Age</i> (Melbourne). January 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 30, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+you+should+beware+of+Facebook&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.date=January+20%2C+2008&rft.place=Melbourne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2Fbeware-facebook%2F2008%2F01%2F18%2F1200620184398.html%3Fpage%3Dfullpage%23contentSwap2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Williams, Chris (October 1, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/10/01/facebook_domain_dispute/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook wins Manx battle for face-book.com"</a>. <i>The Register</i> (London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 13, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+wins+Manx+battle+for+face-book.com&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.aulast=Williams%2C+Chris&rft.au=Williams%2C+Chris&rft.date=October+1%2C+2007&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2007%2F10%2F01%2Ffacebook_domain_dispute%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span>|</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Zuckerberg, Mark (August 26, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=28111272130" rel="nofollow">"Our First 100 Million"</a>. The Facebook Blog<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 26, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Our+First+100+Million&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Zuckerberg%2C+Mark&rft.au=Zuckerberg%2C+Mark&rft.date=August+26%2C+2008&rft.pub=The+Facebook+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D28111272130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Zuckerberg, Mark (April 8, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=72353897130" rel="nofollow">"200 Million Strong"</a>. The Facebook Blog<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 26, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=200+Million+Strong&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Zuckerberg%2C+Mark&rft.au=Zuckerberg%2C+Mark&rft.date=April+8%2C+2009&rft.pub=The+Facebook+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D72353897130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Zuckerberg, Mark (September 15, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=136782277130" rel="nofollow">"300 Million and On"</a>. The Facebook Blog<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 26, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=300+Million+and+On&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Zuckerberg%2C+Mark&rft.au=Zuckerberg%2C+Mark&rft.date=September+15%2C+2009&rft.pub=The+Facebook+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D136782277130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-400m-34"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-400m_34-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-ads/new-navigation-for-users-and-400-million-active-users-announcement/326050130129" rel="nofollow">"New navigation for users and 400 million active users announcement"</a>. Facebook. February 4, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 26, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=New+navigation+for+users+and+400+million+active+users+announcement&rft.atitle=&rft.date=February+4%2C+2010&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fnotes%2Ffacebook-ads%2Fnew-navigation-for-users-and-400-million-active-users-announcement%2F326050130129&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-500m-35"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-500m_35-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Zuckerberg, Mark (July 21, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=409753352130" rel="nofollow">"500 Million Stories"</a>. The Facebook Blog<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 21, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=500%26nbsp%3BMillion+Stories&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Zuckerberg%2C+Mark&rft.au=Zuckerberg%2C+Mark&rft.date=July+21%2C+2010&rft.pub=The+Facebook+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D409753352130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-600m-36"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-600m_36-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Carlson, Nicholas (January 5, 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40929239/ns/technology_and_science-tech_and_gadgets/" rel="nofollow">"Goldman to clients: Facebook has 600 million users"</a>. <i>MSNBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 11, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Goldman+to+clients%3A+Facebook+has+600%26nbsp%3Bmillion+users&rft.jtitle=MSNBC&rft.aulast=Carlson%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Carlson%2C+Nicholas&rft.date=January+5%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F40929239%2Fns%2Ftechnology_and_science-tech_and_gadgets%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-750m-38"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-750m_38-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Nathan Olivarez-Giles and Jessica Guynn (July 6, 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/07/watch-facebooks-new-product-announcement-live.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook unveils video calling with Skype, has more than 750 million users"</a>. <i>L.A. Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 6, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+unveils+video+calling+with+Skype%2C+has+more+than+750+million+users&rft.jtitle=L.A.+Times&rft.aulast=Nathan+Olivarez-Giles+and+Jessica+Guynn&rft.au=Nathan+Olivarez-Giles+and+Jessica+Guynn&rft.date=July+6%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Ftechnology%2F2011%2F07%2Fwatch-facebooks-new-product-announcement-live.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Dempsey, Laura (August 3, 2006). "Facebook is the go-to Web site for students looking to hook up". <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Daily_News" title="Dayton Daily News">Dayton Daily News</a></i> (Ohio).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+is+the+go-to+Web+site+for+students+looking+to+hook+up&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BDayton+Daily+News%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Dempsey%2C+Laura&rft.au=Dempsey%2C+Laura&rft.date=August+3%2C+2006&rft.place=Ohio&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Lerer, Lisa (January 25, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20080602081817/http://www.forbes.com/security/2007/01/25/myspace-security-identity-tech-security-cx_ll_0124myspaceage.html" rel="nofollow">"Why MySpace Doesn't Card"</a>. <i>Forbes</i> (New York)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 13, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+MySpace+Doesn%27t+Card&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.aulast=Lerer%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Lerer%2C+Lisa&rft.date=January+25%2C+2007&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassic-web.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080602081817%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsecurity%2F2007%2F01%2F25%2Fmyspace-security-identity-tech-security-cx_ll_0124myspaceage.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Lacy, Sarah (September 12, 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2006/tc20060912_682123.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_technology" rel="nofollow">"Facebook: Opening the Doors Wider"</a>. <i>BusinessWeek</i> (New York)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 9, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook%3A+Opening+the+Doors+Wider&rft.jtitle=BusinessWeek&rft.aulast=Lacy%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Lacy%2C+Sarah&rft.date=September+12%2C+2006&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Ftechnology%2Fcontent%2Fsep2006%2Ftc20060912_682123.htm%3Fchan%3Dtop%2Bnews_top%2Bnews%2Bindex_technology&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-welcome-42">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-welcome_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-welcome_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web">Abram, Carolyn (September 26, 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2210227130" rel="nofollow">"Welcome to Facebook, everyone"</a>. The Facebook Blog<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 8, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Facebook%2C+everyone&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Abram&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft.au=Abram%2C%26%2332%3BCarolyn&rft.date=September+26%2C+2006&rft.pub=The+Facebook+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D2210227130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tos-43"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-tos_43-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/terms.php" rel="nofollow">"Terms of Use"</a>. Facebook. November 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 5, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Terms+of+Use&rft.atitle=&rft.date=November+15%2C+2007&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fterms.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MSPR1-44"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-MSPR1_44-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation press release"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> (October 24, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/press/2007/oct07/10-24FacebookPR.mspx" rel="nofollow">"Facebook and Microsoft Expand Strategic Alliance"</a>. Press release<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 8, 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+and+Microsoft+Expand+Strategic+Alliance&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=%5B%5BMicrosoft%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BMicrosoft%5D%5D&rft.date=October+24%2C+2007&rft.series=Press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2FPresspass%2Fpress%2F2007%2Foct07%2F10-24FacebookPR.mspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BW-6Aug08-45"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-BW-6Aug08_45-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_33/b4096000952343.htm?chan=rss_topEmailedStories_ssi_5" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Stock For Sale"</a>. <i>BusinessWeek</i> (New York)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 6, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+Stock+For+Sale&rft.jtitle=BusinessWeek&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fmagazine%2Fcontent%2F08_33%2Fb4096000952343.htm%3Fchan%3Drss_topEmailedStories_ssi_5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <span class="citation press release">Facebook (October 2, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/releases.php?p=59042" rel="nofollow">"Facebook to Establish International Headquarters in Dublin, Ireland"</a>. Press release<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 30, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+to+Establish+International+Headquarters+in+Dublin%2C+Ireland&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Facebook&rft.au=Facebook&rft.date=October+2%2C+2008&rft.series=Press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpress%2Freleases.php%3Fp%3D59042&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2009/09/16/tech-facebook-300-million-users.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook 'cash flow positive,' signs 300M users"</a>. <i>CBC News</i> (Toronto). September 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 23, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+%27cash+flow+positive%2C%27+signs+300M+users&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.date=September+16%2C+2009&rft.place=Toronto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Ftechnology%2Fstory%2F2009%2F09%2F16%2Ftech-facebook-300-million-users.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Womack, Brian (November 15, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/technology/facebook-becomes-third-biggest-us-web-company/406751" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Becomes Third Biggest US Web Company"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Globe</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+Becomes+Third+Biggest+US+Web+Company&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Globe&rft.aulast=Womack&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Womack%2C%26%2332%3BBrian&rft.date=November+15%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartaglobe.com%2Ftechnology%2Ffacebook-becomes-third-biggest-us-web-company%2F406751&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/google-groupon-deal" rel="nofollow">"6 Reasons Groupon's Rejection Of Google Is Great For The Universe"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. December 10, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 13, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=6+Reasons+Groupon%27s+Rejection+Of+Google+Is+Great+For+The+Universe&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.date=December+10%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fgoogle-groupon-deal&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Dougherty, Heather (March 15, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://weblogs.hitwise.com/heather-dougherty/2010/03/facebook_reaches_top_ranking_i.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Reaches Top Ranking in US"</a>. <i>Experian Hitwise (blog)</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+Reaches+Top+Ranking+in+US&rft.jtitle=Experian+Hitwise+%28blog%29&rft.aulast=Dougherty%2C+Heather&rft.au=Dougherty%2C+Heather&rft.date=March+15%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweblogs.hitwise.com%2Fheather-dougherty%2F2010%2F03%2Ffacebook_reaches_top_ranking_i.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://ibnlive.in.com/news/facebook-deletes-20000-underage-profiles-daily/146972-11.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook deletes 20,000 underage profiles daily"</a>. <i>IBN Live</i>. Press Trust of India (Noida, Uttar Pradesh). March 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 24, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+deletes+20%2C000+underage+profiles+daily&rft.jtitle=IBN+Live&rft.date=March+24%2C+2011&rft.series=Press+Trust+of+India&rft.place=Noida%2C+Uttar+Pradesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibnlive.in.com%2Fnews%2Ffacebook-deletes-20000-underage-profiles-daily%2F146972-11.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> Parr, Ben (February 7, 2011). "<a class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2011/02/07/facebook-menlo-park-pics/" rel="nofollow">These Are Facebook's New Offices [PHOTOS]</a>." <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a></i> (New York). Retrieved April 6, 2011.</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> Brundage, Sandy (February 8, 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.almanacnews.com/news/show_story.php?id=8270" rel="nofollow">"Facebook moving headquarters to Menlo Park: Social-networking giant to move into former Sun/Oracle campus"</a>. <i>The Almanac</i> (Menlo Park, CA).</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Anderson, Ash. <a class="external text" href="http://www.keynoodle.com/facebook-com-surpasses-1-trillion-pageviews/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook.com Hits 1 Trillion Pageviews"</a>. KeyNoodle.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 August 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook.com+Hits+1+Trillion+Pageviews&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Ash&rft.au=Anderson%2C%26%2332%3BAsh&rft.pub=KeyNoodle.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keynoodle.com%2Ffacebook-com-surpasses-1-trillion-pageviews%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-55">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/10/04/facebooks-friend-in-russia/?source=cnn_bin&hpt=Sbin" rel="nofollow">"Facebook's friend in Russia"</a>. <i>Fortune</i>. October 4, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved December 18, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook%27s+friend+in+Russia&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.date=October+4%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.fortune.cnn.com%2F2010%2F10%2F04%2Ffacebooks-friend-in-russia%2F%3Fsource%3Dcnn_bin%26hpt%3DSbin&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Kirkpatrick, David (2010). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=RRUkLhyGZVgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Facebook+Effect&hl=en&ei=IE-eTbSaDsTagQft0p3YDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=outside%20investors&f=false" rel="nofollow"><i>The Facebook effect: the inside story of the company that is connecting the world</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439109809" title="Special:BookSources/9781439109809">9781439109809</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Facebook+effect%3A+the+inside+story+of+the+company+that+is+connecting+the+world&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick%2C+David&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+David&rft.date=2010&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.isbn=9781439109809&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRRUkLhyGZVgC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DThe%2BFacebook%2BEffect%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DIE-eTbSaDsTagQft0p3YDw%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D1%26ved%3D0CCwQ6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Doutside%2520investors%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-57">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">McCarthy, Caroline (May 11, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-9941488-36.html" rel="nofollow">"As Facebook goes corporate, Mark Zuckerberg loses an early player"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET.com" title="CNET.com">CNET.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 12, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=As+Facebook+goes+corporate%2C+Mark+Zuckerberg+loses+an+early+player&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BCNET.com%5D%5D&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=McCarthy%2C%26%2332%3BCaroline&rft.date=May+11%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-13577_3-9941488-36.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-58">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?factsheet" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Factsheet"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 10, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Factsheet&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpress%2Finfo.php%3Ffactsheet&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-59">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/faq.php#Facebook+Ads" rel="nofollow">"Product Overview FAQ: Facebook Ads"</a>. Facebook<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 10, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Product+Overview+FAQ%3A+Facebook+Ads&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpress%2Ffaq.php%23Facebook%2BAds&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since August 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-goes-beyond-60"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-goes-beyond_60-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Arrington, Michael (April 26, 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://techcrunch.com/2006/04/26/facebook-goes-beyond-college-high-school-markets/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Goes Beyond College, High School Markets"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 13, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+Goes+Beyond+College%2C+High+School+Markets&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.aulast=Arrington%2C+Michael&rft.au=Arrington%2C+Michael&rft.date=April+26%2C+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2006%2F04%2F26%2Ffacebook-goes-beyond-college-high-school-markets%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-finances-leaked-61"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-finances-leaked_61-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Schonfeld, Erick (January 31, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://techcrunch.com/2008/01/31/facebook-finances-leaked/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Finances Leaked"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 13, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+Finances+Leaked&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.aulast=Schonfeld%2C+Erick&rft.au=Schonfeld%2C+Erick&rft.date=January+31%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2008%2F01%2F31%2Ffacebook-finances-leaked%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-turns-down-62"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-turns-down_62-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Arrington, Michael (May 19, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://techcrunch.com/2009/05/19/facebook-turns-down-8-billion-valuation-term-sheet-claims-2009-revenues-to-be-550-million/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Turns Down $8 billion Valuation Term Sheet, Claims 2009 Revenues Will Be $550 million"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 13, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+Turns+Down+%248+billion+Valuation+Term+Sheet%2C+Claims+2009+Revenues+Will+Be+%24550+million&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.aulast=Arrington%2C+Michael&rft.au=Arrington%2C+Michael&rft.date=May+19%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2009%2F05%2F19%2Ffacebook-turns-down-8-billion-valuation-term-sheet-claims-2009-revenues-to-be-550-million%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-reported-63"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-reported_63-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Tsotsis, Alexia (January 5, 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://techcrunch.com/2011/01/05/report-facebook-revenue-was-777-million-in-2009-net-income-200-million/" rel="nofollow">"Report: Facebook Revenue Was $777 Million In 2009, Net Income $200 Million"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 5, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Facebook+Revenue+Was+%24777+Million+In+2009%2C+Net+Income+%24200+Million&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.aulast=Tsotsis%2C+Alexia&rft.au=Tsotsis%2C+Alexia&rft.date=January+5%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2011%2F01%2F05%2Freport-facebook-revenue-was-777-million-in-2009-net-income-200-million%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-64">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/nov2007/tc20071128_366355_page_2.htm" rel="nofollow">"Facebook May Revamp Beacon"</a>. <i>BusinessWeek</i>. New York. November 28, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 18, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+May+Revamp+Beacon&rft.atitle=BusinessWeek&rft.date=November+28%2C+2007&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Ftechnology%2Fcontent%2Fnov2007%2Ftc20071128_366355_page_2.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-65">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.accuracast.com/seo-weekly/adwords-clickthrough.php" rel="nofollow">"Google AdWords Click Through Rates Per Position"</a>. AccuraCast. October 9, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 18, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Google+AdWords+Click+Through+Rates+Per+Position&rft.atitle=&rft.date=October+9%2C+2009&rft.pub=AccuraCast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accuracast.com%2Fseo-weekly%2Fadwords-clickthrough.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-66">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Denton, Nick (March 7, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://valleywag.gawker.com/242234/facebook-consistently-the-worst-performing-site" rel="nofollow">"Facebook 'consistently the worst performing site'"</a>. <i>Gawker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 18, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+%27consistently+the+worst+performing+site%27&rft.jtitle=Gawker&rft.aulast=Denton%2C+Nick&rft.au=Denton%2C+Nick&rft.date=March+7%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvalleywag.gawker.com%2F242234%2Ffacebook-consistently-the-worst-performing-site&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-67">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://techpulse360.com/2009/08/12/facebook-says-its-click-through-rates-do-not-match-those-at-google/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Says Click Through Rates Do Not Match Those At Google"</a>. <i>TechPulse 360</i>. August 12, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 18, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+Says+Click+Through+Rates+Do+Not+Match+Those+At+Google&rft.jtitle=TechPulse+360&rft.date=August+12%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechpulse360.com%2F2009%2F08%2F12%2Ffacebook-says-its-click-through-rates-do-not-match-those-at-google%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-68">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Leggatt, Helen (July 16, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.bizreport.com/2007/07/advertisers_disappointed_with_facebooks_ctr.html" rel="nofollow">"Advertisers disappointed with Facebook's CTR"</a>. <i>BizReport</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 18, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Advertisers+disappointed+with+Facebook%27s+CTR&rft.jtitle=BizReport&rft.aulast=Leggatt%2C+Helen&rft.au=Leggatt%2C+Helen&rft.date=July+16%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizreport.com%2F2007%2F07%2Fadvertisers_disappointed_with_facebooks_ctr.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-69">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Klaassen, Abbey (August 13, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://adage.com/digitalnext/post?article_id=138442" rel="nofollow">"Facebook's Click-Through Rates Flourish ... for Wall Posts"</a>. <i>Advertising Age</i> (New York)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 18, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook%27s+Click-Through+Rates+Flourish+...+for+Wall+Posts&rft.jtitle=Advertising+Age&rft.aulast=Klaassen%2C+Abbey&rft.au=Klaassen%2C+Abbey&rft.date=August+13%2C+2009&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadage.com%2Fdigitalnext%2Fpost%3Farticle_id%3D138442&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-70">^</a></b> <span class="citation press release">Involver (July 31, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.prweb.com/releases/2008/07/prweb1162804.htm" rel="nofollow">"Involver Delivers Over 10x the Typical Click-Through Rate for Facebook Ad Campaigns"</a>. Press release<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 18, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Involver+Delivers+Over+10x+the+Typical+Click-Through+Rate+for+Facebook+Ad+Campaigns&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Involver&rft.au=Involver&rft.date=July+31%2C+2008&rft.series=Press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prweb.com%2Freleases%2F2008%2F07%2Fprweb1162804.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-71">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Walsh, Mark (June 15, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.mediapost.com/publications/?fa=Articles.showArticle&art_aid=130217" rel="nofollow">"Study: Video Ads On Facebook More Engaging Than Outside Sites"</a>. <i>MediaPost</i> (New York)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 18, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Study%3A+Video+Ads+On+Facebook+More+Engaging+Than+Outside+Sites&rft.jtitle=MediaPost&rft.aulast=Walsh%2C+Mark&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Mark&rft.date=June+15%2C+2010&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediapost.com%2Fpublications%2F%3Ffa%3DArticles.showArticle%26art_aid%3D130217&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-72">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://namemon.com/news/1-latest-news/115-fbcom-acquired-by-facebook" rel="nofollow">"FB.com acquired by Facebook"</a>. <i>NameMon News</i>. January 11, 2011.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FB.com+acquired+by+Facebook&rft.jtitle=NameMon+News&rft.date=January+11%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnamemon.com%2Fnews%2F1-latest-news%2F115-fbcom-acquired-by-facebook&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-73">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/zuckerberg-makes-surprise-appearance-at-new-prineville-ore-facebook-data-center/2011/04/16/AFT4NamD_story.html" rel="nofollow">"Zuckerberg makes surprise appearance at new Prineville, Ore. Facebook data center"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Associated Press. April 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 16, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zuckerberg+makes+surprise+appearance+at+new+Prineville%2C+Ore.+Facebook+data+center&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.date=April+16%2C+2011&rft.series=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Fzuckerberg-makes-surprise-appearance-at-new-prineville-ore-facebook-data-center%2F2011%2F04%2F16%2FAFT4NamD_story.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since May 2011">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-74">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080227212605/http://w" rel="nofollow">ww.facebook.com/sitetour/profile.php "Edit Your Profile"</a>. Facebook. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/sitetour/profile.php" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on February 27, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 7, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Edit+Your+Profile&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080227212605%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fw+ww.facebook.com%2Fsitetour%2Fprofile.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-75">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/privacy/?view=search" rel="nofollow">"Search Privacy"</a>. Facebook<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 13, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Search+Privacy&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fprivacy%2F%3Fview%3Dsearch&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tc-76"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-tc_76-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Barton, Zoe (April 28, 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080526001748/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9588_22-6066533.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook goes corporate"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZDNet" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a> News</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9588_22-6066533.html" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on May 26, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 9, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+goes+corporate&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BZDNet%5D%5D+News&rft.aulast=Barton%2C+Zoe&rft.au=Barton%2C+Zoe&rft.date=April+28%2C+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080526001748%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fnews.zdnet.com%2F2100-9588_22-6066533.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Choose_Your_Privacy_Settings-77"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-Choose_Your_Privacy_Settings_77-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/settings/?tab=privacy" rel="nofollow">"Choose Your Privacy Settings"</a>. Facebook<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 10, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Choose+Your+Privacy+Settings&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fsettings%2F%3Ftab%3Dprivacy&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-78">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Stone, Brad (May 25, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/25/technology/25social.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Expands Into MySpace's Territory"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 8, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+Expands+Into+MySpace%27s+Territory&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Stone%2C+Brad&rft.au=Stone%2C+Brad&rft.date=May+25%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F25%2Ftechnology%2F25social.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-79">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Ciccone, David (May 7, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://mobilitytoday.com/news/009500/facebook_connect_mt" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Connect fully integrated into Mobility Today"</a>. Mobility Today Fitness<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 10, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Connect+fully+integrated+into+Mobility+Today&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Ciccone%2C+David&rft.au=Ciccone%2C+David&rft.date=May+7%2C+2009&rft.pub=Mobility+Today+Fitness&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmobilitytoday.com%2Fnews%2F009500%2Ffacebook_connect_mt&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since May 2011">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-80">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Sullivan, Mark (July 24, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,134635-c,categories/article.html" rel="nofollow">"Is Facebook the New MySpace?"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_World_%28magazine%29" title="PC World (magazine)">PC World</a></i> (San Francisco)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 30, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Is+Facebook+the+New+MySpace%3F&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BPC+World+%28magazine%29%7CPC+World%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Sullivan%2C+Mark&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Mark&rft.date=July+24%2C+2007&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2Fid%2C134635-c%2Ccategories%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-off-81">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-off_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-off_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web">Der, Kevin. <a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=3532972130" rel="nofollow">"Facebook is off-the-wall"</a>. The Facebook Blog<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 30, 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+is+off-the-wall&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Der&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Der%2C%26%2332%3BKevin&rft.pub=The+Facebook+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D3532972130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-82">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/help.php?page=20" rel="nofollow">"Inbox, Messages and Pokes"</a>. Facebook<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 9, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Inbox%2C+Messages+and+Pokes&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fhelp.php%3Fpage%3D20&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-gifts-83"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-gifts_83-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2406207130" rel="nofollow">"The Facebook Gifts"</a>. Facebook<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 5, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Facebook+Gifts&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D2406207130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-84">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Ramadge, Andrew (November 26, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/technology/story/0,25642,22822400-5014108,00.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook is ... reconsidering the word "is""</a>. <i>news.com.au Technology blog</i> (Sydney)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 8, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+is+...+reconsidering+the+word+%22is%22&rft.jtitle=news.com.au+Technology+blog&rft.aulast=Ramadge&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Ramadge%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew&rft.date=November+26%2C+2007&rft.place=Sydney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Ftechnology%2Fstory%2F0%2C25642%2C22822400-5014108%2C00.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-85">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Sanghvi, Ruchi (September 6, 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2207967130" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Gets a Facelift"</a>. The Facebook Blog<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 11, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Gets+a+Facelift&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Sanghvi&rft.aufirst=Ruchi&rft.au=Sanghvi%2C%26%2332%3BRuchi&rft.date=September+6%2C+2006&rft.pub=The+Facebook+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D2207967130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-86">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.colnect.com/2010/03/facebook-celebrate-your-birthday-every.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook: Celebrate Your Birthday Every Day"</a>. Colnect blog<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 9, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook%3A+Celebrate+Your+Birthday+Every+Day&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Colnect+blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.colnect.com%2F2010%2F03%2Ffacebook-celebrate-your-birthday-every.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-87">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Lacy" title="Sarah Lacy">Lacy, Sarah</a> (September 8, 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2006/tc20060908_536553.htm?campaign_id=rss_tech" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Learns from Its Fumble"</a>. <i>BusinessWeek</i> (New York)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 28, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+Learns+from+Its+Fumble&rft.jtitle=BusinessWeek&rft.aulast=Lacy%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Lacy%2C+Sarah&rft.date=September+8%2C+2006&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Ftechnology%2Fcontent%2Fsep2006%2Ftc20060908_536553.htm%3Fcampaign_id%3Drss_tech&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-88">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Gonsalves, Antone (September 8, 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/ebusiness/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=192700574" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Founder Apologizes In Privacy Flap; Users Given More Control"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InformationWeek" title="InformationWeek">InformationWeek</a></i> (New York)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 28, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+Founder+Apologizes+In+Privacy+Flap%3B+Users+Given+More+Control&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BInformationWeek%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Gonsalves%2C+Antone&rft.au=Gonsalves%2C+Antone&rft.date=September+8%2C+2006&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informationweek.com%2Fnews%2Finternet%2Febusiness%2FshowArticle.jhtml%3FarticleID%3D192700574&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-89">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7669123" rel="nofollow">US patent 7669123</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=7669123&rft.cc=US&rft.title="></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-90">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://themelis-cuiper.com/22/us-patent-no-7669123.html" rel="nofollow">"US Patent No. 7669123"</a>. Social Media. March 1, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 9, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=US+Patent+No.+7669123&rft.atitle=&rft.date=March+1%2C+2010&rft.pub=Social+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthemelis-cuiper.com%2F22%2Fus-patent-no-7669123.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-91">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/02/26/facebook.patent/index.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook's news-feed patent could mean lawsuits"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. February 26, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 12, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook%27s+news-feed+patent+could+mean+lawsuits&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.date=February+26%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FTECH%2F02%2F26%2Ffacebook.patent%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-92">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Arrington" title="Michael Arrington">Arrington, Michael</a> (May 24, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.techcrunch.com/2007/05/24/facebook-launches-facebook-platform-they-are-the-anti-myspace/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Launches Facebook Platform; They are the Anti-MySpace"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 28, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+Launches+Facebook+Platform%3B+They+are+the+Anti-MySpace&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BTechCrunch%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Arrington%2C+Michael&rft.au=Arrington%2C+Michael&rft.date=May+24%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techcrunch.com%2F2007%2F05%2F24%2Ffacebook-launches-facebook-platform-they-are-the-anti-myspace%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-93">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=87157517130" rel="nofollow">"Share More Memories with Larger Photo Albums"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 4, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Share+More+Memories+with+Larger+Photo+Albums&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D87157517130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-94">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=2305272732&topic=7363" rel="nofollow">"Upload: 60 or 200 photos in the same album?"</a>. Facebook<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 25, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Upload%3A+60+or+200+photos+in+the+same+album%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Ftopic.php%3Fuid%3D2305272732%26topic%3D7363&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-95">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=2305272732&topic=4947" rel="nofollow">"How can I add more than 60 photos to an album?"</a>. Facebook<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 25, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+can+I+add+more+than+60+photos+to+an+album%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Ftopic.php%3Fuid%3D2305272732%26topic%3D4947&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-96">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=2003726&l=5f3c8&id=1352160452" rel="nofollow">"Example of album from a regular user with a 200-photo limit"</a>. Facebook<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 25, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Example+of+album+from+a+regular+user+with+a+200-photo+limit&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Falbum.php%3Faid%3D2003726%26l%3D5f3c8%26id%3D1352160452&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-97">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/help.php?page=7" rel="nofollow">"Photos"</a>. Facebook<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 15, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Photos&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fhelp.php%3Fpage%3D7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-98">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Eugene (May 14, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=14218138919&id=9445547199&index=0" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Chat"</a>. Facebook<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 2, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Chat&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Eugene&rft.au=Eugene&rft.date=May+14%2C+2008&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fnote.php%3Fnote_id%3D14218138919%26id%3D9445547199%26index%3D0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-99">^</a></b> <span class="citation press release">Facebook (April 6, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/releases.php?p=27681" rel="nofollow">"Announcement: Facebook Launches Facebook Chat"</a>. Press release<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 11, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Announcement%3A+Facebook+Launches+Facebook+Chat&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Facebook&rft.au=Facebook&rft.date=April+6%2C+2008&rft.series=Press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpress%2Freleases.php%3Fp%3D27681&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-100">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2234372130" rel="nofollow">"Give gifts on Facebook!"</a>. Facebook<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 15, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Give+gifts+on+Facebook%21&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D2234372130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-101">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/help.php?page=16" rel="nofollow">"Gifts"</a>. Facebook<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 15, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Gifts&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fhelp.php%3Fpage%3D16&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-102">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Morgenstern, Jared (May 14, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2383962130" rel="nofollow">"The Marketplace Is Open..."</a>. The Facebook Blog<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 15, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Marketplace+Is+Open...&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Morgenstern%2C+Jared&rft.au=Morgenstern%2C+Jared&rft.date=May+14%2C+2007&rft.pub=The+Facebook+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D2383962130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-103">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">McCarthy, Caroline (May 13, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.news.com/8301-10784_3-9718779-7.html" rel="nofollow">"Hands-on with Facebook Marketplace"</a>. <i>CNET</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 15, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hands-on+with+Facebook+Marketplace&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.aulast=McCarthy%2C+Caroline&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Caroline&rft.date=May+13%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com%2F8301-10784_3-9718779-7.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-104">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Havenstein, Heather (July 21, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/idg/IDG_852573C4006938800025748D0064C292.html?ref=technology" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Facelift Targets Aging Users and New Competitors"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+Facelift+Targets+Aging+Users+and+New+Competitors&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Havenstein%2C+Heather&rft.au=Havenstein%2C+Heather&rft.date=July+21%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fidg%2FIDG_852573C4006938800025748D0064C292.html%3Fref%3Dtechnology&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-105">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Slee, Mark (September 10, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.new.facebook.com/blog.php?post=30074837130" rel="nofollow">"Moving to the new Facebook"</a>. The Facebook Blog<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 12, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Moving+to+the+new+Facebook&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Slee%2C+Mark&rft.au=Slee%2C+Mark&rft.date=September+10%2C+2008&rft.pub=The+Facebook+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.new.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D30074837130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-106">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.techcrunch.com/2008/12/11/facebook-testing-even-simpler-sign-up-closing-the-gap-with-myspace-in-the-us/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Testing Even Simpler Sign Up; Closing The Gap With MySpace In The U.S."</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a></i>. December 11, 2008.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+Testing+Even+Simpler+Sign+Up%3B+Closing+The+Gap+With+MySpace+In+The+U.S.&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BTechCrunch%5D%5D&rft.date=December+11%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techcrunch.com%2F2008%2F12%2F11%2Ffacebook-testing-even-simpler-sign-up-closing-the-gap-with-myspace-in-the-us%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-107">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">DiPersia, Blaise (June 9, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=90316352130" rel="nofollow">"Coming Soon: Facebook Usernames"</a>. The Facebook Blog<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 13, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Coming+Soon%3A+Facebook+Usernames&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=DiPersia%2C+Blaise&rft.au=DiPersia%2C+Blaise&rft.date=June+9%2C+2009&rft.pub=The+Facebook+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D90316352130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-108">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Gabbatt, Adam; Arthur, Charles (November 15, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/nov/15/facebook-mail-gmail-killer-email" rel="nofollow">"Facebook mail: it might kill Gmail, but 'it's not email'"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+mail%3A+it+might+kill+Gmail%2C+but+%27it%27s+not+email%27&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.aulast=Gabbatt&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Gabbatt%2C%26%2332%3BAdam&rft.au=Arthur%2C%26%2332%3BCharles&rft.date=November+15%2C+2010&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2F2010%2Fnov%2F15%2Ffacebook-mail-gmail-killer-email&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-109">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.mercurynews.com/top-stories/ci_16619072" rel="nofollow">"Facebook adds 'social inbox' – with E-mail"</a>. <i>San Jose Mercury News</i> (California). November 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 13, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+adds+%27social+inbox%27+%E2%80%93+with+E-mail&rft.jtitle=San+Jose+Mercury+News&rft.date=November+16%2C+2010&rft.place=California&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2Ftop-stories%2Fci_16619072&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Protalinski-110"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-Protalinski_110-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Protalinski, Emil (February 18, 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.zdnet.com/blog/facebook/facebook-adds-hcalendar-and-hcard-microformats-to-events/266" rel="nofollow">"Facebook adds hCalendar and hCard microformats to Events"</a>. <i>ZDNet blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 24, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+adds+hCalendar+and+hCard+microformats+to+Events&rft.jtitle=ZDNet+blog&rft.aulast=Protalinski&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft.au=Protalinski%2C%26%2332%3BEmil&rft.date=February+18%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Fblog%2Ffacebook%2Ffacebook-adds-hcalendar-and-hcard-microformats-to-events%2F266&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-111">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Swartz, Jon. <a class="external text" href="http://content.usatoday.com/communities/technologylive/post/2011/04/facebook-hops-aboard-t-mobiles-voip-service/1" rel="nofollow">"Facebook hops aboard T-Mobile's Bobsled Service"</a>. <i>USA Today</i> (Washington DC)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 20 April 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+hops+aboard+T-Mobile%27s+Bobsled+Service&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Swartz%2C%26%2332%3BJon&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.usatoday.com%2Fcommunities%2Ftechnologylive%2Fpost%2F2011%2F04%2Ffacebook-hops-aboard-t-mobiles-voip-service%2F1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-112">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://digitalanalog.in/2011/07/07/facebook-starts-video-calling-service-to-compete-with-google-hangout/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook starts video calling service to compete with Google+ hangouts"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 July 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+starts+video+calling+service+to+compete+with+Google%2B+hangouts&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalanalog.in%2F2011%2F07%2F07%2Ffacebook-starts-video-calling-service-to-compete-with-google-hangout%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-114"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-114">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://techcrunch.com/2010/06/07/privacy-facebook-visitors/" rel="nofollow">"Privacy, Schmivacy: Facebook Is Attracting Near-Record Numbers Of New Visitors"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i>. June 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 8, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Privacy%2C+Schmivacy%3A+Facebook+Is+Attracting+Near-Record+Numbers+Of+New+Visitors&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.date=June+7%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2010%2F06%2F07%2Fprivacy-facebook-visitors%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-alexatrafficrank-115"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-alexatrafficrank_115-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.alexa.com/data/details/traffic_details/facebook.com?q=facebook" rel="nofollow">"Related info for: facebook.com/"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa Internet</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 8, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Related+info+for%3A+facebook.com%2F&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BAlexa+Internet%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexa.com%2Fdata%2Fdetails%2Ftraffic_details%2Ffacebook.com%3Fq%3Dfacebook&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-116">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.quantcast.com/facebook.com" rel="nofollow">"Facebook.com Web Site Audience Profile"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantcast" title="Quantcast">Quantcast</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 9, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook.com+Web+Site+Audience+Profile&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BQuantcast%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quantcast.com%2Ffacebook.com&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-117">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.compete.com/2010/02/17/we%E2%80%99re-number-two-facebook-moves-up-one-big-spot-in-the-charts/" rel="nofollow">"We're Number Two! Facebook moves up one big spot in the charts"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compete.com" title="Compete.com">Compete.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 9, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=We%27re+Number+Two%21+Facebook+moves+up+one+big+spot+in+the+charts&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BCompete.com%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.compete.com%2F2010%2F02%2F17%2Fwe%25E2%2580%2599re-number-two-facebook-moves-up-one-big-spot-in-the-charts%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-118">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">McGrath, Kristin (July 22, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2010-07-21-facebook-hits-500-million-users_N.htm" rel="nofollow">"Status update: Facebook logs 500 million members"</a>. <i>USA Today</i> (Washington DC)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 9, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Status+update%3A+Facebook+logs+500%26nbsp%3Bmillion+members&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.aulast=McGrath%2C+Kristin&rft.au=McGrath%2C+Kristin&rft.date=July+22%2C+2010&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fnews%2F2010-07-21-facebook-hits-500-million-users_N.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-uk-121"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-uk_121-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Malkin, Bonnie (September 26, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/09/25/nface125.xml" rel="nofollow">"Facebook is UK's biggest networking site"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> (London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 30, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+is+UK%27s+biggest+networking+site&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.aulast=Malkin%2C+Bonnie&rft.au=Malkin%2C+Bonnie&rft.date=September+26%2C+2007&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F25%2Fnface125.xml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-122">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Caverly, Doug (June 16, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2009/06/16/comscore-facebook-catches-myspace-in-us" rel="nofollow">"comScore: Facebook Catches MySpace in U.S."</a>. <i>WebProNews</i> (iEntry Network)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 24, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=comScore%3A+Facebook+Catches+MySpace+in+U.S.&rft.jtitle=WebProNews&rft.aulast=Caverly&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft.au=Caverly%2C%26%2332%3BDoug&rft.date=June+16%2C+2009&rft.pub=iEntry+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webpronews.com%2Ftopnews%2F2009%2F06%2F16%2Fcomscore-facebook-catches-myspace-in-us&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-123">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://atlanta.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2009/06/15/daily47.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook grows as MySpace cuts back"</a>. <i>Atlanta Business Chronicle</i>. June 17, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 24, 2009</span>. "The Conference Board report on first quarter online users in the U.S. showed Facebook with an even larger lead, with 78 percent of social network participants, followed by MySpace (42 percent), LinkedIn (17 percent) and Twitter (10 percent)."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+grows+as+MySpace+cuts+back&rft.jtitle=Atlanta+Business+Chronicle&rft.date=June+17%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatlanta.bizjournals.com%2Fatlanta%2Fstories%2F2009%2F06%2F15%2Fdaily47.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-125"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-125">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Wood, Cara (August 31, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.dmnews.com/keeping-pace-with-mainstream-social-media/article/147429/" rel="nofollow">"Keeping pace with mainstream social media"</a>. <i>Direct Marketing News</i> (New York)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 24, 2009</span>. "The giant in the space remains Facebook, which gets 87.7 million unique viewers per month, according to ComScore. MySpace, with nearly 70 million unique monthly visitors, has seen growth stagnate over the past year."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Keeping+pace+with+mainstream+social+media&rft.jtitle=Direct+Marketing+News&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Cara&rft.au=Wood%2C%26%2332%3BCara&rft.date=August+31%2C+2009&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmnews.com%2Fkeeping-pace-with-mainstream-social-media%2Farticle%2F147429%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-131"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-131">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.lead411.com/silicon-valley-companies.html" rel="nofollow">"Lead411 launches "Hottest Silicon Valley Companies" awards"</a>. Lead411.com. May 25, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 8, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Lead411+launches+%22Hottest+Silicon+Valley+Companies%22+awards&rft.atitle=&rft.date=May+25%2C+2010&rft.pub=Lead411.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lead411.com%2Fsilicon-valley-companies.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-132">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Fowler, Geoffrey A. (July 20, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2010/07/20/users-rate-facebook-slightly-above-the-tax-man/" rel="nofollow">"Users Rate Facebook Slightly Above the Tax Man"</a>. <i>Digits (Wall Street Journal technology blog)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 21, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Users+Rate+Facebook+Slightly+Above+the+Tax+Man&rft.jtitle=Digits+%28Wall+Street+Journal+technology+blog%29&rft.aulast=Fowler%2C+Geoffrey+A.&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Geoffrey+A.&rft.date=July+20%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fdigits%2F2010%2F07%2F20%2Fusers-rate-facebook-slightly-above-the-tax-man%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-133">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Towell, Noel (December 16, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/12/16/1229189579001.html" rel="nofollow">"Lawyers to serve notices on Facebook"</a>. <i>The Age</i> (Melbourne)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 23, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lawyers+to+serve+notices+on+Facebook&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.aulast=Towell&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft.au=Towell%2C%26%2332%3BNoel&rft.date=December+16%2C+2008&rft.place=Melbourne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Farticles%2F2008%2F12%2F16%2F1229189579001.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-134">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/technology/web/kiwis-follow-australian-facebook-precedent/2009/03/16/1237054723620.html" rel="nofollow">"Kiwi judge follows Australian Facebook precedent"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Agence France-Presse (Melbourne). March 16, 2009.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kiwi+judge+follows+Australian+Facebook+precedent&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.date=March+16%2C+2009&rft.series=Agence+France-Presse&rft.place=Melbourne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Fweb%2Fkiwis-follow-australian-facebook-precedent%2F2009%2F03%2F16%2F1237054723620.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-135">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Peters, Melanie (April 5, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=vn20090405104820309C778226&newslett=1&em=197599a6a20090405ah" rel="nofollow">"Facebook trap criminals in its web"</a>. <i>Independent Online</i> (Cape Town).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+trap+criminals+in+its+web&rft.jtitle=Independent+Online&rft.aulast=Peters%2C+Melanie&rft.au=Peters%2C+Melanie&rft.date=April+5%2C+2009&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Findex.php%3Fset_id%3D1%26click_id%3D13%26art_id%3Dvn20090405104820309C778226%26newslett%3D1%26em%3D197599a6a20090405ah&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-136">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Cochran, Jason (November 6, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.walletpop.com/blog/2008/11/06/watch-out-bosses-are-saving-money-by-firing-employees-over-face/" rel="nofollow">"Watch out! Bosses are saving money by firing employees over Facebook posts"</a>. <i>WalletPop.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 6, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Watch+out%21+Bosses+are+saving+money+by+firing+employees+over+Facebook+posts&rft.jtitle=WalletPop.com&rft.aulast=Cochran%2C+Jason&rft.au=Cochran%2C+Jason&rft.date=November+6%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walletpop.com%2Fblog%2F2008%2F11%2F06%2Fwatch-out-bosses-are-saving-money-by-firing-employees-over-face%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-137">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">McDonald, Soraya Nadia (July 4, 2005). <a class="external text" href="http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20050704&slug=btfacebook04" rel="nofollow">"Facebooking, the rage on college campuses"</a>. <i>The Seattle Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 14, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebooking%2C+the+rage+on+college+campuses&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.aulast=McDonald%2C+Soraya+Nadia&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Soraya+Nadia&rft.date=July+4%2C+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.seattletimes.nwsource.com%2Farchive%2F%3Fdate%3D20050704%26slug%3Dbtfacebook04&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-138">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Nicole, Kristen (December 21, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2007/12/21/facebook-noun-verb-collins-english-dictionary/" rel="nofollow">"I Can So "Facebook" You Now (and be gramatically correct)"</a>. <i>Mashable</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 23, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=I+Can+So+%22Facebook%22+You+Now+%28and+be+gramatically+correct%29&rft.atitle=Mashable&rft.aulast=Nicole%2C+Kristen&rft.au=Nicole%2C+Kristen&rft.date=December+21%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2007%2F12%2F21%2Ffacebook-noun-verb-collins-english-dictionary%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-139">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2009/11/unfriend-is-new-oxford-dictionarys-word-of-the-year-/1" rel="nofollow">"Unfriend is New Oxford dictionary's Word of the Year"</a>. <i>USA Today</i> (Washington DC). November 17, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 12, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unfriend+is+New+Oxford+dictionary%27s+Word+of+the+Year&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.date=November+17%2C+2009&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.usatoday.com%2Fcommunities%2Fondeadline%2Fpost%2F2009%2F11%2Funfriend-is-new-oxford-dictionarys-word-of-the-year-%2F1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-140">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Onishi, Norimitshu (April 19, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/20/world/asia/20indonet.html?ref=asia" rel="nofollow">"Debate on Internet's Limits Grows in Indonesia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 19, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Debate+on+Internet%27s+Limits+Grows+in+Indonesia&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Onishi%2C+Norimitshu&rft.au=Onishi%2C+Norimitshu&rft.date=April+19%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F04%2F20%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F20indonet.html%3Fref%3Dasia&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-141">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://heydiaspora.com/acfta-it-certainly-sounds-better-without-the-c-doesnt-it/" rel="nofollow">"ACFTA: It Certainly Sounds Better Without the 'C', Doesn't It?"</a>. Hey Diaspora!<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 7, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ACFTA%3A+It+Certainly+Sounds+Better+Without+the+%27C%27%2C+Doesn%27t+It%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Hey+Diaspora%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheydiaspora.com%2Facfta-it-certainly-sounds-better-without-the-c-doesnt-it%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-142">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://youropenbook.org/about.html" rel="nofollow">"Openbook – Connect and share whether you want to or not"</a>. Youropenbook.org. May 12, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 26, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Openbook%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Connect+and+share+whether+you+want+to+or+not&rft.atitle=&rft.date=May+12%2C+2010&rft.pub=Youropenbook.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyouropenbook.org%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-143">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Steel, Emily; Fowler, Geoffrey A. (October 18, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304772804575558484075236968.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook in Privacy Breach"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> (New York)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 18, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+in+Privacy+Breach&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.aulast=Steel%2C+Emily%3B+Fowler%2C+Geoffrey+A.&rft.au=Steel%2C+Emily%3B+Fowler%2C+Geoffrey+A.&rft.date=October+18%2C+2010&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702304772804575558484075236968.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-144"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-144">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Story, Louise (March 10, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/technology/10privacy.html" rel="nofollow">"To Aim Ads, Web Is Keeping Closer Eye on You"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 9, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=To+Aim+Ads%2C+Web+Is+Keeping+Closer+Eye+on+You&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Story%2C+Louise&rft.au=Story%2C+Louise&rft.date=March+10%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F10%2Ftechnology%2F10privacy.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-chinablock-145"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-chinablock_145-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://blogs.abcnews.com/theworldnewser/2009/07/chinas-facebook-status-blocked.html" rel="nofollow">"China's Facebook Status: Blocked"</a>. <i>ABC News blog</i>. July 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 13, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China%27s+Facebook+Status%3A+Blocked&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+blog&rft.date=July+8%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.abcnews.com%2Ftheworldnewser%2F2009%2F07%2Fchinas-facebook-status-blocked.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-benstocking-146"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-benstocking_146-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Stocking, Ben (November 17, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-technology/vietnam-internet-users-fear-facebook-blackout-20091117-iki0.html" rel="nofollow">"Vietnam Internet users fear Facebook blackout"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 9, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vietnam+Internet+users+fear+Facebook+blackout&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.aulast=Stocking&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Stocking%2C%26%2332%3BBen&rft.date=November+17%2C+2009&rft.series=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.smh.com.au%2Fbreaking-news-technology%2Fvietnam-internet-users-fear-facebook-blackout-20091117-iki0.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-147"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-147">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Shahi, Afshin (July 27, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=15313" rel="nofollow">"Iran's Digital War"</a>. <i>Daily Star</i> (Cairo)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+Digital+War&rft.jtitle=Daily+Star&rft.aulast=Shahi&rft.aufirst=Afshin&rft.au=Shahi%2C%26%2332%3BAfshin&rft.date=July+27%2C+2008&rft.place=Cairo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailystaregypt.com%2Farticle.aspx%3FArticleID%3D15313&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-148"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-148">^</a></b> <span class="languageicon" style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold;">(Russian)</span> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ferghana.ru/news.php?id=15794&mode=snews" rel="nofollow">"Uzbek authorities have blocked access to Facebook"</a>. <i>Ferghana News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 21, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Uzbek+authorities+have+blocked+access+to+Facebook&rft.jtitle=Ferghana+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ferghana.ru%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D15794%26mode%3Dsnews&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-149"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-149">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Cooper, Charles (May 19, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501465_162-20005388-501465.html" rel="nofollow">"Pakistan Bans Facebook Over Muhammad Caricature Row – Tech Talk"</a>. <i>CBS News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 26, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pakistan+Bans+Facebook+Over+Muhammad+Caricature+Row%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Tech+Talk&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Cooper%2C%26%2332%3BCharles&rft.date=May+19%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2F8301-501465_162-20005388-501465.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-152"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-152">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Stone, Brad (April 7, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/04/07/facebook-to-settle-thorny-lawsuit-over-its-origins/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook to Settle Thorny Lawsuit Over Its Origins"</a>. <i>The New York Times (blog)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 5, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+to+Settle+Thorny+Lawsuit+Over+Its+Origins&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+%28blog%29&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft.au=Stone%2C%26%2332%3BBrad&rft.date=April+7%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbits.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F07%2Ffacebook-to-settle-thorny-lawsuit-over-its-origins%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-153"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-153">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Pepitone, Julianne (May 12, 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/2011/05/12/technology/facebook_google/index.htm" rel="nofollow">"Facebook vs. Google fight turns nasty"</a>. <i>CNN Money</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+vs.+Google+fight+turns+nasty&rft.jtitle=CNN+Money&rft.aulast=Pepitone&rft.aufirst=Julianne&rft.au=Pepitone%2C%26%2332%3BJulianne&rft.date=May+12%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2011%2F05%2F12%2Ftechnology%2Ffacebook_google%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-154">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ptjornal.com/201107041737/mundo/alemanha-festas-convocadas-pelo-facebook-sao-ameaca-a-ordem-publica.html" rel="nofollow">Alemanha: Festas convocadas pelo Facebook são “ameaça à ordem pública”</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-155">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.destakjornal.com.br/readContent.aspx?id=10,101638" rel="nofollow">Alemanha pode proibir festas combinadas pelo Facebook</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-156">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504083_162-20069457-504083.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504083_162-20069457-504083.html</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-157"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-157">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://mtv.uol.com.br/memo/alemanha-pretende-acabar-com-eventos-via-facebook" rel="nofollow">Alemanha pretende acabar com eventos via Facebook</a>, MTV</li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-158">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://news.searchofficespace.com/sos-news/50-of-british-employers-have-banned-facebook-from-the-office-what-do-you-think.html" rel="nofollow">http://news.searchofficespace.com/sos-news/50-of-british-employers-have-banned-facebook-from-the-office-what-do-you-think.html</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-159">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d508bcfc-589c-11e0-9b8a-00144feab49a.html#axzz1K4b20wrT" rel="nofollow">"Facebook sets up site for ad creatives"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i> (London). March 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 15, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+sets+up+site+for+ad+creatives&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.date=March+27%2C+2011&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fd508bcfc-589c-11e0-9b8a-00144feab49a.html%23axzz1K4b20wrT&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-160"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-160">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Wells, Emma K. (April 19, 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.tvgenius.net/blog/2011/04/19/4-ways-facebook-social-tv-1-video/" rel="nofollow">"Move Over Twitter: Facebook Wants a Piece of Social TV, Too"</a>. <i>tvgenius: TV Trends Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 15, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Move+Over+Twitter%3A+Facebook+Wants+a+Piece+of+Social+TV%2C+Too&rft.jtitle=tvgenius%3A+TV+Trends+Blog&rft.aulast=Wells%2C+Emma+K.&rft.au=Wells%2C+Emma+K.&rft.date=April+19%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvgenius.net%2Fblog%2F2011%2F04%2F19%2F4-ways-facebook-social-tv-1-video%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-161"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-161">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=news/local&id=7739245" rel="nofollow">"Father finds daughter on Facebook after 20 years apart"</a>. <i>WABC</i> (New York). October 23, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 15, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Father+finds+daughter+on+Facebook+after+20+years+apart&rft.jtitle=WABC&rft.date=October+23%2C+2010&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabclocal.go.com%2Fwabc%2Fstory%3Fsection%3Dnews%2Flocal%26id%3D7739245&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-162">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.in.msn.com/international/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3570509&=" rel="nofollow">"Facebook reunites father, daughter after 48 years"</a>. <i>MSN India</i> (Delhi). January 27, 2010.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+reunites+father%2C+daughter+after+48+years&rft.jtitle=MSN+India&rft.date=January+27%2C+2010&rft.place=Delhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.in.msn.com%2Finternational%2Farticle.aspx%3Fcp-documentid%3D3570509%26%3D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-163"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-163">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Gardner, David (December 2, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1334482/The-marriage-killer-One-American-divorces-involve-Facebook.html" rel="nofollow">"The marriage killer: One in five American divorces now involve Facebook"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_Online" title="Mail Online">Mail Online</a></i> (London).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+marriage+killer%3A+One+in+five+American+divorces+now+involve+Facebook&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BMail+Online%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Gardner%2C+David&rft.au=Gardner%2C+David&rft.date=December+2%2C+2010&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-1334482%2FThe-marriage-killer-One-American-divorces-involve-Facebook.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-164"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-164">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Harwood, Jonathan (December 22, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/57742,news-comment,technology,facebook-causes-one-in-five-divorces-says-law-firm" rel="nofollow">"Facebook causes one in five divorces, says law firm"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Post" title="The First Post">The First Post</a></i> (London).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+causes+one+in+five+divorces%2C+says+law+firm&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+First+Post%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Harwood%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Harwood%2C+Jonathan&rft.date=December+22%2C+2009&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefirstpost.co.uk%2F57742%2Cnews-comment%2Ctechnology%2Cfacebook-causes-one-in-five-divorces-says-law-firm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-165">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Politics/story?id=3899006&page=1" rel="nofollow">"ABC News Joins Forces With Facebook"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. December 18, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 23, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ABC+News+Joins+Forces+With+Facebook&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.date=December+18%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FTechnology%2FPolitics%2Fstory%3Fid%3D3899006%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-166">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Minor, Doug (November 29, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://blogs.saintanselmcollege.net/2007/11/29/abcdebates/" rel="nofollow">"Saint Anselm to Host ABC Debates Jan. 5"</a>. Saint Anselm College blog<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 18, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Saint+Anselm+to+Host+ABC+Debates+Jan.%26nbsp%3B5&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Minor&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft.au=Minor%2C%26%2332%3BDoug&rft.date=November+29%2C+2007&rft.pub=Saint+Anselm+College+blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.saintanselmcollege.net%2F2007%2F11%2F29%2Fabcdebates%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-167"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-167">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Bradley, Tahman (December 12, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/abc_wmur_and_facebook_debates/index.html" rel="nofollow">"Republicans Lead off ABC News, WMUR-TV and Facebook Back-To-Back Debates in New Hampshire"</a>. <i>Political Radar (blog)</i> (ABC News)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 23, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Republicans+Lead+off+ABC+News%2C+WMUR-TV+and+Facebook+Back-To-Back+Debates+in+New+Hampshire&rft.jtitle=Political+Radar+%28blog%29&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Tahman&rft.au=Bradley%2C%26%2332%3BTahman&rft.date=December+12%2C+2007&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.abcnews.com%2Fpoliticalradar%2Fabc_wmur_and_facebook_debates%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-168"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-168">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Callahan, Ezra (January 5, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=8183627130" rel="nofollow">"Tune in to the ABC News/Facebook Debates, Tonight 7 pm/6c on ABC"</a>. Facebook Blog<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 23, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Tune+in+to+the+ABC+News%2FFacebook+Debates%2C+Tonight+7%26nbsp%3Bpm%2F6c+on+ABC&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Callahan&rft.aufirst=Ezra&rft.au=Callahan%2C%26%2332%3BEzra&rft.date=January+5%2C+2008&rft.pub=Facebook+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D8183627130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-169"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-169">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Goldman, Russell (January 5, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=4091460&page=1" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Gives Snapshot of Voter Sentiment"</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 23, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+Gives+Snapshot+of+Voter+Sentiment&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.au=Goldman%2C%26%2332%3BRussell&rft.date=January+5%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fstory%3Fid%3D4091460%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-170"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-170">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Sullivan, Michelle (November 3, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/11/04/politics/uwire/main4568563.shtml" rel="nofollow">"'Facebook Effect' Mobilizes Youth Vote"</a>. <i>CBS News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 23, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Facebook+Effect%27+Mobilizes+Youth+Vote&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft.au=Sullivan%2C%26%2332%3BMichelle&rft.date=November+3%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2008%2F11%2F04%2Fpolitics%2Fuwire%2Fmain4568563.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-171"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-171">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Brodzinsky, Sibylla (February 4, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2008/0204/p04s02-woam.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook used to target Colombia's FARC with global rally"</a>. <i>Christian Science Monitor</i> (Boston)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 1, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+used+to+target+Colombia%27s+FARC+with+global+rally&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.aulast=Brodzinsky%2C+Sibylla&rft.au=Brodzinsky%2C+Sibylla&rft.date=February+4%2C+2008&rft.place=Boston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FAmericas%2F2008%2F0204%2Fp04s02-woam.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-172"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-172">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Roberts, Laura (August 21, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/7957222/North-Korea-joins-Facebook.html" rel="nofollow">"North Korea joins Facebook"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> (London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 22, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=North+Korea+joins+Facebook&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Roberts%2C%26%2332%3BLaura&rft.date=August+21%2C+2010&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Ffacebook%2F7957222%2FNorth-Korea-joins-Facebook.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-173"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-173">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/7508945/Facebook-linked-to-rise-in-syphilis.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook 'linked to rise in syphilis'"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> (London). March 24, 2010.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+%27linked+to+rise+in+syphilis%27&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.date=March+24%2C+2010&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Ffacebook%2F7508945%2FFacebook-linked-to-rise-in-syphilis.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-174"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-174">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/5327822/Oldest-Tweeter-talks-cuppas-and-casserole-on-Twitter-at-104.html" rel="nofollow">"Oldest Tweeter talks cuppas and casserole on Twitter at 104"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> (London). May 15, 2009.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oldest+Tweeter+talks+cuppas+and+casserole+on+Twitter+at+104&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.date=May+15%2C+2009&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Ftwitter%2F5327822%2FOldest-Tweeter-talks-cuppas-and-casserole-on-Twitter-at-104.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-175"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-175">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Millson, Alex (July 28, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1298433/Stars-pay-tribute-worlds-oldest-Twitter-user-Ivy-Bean-dies-aged-104.html?ITO=1490" rel="nofollow">"Stars pay tribute to world's oldest Twitter user Ivy Bean after she dies aged 104"</a>. <i>Daily Mail</i> (London).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stars+pay+tribute+to+world%27s+oldest+Twitter+user+Ivy+Bean+after+she+dies+aged+104&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mail&rft.aulast=Millson&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Millson%2C%26%2332%3BAlex&rft.date=July+28%2C+2010&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Ftvshowbiz%2Farticle-1298433%2FStars-pay-tribute-worlds-oldest-Twitter-user-Ivy-Bean-dies-aged-104.html%3FITO%3D1490&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-176"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-176">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Gray, Melissa (July 28, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2010/TECH/social.media/07/28/obit.ivy.bean/index.html?hpt=T2#fbid=txV8eA_Nah8" rel="nofollow">"Ivy Bean, 'world's oldest Twitter user,' dead at 104"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 31, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ivy+Bean%2C+%27world%27s+oldest+Twitter+user%2C%27+dead+at+104&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft.au=Gray%2C%26%2332%3BMelissa&rft.date=July+28%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2010%2FTECH%2Fsocial.media%2F07%2F28%2Fobit.ivy.bean%2Findex.html%3Fhpt%3DT2%23fbid%3DtxV8eA_Nah8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DenOfGeek22March2009-177"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-DenOfGeek22March2009_177-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.denofgeek.com/Reviews/222991/the_it_crowd_series_3_dvd_review.html" rel="nofollow">"The IT Crowd series 3 DVD review"</a>. <i>Den Of Geek.com</i>. March 22, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 7, 2010</span>. "Anyone who passes more than 15% of their working day on Facebook will love the 'Friendface' episode in series 3, which gently suggests that the likes of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_Reunited" title="Friends Reunited">Friends Reunited</a> and Facebook have a tendency to dig up situations – and people – that were buried with good reason"</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+IT+Crowd+series+3+DVD+review&rft.atitle=Den+Of+Geek.com&rft.date=March+22%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denofgeek.com%2FReviews%2F222991%2Fthe_it_crowd_series_3_dvd_review.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-178"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-178">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Hempel, Jessi (June 25, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/2009/06/25/technology/founding_of_facebook.fortune/" rel="nofollow">"The book that Facebook doesn't want you to read"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 3, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+book+that+Facebook+doesn%27t+want+you+to+read&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.aulast=Hempel&rft.aufirst=Jessi&rft.au=Hempel%2C%26%2332%3BJessi&rft.date=June+25%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2009%2F06%2F25%2Ftechnology%2Ffounding_of_facebook.fortune%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-afp-179"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-afp_179-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Hussain, Waqar (May 27, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iOAHXhFHXrWMDdtAajYAxmypKT2w" rel="nofollow">"Pakistanis create rival Muslim Facebook"</a>. Agence France-Presse<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 9, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Pakistanis+create+rival+Muslim+Facebook&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Waqar&rft.au=Hussain%2C%26%2332%3BWaqar&rft.date=May+27%2C+2010&rft.series=Agence+France-Presse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5iOAHXhFHXrWMDdtAajYAxmypKT2w&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-GuardianMediaMonkey8April2010-180"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-GuardianMediaMonkey8April2010_180-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/mediamonkeyblog/2010/apr/08/south-park-season-4-episode-14-facebook" rel="nofollow">"South Park parodies Facebook"</a>. <i>Guardian media blog</i> (London). April 8, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 7, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Park+parodies+Facebook&rft.jtitle=Guardian+media+blog&rft.date=April+8%2C+2010&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fmedia%2Fmediamonkeyblog%2F2010%2Fapr%2F08%2Fsouth-park-season-4-episode-14-facebook&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-181"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-181">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1285016/" rel="nofollow">"The Social Network (2010)"</a>. Internet Movie DataBase<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 3, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Social+Network+%282010%29&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Internet+Movie+DataBase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1285016%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-182"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-182">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Racheff, Jeffery (October 20, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.limelife.com/blog-entry/Mark-Zuckerberg-Calls-The-Social-Network-Inaccurate-VIDEO/77351.html" rel="nofollow">"Mark Zuckerberg Calls The Social Network Inaccurate"</a>. <i>Limelife</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mark+Zuckerberg+Calls+The+Social+Network+Inaccurate&rft.jtitle=Limelife&rft.aulast=Racheff&rft.aufirst=Jeffery&rft.au=Racheff%2C%26%2332%3BJeffery&rft.date=October+20%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.limelife.com%2Fblog-entry%2FMark-Zuckerberg-Calls-The-Social-Network-Inaccurate-VIDEO%2F77351.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-183"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-183">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Trenholm, Rich (February 22, 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-20034931-93.html" rel="nofollow">"Egyptian names baby 'Facebook'"</a>. <i>CNET News</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egyptian+names+baby+%27Facebook%27&rft.jtitle=CNET+News&rft.aulast=Trenholm&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft.au=Trenholm%2C%26%2332%3BRich&rft.date=February+22%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-1023_3-20034931-93.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-184"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-184">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Ehrlich, Brenna (May 17, 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/TECH/social.media/05/16/baby.like.name.mashable/index.html" rel="nofollow">"Parents name child after Facebook 'Like' button"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Parents+name+child+after+Facebook+%27Like%27+button&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Brenna&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C%26%2332%3BBrenna&rft.date=May+17%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2011%2FTECH%2Fsocial.media%2F05%2F16%2Fbaby.like.name.mashable%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-185"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-185">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Olivarez-Giles, Nathan (May 16, 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/05/israeli-couple-names-daughter-like-in-tribute-to-facebook.html" rel="nofollow">"Israeli newborn named 'Like' in tribute to Facebook"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israeli+newborn+named+%27Like%27+in+tribute+to+Facebook&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.aulast=Olivarez-Giles&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft.au=Olivarez-Giles%2C%26%2332%3BNathan&rft.date=May+16%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Ftechnology%2F2011%2F05%2Fisraeli-couple-names-daughter-like-in-tribute-to-facebook.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"></span></li>
</ol></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2><ul><li>Kirkpatrick, David, <a class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/2006/10/06/magazines/fortune/fastforward_facebook.fortune/index.htm" rel="nofollow">"Why Facebook matters: It's not just for arranging dates. And it's not just another social network. Facebook offers sophisticated tools for maintaining social relationships"</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_%28magazine%29" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i>, October 6, 2006</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Miller_%28anthropologist%29" title="Daniel Miller (anthropologist)">Miller, Daniel</a>, <i>Tales from Facebook</i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polity_%28publisher%29" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a> 2011, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745652092">ISBN 9780745652092</a></li>
</ul><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><div class="infobox sisterproject plainlinks haudio" id="section_SpokenWikipedia"><div style="text-align: center; white-space: nowrap;"><b>Listen to this article</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook.ogg" title="File:Facebook.ogg">info/dl</a>)<br />
<div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><div id="ogg_player_1"></div></div></div></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 5px;"><div class="floatnone"><img alt="" height="34" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" width="45" /></div></div><div style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1.6em; margin-left: 60px;">This audio file was created from a revision of <span class="fn">Facebook</span> dated August 15, 2009, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a>)</div><div style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a></b></div></div><div class="metadata topicon" id="spoken-icon" style="display: none; right: 30px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook.ogg" title="File:Facebook.ogg"><img alt="Sound-icon.svg" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/15px-Sound-icon.svg.png" width="15" /></a></div><ul><li><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg"><img alt="Wiktionary-logo-en.svg" height="17" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="16" /></a> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> definition of <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Facebook" title="wiktionary:Facebook">Facebook</a></li>
<li><img alt="" height="16" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="12" /> Media related to <a class="extiw" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Facebook" title="commons:Category:Facebook">Facebook</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>
<li><span class="official website"><a class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/" rel="nofollow">Official website</a></span></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://twitter.com/facebook" rel="nofollow">Facebook</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/facebook" rel="nofollow">Facebook</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/facebook_inc/index.html" rel="nofollow">Collected news and commentary</a> at <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/" rel="nofollow">Facebook news and reviews</a> at <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> (London)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/67e89ae8-30f7-11df-b057-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1BfiyklYU" rel="nofollow">Hits chart between Facebook and Google</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/03/technology/03facebook.html?ref=business" rel="nofollow">Facebook Founder Finds He Wants Some Privacy</a>, in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, December 3, 2007</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-facebook-was-founded-2010-3" rel="nofollow">At Last -- The Full Story Of How Facebook Was Founded</a>, in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i> March 5, 2010.</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2011/02/07/facebook-privacy-guide/" rel="nofollow">Facebook Privacy: 10 Settings Every User Needs to Know</a>, by Stan Schroeder, February 7, 2011</li>
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Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div class="metadata topicon" id="protected-icon" style="display: none; right: 55px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected indefinitely in response to an ongoing high risk of vandalism."><img alt="Page semi-protected" height="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" width="20" /></a></div><table cellspacing="5" class="infobox vcard" style="width: 22em;"><caption class="fn org">Myspace</caption> <tbody>
<tr class=""> <td class="logo" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myspace_2010_logo.svg"><img alt="Myspace 2010 logo.svg" height="59" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Myspace_2010_logo.svg/225px-Myspace_2010_logo.svg.png" width="225" /></a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entity" title="Types of business entity">Type</a></th> <td class="category">Private</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Founded</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica</a>, California (2003)</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Headquarters</th> <td class="adr"><span class="locality"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills, California</a></span>, <span class="country-name">US</span></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Area served</th> <td class="">Worldwide</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Key people</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Anderson_%28entrepreneur%29" title="Tom Anderson (entrepreneur)">Tom Anderson</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur" title="Entrepreneur">Co-Founder</a>)/(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President" title="President">ex-President</a>)</small><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_DeWolfe" title="Chris DeWolfe">Chris DeWolfe</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur" title="Entrepreneur">Co-Founder</a>)/(<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO" title="CEO">ex-CEO</a>)</small><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Van_Natta" title="Owen Van Natta">Owen Van Natta</a> <small>(<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO" title="CEO">ex-CEO</a>)</small><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jones_%28Internet_entrepreneur%29" title="Michael Jones (Internet entrepreneur)">Mike Jones</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">Co-President</a>)</small><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Hirschhorn" title="Jason Hirschhorn">Jason Hirschhorn</a> <small>(<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-President" title="Co-President">Co-President</a>)</small><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">Revenue</a></th> <td class=""><img alt="increase" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" width="11" /> $385 million (2009 est.)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owner" title="Owner">Owner</a></th> <td class=""><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Specific_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Specific Media (page does not exist)">Specific Media</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employees</a></th> <td class="">200-250<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogan</a></th> <td class="">A Place for Friends</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website" title="Website">Website</a></th> <td class="url"><a class="external text" href="http://www.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">myspace.com</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> support</th> <td class="">No</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa</a> rank</th> <td class=""><img alt="decrease" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" width="11" /> 87 (August 2011)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-alexa_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-alexa-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Type of site</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networking service</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">Advertising</a></th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense" title="AdSense">AdSense</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Registration</th> <td class="">Required</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_user" title="Registered user">Users</a></th> <td class="">50 million (July 2011)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Available in</a></th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#International_sites" title="Myspace">15 languages</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Launched</th> <td class="">August 2003</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Current status</th> <td class="category">Active</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><b>Myspace</b>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> stylized <b>My_____</b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> and previously <b>MySpace</b>, is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking</a> website. Its headquarters are in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills, California</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Myspace became the most popular social networking site in the United States in June 2006, a position that it held throughout 2007 until 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> However by April 2008, according to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComScore" title="ComScore">comScore</a>, Myspace was overtaken internationally by its main competitor, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, based on monthly unique visitors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Since then MySpace has declined steadily in spite of several drastic redesigns.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bw-20110622_11-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-bw-20110622-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantcast" title="Quantcast">Quantcast</a> estimates MySpace's monthly U.S. unique visitors at 19.7 million as of May 2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> The site ranking of Myspace as of July 2011 was 85,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-alexa_3-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-alexa-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> as opposed to the number 2 position held by Facebook.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
At its peak Myspace employed 1,600 employees, which was reduced to 1,000 after laying off 30% of its workforce in June 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cnn_jobs_14-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-cnn_jobs-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> By June 2011, further job cuts reduced its size to 400 employees, with Myspace to lay off at least 150 employees and put another 150 employees on a transition plan in which they can still work for pay temporarily while looking for another job.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
As a subsidiary from July 2005 to June 2011, Myspace does not disclose revenues or profits separately from its parent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation" title="News Corporation">News Corporation</a>. On June 29, 2011, Myspace was sold to <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Specific_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Specific Media (page does not exist)">Specific Media</a> for US$35 million plus a 5 percent stake in Specific Media.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Pop star <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Timberlake" title="Justin Timberlake">Justin Timberlake</a> also took a small stake in the deal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Decline"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Decline</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Restructuring_and_sale"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Restructuring and sale</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Re-design"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Re-design</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#New_image"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">New image</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#New_logo_design"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">New logo design</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Revenue_model"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Revenue model</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Contents_of_a_Myspace_profile"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Contents of a Myspace profile</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Moods"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Moods</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Blurbs.2C_blogs.2C_multimedia"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Blurbs, blogs, multimedia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Comments"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Comments</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Profile_customization_.28HTML.2FCSS.29"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Profile customization (HTML/CSS)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Music"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Myspace_features"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Myspace features</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Accessibility_and_reliability"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Accessibility and reliability</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Security"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Security</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Myspace_party_problems"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Myspace party problems</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Child_safety"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Child safety</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Social_and_cultural"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Social and cultural</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Controversy_over_corporate_history"><span class="tocnumber">7.6</span> <span class="toctext">Controversy over corporate history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Censorship"><span class="tocnumber">7.7</span> <span class="toctext">Censorship</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Stalking"><span class="tocnumber">7.8</span> <span class="toctext">Stalking</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#MySpace_China"><span class="tocnumber">7.9</span> <span class="toctext">MySpace China</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Religious_discrimination"><span class="tocnumber">7.10</span> <span class="toctext">Religious discrimination</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#International_sites"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">International sites</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#MySpace_Developer_Platform_.28MDP.29"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">MySpace Developer Platform (MDP)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Myspace_server_infrastructure"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Myspace server infrastructure</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Musicians.27_rights_and_Myspace_terms_of_use_agreement"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Musicians' rights and Myspace terms of use agreement</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Blocking"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Blocking</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Legal_issues"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Legal issues</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Acquisition_of_Imeem"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Acquisition of Imeem</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#YouTube"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">YouTube</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#References"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">19</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foxinteractivemediaheadquarters.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="170" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Foxinteractivemediaheadquarters.jpg/220px-Foxinteractivemediaheadquarters.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foxinteractivemediaheadquarters.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Fox Interactive Media headquarters, 407 North Maple Drive, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills</a>, California, where Myspace is also housed.</div></div></div>After the 2002 launch of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendster" title="Friendster">Friendster</a>, several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermix_Media" title="Intermix Media">eUniverse</a> employees with Friendster accounts saw its potential and decided to mimic the more popular features of the social networking website, in August 2003. Within 10 days, the first version of Myspace was ready for launch, implemented using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ColdFusion" title="ColdFusion">ColdFusion</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bw-20110622_11-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-bw-20110622-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-business_of_spam_18-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-business_of_spam-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> A complete infrastructure of finance, human resources, technical expertise, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_%28computing%29" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a>, and server capacity was available for the site, right out of the gate, so the Myspace team was not distracted with typical start-up issues. The project was overseen by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Greenspan" title="Brad Greenspan">Brad Greenspan</a> (eUniverse's Founder, Chairman, CEO), who managed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_DeWolfe" title="Chris DeWolfe">Chris DeWolfe</a> (MySpace's starting CEO), Josh Berman, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Anderson_%28MySpace%29" title="Tom Anderson (MySpace)">Tom Anderson</a> (MySpace's starting president), and a team of programmers and resources provided by eUniverse.<br />
The very first Myspace users were eUniverse employees. The company held contests to see who could sign up the most users.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> The company then used its resources to push Myspace to the masses. eUniverse used its 20 million users and e-mail subscribers to quickly breathe life into MySpace,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> and move it to the head of the pack of social networking websites. A key architect was tech expert Toan Nguyen who helped stabilize the Myspace platform when Brad Greenspan asked him to join the team.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MySpace_logo.svg"><img alt="old logo" class="thumbimage" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/MySpace_logo.svg/220px-MySpace_logo.svg.png" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MySpace_logo.svg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Original logo</div></div></div>The origin of the MySpace.com domain was a site owned by YourZ.com, Inc.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> It was intended to be a leading online data storage and sharing site up until 2002. By 2004, Myspace and MySpace.com, which existed as a brand associated with YourZ.com,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> had made the transition from a virtual storage site to a social networking site. This is the natural connection to Chris DeWolfe and a friend, who reminded him he had earlier bought the URL domain, MySpace.com, intending it to be used as a web hosting site,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_25-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-autogenerated2-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> since both worked at one time in the virtual data storage business, which itself was a casualty of the "dot bomb" era.<br />
Shortly after launching the site, team member Chris DeWolfe suggested that they start charging a fee for the basic Myspace service.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> Brad Greenspan nixed the idea, believing that keeping Myspace free and open was necessary to make it a large and successful community.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Some employees of Myspace including DeWolfe and Berman were later able to purchase <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_%28finance%29" title="Equity (finance)">equity</a> in the property before MySpace, and its parent company eUniverse (now renamed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermix_Media" title="Intermix Media">Intermix Media</a>) was bought in July 2005 for US$580 million by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation" title="News Corporation">News Corporation</a> (the parent company of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting" title="Fox Broadcasting">Fox Broadcasting</a> and other media enterprises).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-business_of_spam_18-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-business_of_spam-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> Of this amount, approximately US$327 million has been attributed to the value of Myspace according to the financial adviser <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairness_opinion" title="Fairness opinion">fairness opinion</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rupert_Murdoch_Wendi_Deng2.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="163" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rupert_Murdoch_Wendi_Deng2.jpg/250px-Rupert_Murdoch_Wendi_Deng2.jpg" width="250" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rupert_Murdoch_Wendi_Deng2.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Oxfam America President Raymond C. Offenheiser, Wendi Deng, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a> with MySpace co-founders Anderson and DeWolfe at the 2006 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a>/MySpace Rock for Darfur event</div></div></div>In January 2006, Fox announced plans to launch a UK version of Myspace in a bid to "tap into the UK music scene"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> which they have since done. They also released a version in China<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-corante_31-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-corante-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> and have since launched similar versions in other countries.<br />
The 100 millionth account was created on August 9, 2006,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MySpace100Millionth_Profile_32-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-MySpace100Millionth_Profile-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> in the Netherlands.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Murdochcomments_33-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-Murdochcomments-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The corporate history of Myspace as well as the status of Tom Anderson as a Myspace founder has been a matter of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#Controversy_over_corporate_history">some public dispute</a>.<br />
On November 1, 2007, Myspace and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebo" title="Bebo">Bebo</a> joined the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>-led <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSocial" title="OpenSocial">OpenSocial alliance</a>, which already includes Friendster, Hi5, LinkedIn, Plaxo, Ning and SixApart. OpenSocial was to promote a common set of standards for software developers to write programs for social networks. Facebook however remained independent. Google had been unsuccessful in building its own social networking site (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkut" title="Orkut">Orkut</a> was succeeding in Brazil but struggling in the U.S.) and was using the alliance to present a counterweight to Facebook.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
By late 2007 into 2008, Myspace was considered the leading social networking site, and consistently beat out main competitor Facebook in traffic. At its peak, when News Corp attempted to merge it with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> in 2007, Myspace was valued at $12 billion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Steel_39-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-Steel-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Decline">Decline</span></h3>On April 19, 2008, Facebook overtook Myspace in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa</a> rankings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Since then, Myspace has been in a continuing loss of membership, and there are several suggestions for its decline.<br />
One claim is that Myspace failed to innovate and stuck to a "portal strategy" of building an audience around entertainment and music, whereas Facebook and Twitter continually launched new features to improve the social-networking experience.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
A former Myspace executive suggested that the US$900 million three year advertisement deal with Google, while being a short-term cash windfall, was a handicap in the long run. That deal required Myspace to place even more ads on its already heavily advertised space, which made the site slow, more difficult to use, and less flexible. Myspace could not experiment with its own site without forfeiting revenue, while rival Facebook was rolling out a new clean site design.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
While rival Facebook focused on creating a robust platform that allowed outside developers to build new applications, Myspace built everything in-house. Shawn Gold, Myspace's former head of marketing and content, said "Myspace went too wide and not deep enough in its product development. We went with a lot of products that were shallow and not the best products in the world." The products division had introduced many features (communication tools such as instant messaging, a classifieds program, a video player, a music player, a virtual karaoke machine, a self-serve advertising platform, profile-editing tools, security systems, privacy filters, and Myspace book lists, among others), however these were often buggy and slow as there was insufficient testing, measuring, and iterating.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bw-20110622_11-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-bw-20110622-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Danah Boyd, a senior researcher at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Microsoft Research</a> noted of social networking websites that Myspace and other social networks were a very peculiar business—one in which companies might serially rise, fall, and disappear, as "Influential peers pull others in on the climb up—and signal to flee when it's time to get out". The volatility of social networks was exemplified in 2006 when Connecticut Attorney General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Blumenthal" title="Richard Blumenthal">Richard Blumenthal</a> launched an investigation into minors' exposure to pornography on Myspace; the resulting media frenzy and Myspace's inability to build an effective spam filter gave the site a reputation as a "vortex of perversion". Around that time, specialized social media companies such as Twitter formed and began targeting Myspace users, while Facebook rolled out sophisticated communication tools which were seen as safe in comparison to Myspace. Boyd compared the shift of white, middle-class kids from the "seedy" Myspace to the "supposedly safer haven" of Facebook, to the "white flight" from American cities such as Detroit; the perception of Myspace eventually drove advertisers away as well.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bw-20110622_11-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-bw-20110622-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> In addition, Myspace had particular problems with vandalism, phishing, malware and spam which it failed to curtail, making the site seem inhospitable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pcworld.com_46-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-pcworld.com-46"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
These have been cited as factors why users, who as teens were Myspace's strongest audience in 2006 and 2007,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pcworld.com_46-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-pcworld.com-46"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> have been migrating to Facebook. Facebook which started strong with the 18-to-24 group (mostly college students)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> has been much more successful than Myspace at attracting older users.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In 2009, around the time that Myspace underwent layoffs and a management shakeup, the site "relied on drastic redesigns as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail_Mary_pass" title="Hail Mary pass">Hail Mary passes</a> to get users back". However this may have backfired for Myspace, as it is noted that users generally disliked interface tweaks on rival <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> (which avoided major site redesigns).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pcworld.com_46-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-pcworld.com-46"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Restructuring_and_sale">Restructuring and sale</span></h3>Chairman and CEO <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a> was said to be frustrated that Myspace never met expectations, as a distribution outlet for Fox studio content, and missing the US$1 billion mark in total revenues.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> That resulted in DeWolfe and Anderson gradually losing their status within Murdoch's inner circle of executives, plus DeWolfe's mentor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Chernin" title="Peter Chernin">Peter Chernin</a>, the President and COO of News Corp. who was based in Los Angeles, departed the company. Former AOL executive Jonathan Miller, who joined News Corp in charge of the digital media business, was in the job for three weeks when he shuffled Myspace's executive team in April 2009. Myspace President Tom Anderson stepped down while Chris DeWolfe was replaced as Myspace CEO by former Facebook COO <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Van_Natta" title="Owen Van Natta">Owen Van Natta</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> News Corp. A meeting in March 2009 over the direction of Myspace was reportedly the catalyst for that management shakeup, with the Google search deal about to expire, the departure of key personnel (Myspace's COO, SVP of engineering, and SVP of strategy) to form a startup. Myspace's chief operating officer, senior vice-president for engineering. Furthermore, the opening of extravagant new offices around the world was questioned, as rival Facebook didn't have similarly expensive expansion plans yet it still attracted international users at a rapid rate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bw-20110622_11-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-bw-20110622-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> The changes to Myspace's executive ranks was followed in June 2009 by a layoff of 30% of its workforce, reducing employees from 1,600 to 1,000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bw-20110622_11-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-bw-20110622-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cnn_jobs_14-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-cnn_jobs-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Myspace has attempted to redefine itself as a social entertainment website, with more of a focus on music, movies, celebrities and TV, instead of a social networking website. Myspace also developed a linkup with Facebook that would allow musicians and bands to manage their Facebook profiles. CEO Mike Jones was quoted as saying that Myspace now is a "complementary offer" to Facebook Inc., which is "not a rival anymore." <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Steel_39-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-Steel-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In March 2011, market research figures released by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComScore" title="ComScore">comScore</a> suggested that Myspace had lost 10 million users between January and February 2011, and that it had fallen from 95 million to 63 million unique users during the previous twelve months.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> Myspace registered its sharpest audience declines in the month of February 2011, as traffic fell 44% from a year earlier to 37.7 million unique U.S. visitors. Advertisers have been reported as unwilling to commit to long term deals with the site.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In late February 2011, News Corp officially put the site up for sale, which was estimated to be worth $50–200 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> Losses from last quarter of 2010 were $156 million, over double of the previous year, which dragged down the otherwise strong results of parent News Corp.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-online.wsj.com_58-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-online.wsj.com-58"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> The deadline for bids, May 31, 2011, passed without any above the reserve price of $100 million being submitted<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> It has been said that the rapid deterioration in Myspace's business during the most recent quarter deterred many potent suitors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-online.wsj.com_58-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-online.wsj.com-58"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
On June 29, 2011, Myspace announced to label partners and press via email that it had been acquired by <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Specific_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Specific Media (page does not exist)">Specific Media</a> for an undisclosed sum. As announced in the release, <i>"[...] as part of the deal, Emmy and Grammy winning artist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Timberlake" title="Justin Timberlake">Justin Timberlake</a> will also take an ownership stake and play a major role in developing the creative direction and strategy for the company moving forward. Specific Media and Timberlake plan to unveil their vision for the site in an exclusive press conference later this summer."</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
CNN reported that Myspace sold for $35 million, and noted that it was "far less than the $580 million News Corp. paid for Myspace in 2005."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Many former executives have continued to be successful after departing Myspace.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Many games operated by popular developers such as Zynga, RockYou, and Playdom, have recently been shut down on Myspace. Among such games is the previously popular game Mafia Wars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Re-design">Re-design</span></h2>Throughout 2007 and 2008, Myspace redesigned many of the features of its site in both layout and in function. One of the first functions to be redesigned was the user <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_page" title="Home page">home page</a>, with features such as status updates, applications, and subscriptions being added in order to compete with Facebook. In 2008, the Myspace homepage was redesigned. Myspace Music was redecorated in 2008 and 2009, making it more like an online music store similar to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhapsody_%28online_music_service%29" title="Rhapsody (online music service)">Rhapsody</a>, along with the ability to create playlists. The use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playlist.com" title="Playlist.com">Playlist.com</a> on Myspace was abolished after the new Myspace music was launched. Some of the classic features of Myspace music, such as the artist directory, were also abolished.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
On March 10, 2010, Myspace had some new features added like recommendation engine for new users which suggests games, music and videos based on their previous search habits. The security on Myspace was also accounted to, with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">criticism of Facebook</a>, to make it a safer site. The security of Myspace enables users to choose if the content could be viewed for Friends Only, 18 and older, or Everyone. The website will also release several mobile micro applications for Myspace gamers besides sending them games alerts. The site may release 20 to 30 micro apps and go mobile in 2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In Summer 2010, the color scene of Myspace changed. The classic blue was replaced by a more white interface, to resemble the look and feel of Facebook, and to attract users of Facebook to join or rejoin Myspace. The simplification of the navigation bar also made it easier to find features quickly. In August 2010, the home page was modified to give new room for the Myspace Stream and to make it resemble Facebook further. Profile 3.0 was launched as well, which was an upgrade from profile 2.0. That enabled users to have more creativity with a simpler interface. Templates, like profile 2.0, are added too but it also enabled simpler template creation methods and module control. Building templates has become simpler; without the use of custom HTML or CSS, users can upload photos from their computers or find background images on the Internet by typing a URL, to give it more of a personal, more sentimental and individualist image than the prepackaged layout sites that were used before. HTML and CSS can be still used on the profile, but an HTML or CSS module must be added to promote a neater layout but still use the sponsored layout sites.<br />
In September 2010, Myspace continued to work on improving the website. A photos section was added and the Fotoflexer app was added to photos. Myspace also enabled users to integrate their Myspace activity to their Twitter and Facebook accounts, to attract and show others that they are still on Myspace and to bring users back to Myspace. Myspace Movies was also added to promote movies and movie related media.<br />
In November 2010, the company fully integrated with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_Connect" title="Facebook Connect">Facebook Connect</a> – calling it "Mash Up with Facebook" in an announcement widely seen as the final act of acknowledging Facebook's domination of the social networking industry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In January 2011 it was announced that Myspace staff would be reduced by 47%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> Despite the new design, user adoption continued to decrease.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="New_image">New image</span></h3>On October 27, 2010, Myspace introduced a beta version of a new site design on a limited scale, with plans to switch all interested users to the new site in late November. Chief executive Mike Jones said the site is no longer competing with Facebook as a general social networking site. Instead, Myspace would be music-oriented and would target younger people. Jones believed most younger users would continue to use the site after the redesign, though older users might not. The goal of the redesign is to increase the number of Myspace users and how long they spend there. On October 26, BTIG analyst Richard Greenfield said, "Most investors have written off MySpace now," and he was unsure whether the changes would help the company recover.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="New_logo_design">New logo design</span></h3>A report in October 2010 at Techcrunch.com detailed Myspace's debut of a new logo. The "My" portion appears in a different font, while the part previously occupied by the word "Space" was replaced by a simple underline mark, representing a blank "space". This logo has been implanted on Myspace's website since November 11.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Revenue_model">Revenue model</span></h2>Myspace operates solely on revenues generated by advertising as its user model possesses no paid-for features for the end user.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> Through its Web site and affiliated ad networks, Myspace is second only to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> in its capacity to collect data about its users and thus in its ability to use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_targeting" title="Behavioral targeting">behavioral targeting</a> to select the ads each visitor sees.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
On August 8, 2006, search engine <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> signed a $900 million deal to provide a Google search facility and advertising on Myspace.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBCNews-GoogleNewsCorp_74-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-BBCNews-GoogleNewsCorp-74"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ElReg-GoogleMySpace_75-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-ElReg-GoogleMySpace-75"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GuardianBusiness-GoogleMySpace_76-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-GuardianBusiness-GoogleMySpace-76"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> Myspace has proven to be a windfall for many smaller companies that provide widgets or accessories to the social networking giant. Companies such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide.com" title="Slide.com">Slide.com</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockYou%21" title="RockYou!">RockYou!</a>, and YouTube were all launched on Myspace as widgets providing additional functionality to the site. Other sites created layouts to personalize the site and made hundreds of thousands of dollars for its owners most of whom were in their late teens and early twenties.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Forbes-MyspaceEcon_77-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-Forbes-MyspaceEcon-77"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-USAToday-GoogleMyspace_78-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-USAToday-GoogleMyspace-78"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In November 2008, Myspace announced that user-uploaded content that infringed on copyrights held by MTV and its subsidiary networks would be redistributed with advertisements that would generate revenue for the companies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In 2009, Myspace also added a new status update feature. If a Myspace user has a Twitter account, the tweet will also update the Myspace status. (Facebook also has a similar feature.) It does, however, require that the two accounts be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synched</a> up together.<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Contents_of_a_Myspace_profile">Contents of a Myspace profile</span></h2><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Moods">Moods</span></h3>Moods are small <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">emoticons</a> that are used to depict a mood the user is in. The feature was added in July 2007. The mood feature as of 2010 is not included by default with the status updates, but could be shared on the homepage as a separate update.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Blurbs.2C_blogs.2C_multimedia">Blurbs, blogs, multimedia</span></h3>Profiles contain two standard "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blurb" title="Blurb">blurbs</a>": "About Me" and "Who I'd Like to Meet" sections. Profiles also contain an "Interests" section and a "Details" section. In the "Details" section, "Status" and "Zodiac Sign" fields will always display. However, fields in these sections will not be displayed if members do not fill them in. Profiles also contain a blog with standard fields for content, emotion, and media. Myspace also supports uploading images. One of the images can be chosen to be the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_%28computing%29" title="Avatar (computing)">default image</a>", the image that will be seen on the profile's main page, search page, and as the image that will appear to the side of the user's name on comments, messages, etc. A photo editor powered by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoflexer" title="Fotoflexer">Fotoflexer</a> is available which can not only crop images and adjust contrast but also convert the image to a cartoon or a line drawing made with neon lights, or put the user's face in a photo of a $100 bill. Flash, such as on MySpace's video service, can be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_document" title="Compound document">embedded</a>. Blogging features are also available. These features could be hidden on a profile by using the module customizer or using HTML/CSS codes. Photos could be displayed on the Myspace profile instead of a link that it was used in previous years. Photos can be made into a slide show.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Comments">Comments</span></h3>Below the User's Friends Space (by default) is the "comments" section, wherein the user's friends may leave comments for all viewers to read. Myspace users have the option to delete any comment or require all comments to be approved before posting. If a user's account is deleted, every comment left on other profiles by that user will be deleted, and replaced with the comment saying "This Profile No Longer Exists". The option of using HTML in comments could be enabled or disabled.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Profile_customization_.28HTML.2FCSS.29">Profile customization (HTML/CSS)</span></h3>Myspace allows users to customize their user profile pages by entering <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> (but not <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>) into such areas as "About Me", "I'd Like to Meet", and "Interests". Videos and flash-based content can be included this way. Users also have the option to add music to their profile pages via Myspace Music, a service that allows bands to post songs for use on Myspace.<br />
A user can also change the general appearance of his or her page by entering <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a> (in a <tt><style>
...
</style></tt> element) into one of these fields to override the page's default style sheet using Myspace editors. This is often used to tweak fonts and colors. The fact that the user-added CSS is located in the middle of the page (rather than being located in the <tt></tt> element) means that the page will begin to load with the default Myspace layout before abruptly changing to the custom layout. A special type of modification is a div overlay, where the default layout is dramatically changed by hiding default text with <tt></tt><br />
<div> tags and large images.<br />
There are several independent web sites offering Myspace layout design utilities which let a user select options and preview what their page will look like with them.<br />
In 2008, Myspace launched a new Profile 2.0 as the next generation of the Myspace profile. Profile 2.0 features a cleaner interface and the ability to hide or show modules of the profile, along with customize the position of the module on the profile. Profile 2.0 layouts were released on the internet quickly as the use of the classic Myspace layouts do not work with profile 2.0. Profile 2.0 also was criticized for not looking right when trying to add custom CSS. To add custom CSS, the original theme has to be scrapped and many Myspace tweaks were not functional in the Profile 2.0 layout. In 2010, Myspace abandoned the Profile 1.0 layout and made Profile 2.0 the standard features of the profile. That promoted a cleaner interface and many themes are prepackaged with the customizer, along with the make a custom theme using various parameters of profile editing. Applications are used for decoration. While Profile 2.0 was the standard layout, a new profile was launched as an optional upgrade. The new profile was launched to keep up with the trends of the modern profile interface and attempts to give it a simpler and more mature design. Profile 3.0 intends to enable users more flexible customization and simpler theme building, but is not much different from the Profile 2.0 interface.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span></h3>Myspace profiles for musicians in the website's Myspace Music section differ from normal profiles in allowing artists to upload their entire discographies consisting of MP3 songs. The uploader must have rights to use the songs (e.g. their own work, permission granted, etc.). Unsigned musicians can use Myspace to post and sell music using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOCAP" title="SNOCAP">SNOCAP</a>, which has proven popular among Myspace users.<br />
Shortly after Myspace was sold to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a>, the owner of Fox News and 20th Century Fox, in 2005, they launched their own record label, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace_Records" title="MySpace Records">MySpace Records</a>, in an effort to discover unknown talent currently on Myspace Music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_25-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-autogenerated2-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the artist already being famous or still looking for a break into the industry, artists can upload their songs onto Myspace and have access to millions of people on a daily basis. Some well known singers such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Allen" title="Lily Allen">Lily Allen</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Kingston" title="Sean Kingston">Sean Kingston</a> gained fame through Myspace. The availability of music on this website continues to develop, largely driven by young talent. Over eight million artists have been discovered by Myspace and many more continue to be discovered daily.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> In late 2007, the site launched <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myspace_Transmissions" title="The Myspace Transmissions">The Myspace Transmissions</a>, a series of live-in-studio recordings by well-known artists.<br />
Myspace, in 2008, redesigned its music page adding new features for all musicians. These new features include the users' ability to create playlists, resembling the functions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last.fm" title="Last.fm">Last.fm</a> and other social music websites, along with the popular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playlist.com" title="Playlist.com">ProjectPlaylist</a> that is popular on profiles. The new music features also archive songs from many popular artists, resembling the services of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a>. In March 2010, listening to the full song in the search results has been disable and had been replaced by 30 second samples. Myspace music also suggests songs based on the songs you are currently listening to or the songs you had added to the playlist, making it as a music discovery tool. Myspace Music also added an improved playlist feature and artist profile, along with better music suggestion features, making it one of the highest rated and advanced music discovery sites on the Web. The site features charts similar to <i>Billboard</i> charts and it keeps track of the most popular music liked by users of all genres. It also enables user to view popular music in other countries of the world, mostly in Europe and major Asian countries such as China and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Myspace_features">Myspace features</span></h2>Bulletins are posts that are posted on to a "bulletin board" for everyone on a Myspace user's friends list to see. Bulletins can be useful for contacting an entire friends list without resorting to messaging users individually. They have also become the primary attack point for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a>. Bulletins are deleted after ten days.<br />
Myspace had a 'Groups' feature that allowed a group of users to share a common page and message board. Groups could be created by anybody, and the moderator of the group could choose for anyone to join, or to approve or deny requests to join. In November 2010, the group feature was turned off; a user clicking on the "Groups" link in the features menu was led to a page that announced that groups were being revamped, and the user could sign up to be informed of when groups would come back. A similar message has been posted repeatedly in the <a class="external text" href="http://www.myspace.com/help" rel="nofollow">Help</a> page. No date for the reappearance of the group has been mentioned.<br />
In early 2006, Myspace introduced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpaceIM" title="MySpaceIM">MySpaceIM</a>, an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messenger" title="Instant messenger">instant messenger</a> that uses one's Myspace account as a screen name. A Myspace user logs in to the client using the same e-mail associated with his or her Myspace account. Unlike other parts of MySpace, MySpaceIM is stand-alone software for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>. Users who use MySpaceIM get instant notification of new Myspace messages, friend requests, and comments. MySpaceIM was added as an default feature of Myspace by the end of 2009.<br />
In early 2007, Myspace introduced MySpaceTV, a service similar to the YouTube <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_sharing" title="Video sharing">video sharing</a> website. Myspace has been showing videos as early as 2006, but it has changed it name to MySpaceTV for a while. In 2009, MySpaceTV reverted back to Myspace Video once again. Myspace Video continues to be not as popular as other video sharing sites such as YouTube, but many sites had partnered with Myspace such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a> to promote their media to the Myspace community.<br />
In 2008, Myspace introduced an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> with which users could create applications for other users to post on their profiles. The applications are similar to the Facebook applications. In May 2008, Myspace had added some security options regarding interaction with photos and other media. Many applications that are popular on Myspace had spin off versions on Facebook. The Myspace app Mafia Wars has became a Facebook sensation as well. On the other hand, Facebook applications such as Bumper Stickers and Farmville has been used in Myspace and was popular as well. Many application partnerships such as Zygna and Slide has been responsible from creating third party apps for use on both Myspace and Facebook, along with for use in the iTunes app store.<br />
There are a variety of environments in which users can access Myspace content on their mobile phone. American mobile phone provider <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helio_%28wireless_carrier%29" title="Helio (wireless carrier)">Helio</a> released a series of mobile phones in early 2006 that can utilize a service known as Myspace Mobile to access and edit one's profile and communicate with, and view the profiles of other members.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-moconews-MySpaceHelios_81-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-moconews-MySpaceHelios-81"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> Additionally, UIEvolution and Myspace developed a mobile version of Myspace for a wider range of carriers, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Mobility" title="AT&T Mobility">AT&T</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-screenplays-MySpaceUIEvolution_82-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-screenplays-MySpaceUIEvolution-82"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MySpaceVodaphone_83-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-MySpaceVodaphone-83"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Wireless" title="Rogers Wireless">Rogers Wireless</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MySpaceRogers_84-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-MySpaceRogers-84"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In April 2007, Myspace launched a news service called <a class="external text" href="http://news.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace News</a> which displays news from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a> feeds that users submit. It also allows users to rank each news story by voting for it. The more votes a story gets, the higher the story moves up the page.<br />
Full service classifieds listing offered beginning in August 2006. It has grown by 33 percent in one year since inception. Myspace Classifieds was launched right at the same time the site appeared on the internet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Launched April 29, 2008, ksolo.myspace.com is a combination of Myspace and kSolo, which allows users to upload audio recordings of themselves singing onto their profile page. Users' friends are able to rate the performances. A video feature is not yet available, but Tom Anderson, Myspace co-founder and president, states that it is in the works.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Myspace Polls is a feature on Myspace that was brought back in 2008 to enable users to post polls on their profile and share them with other users.<br />
MySpace uses an implementation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telligent_Community" title="Telligent Community">Telligent Community</a> for its forum system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-87"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span></h2><ul><li>During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008" title="United States presidential election, 2008">2008 presidential election in the United States</a>, candidates set up Myspace profiles, presumably in an effort to attract younger voters. Most profiles feature photos, blogs, videos, and ways for viewers to get involved with campaigning. Myspace features these politicians' profiles on its front page in the "Cool New People" section, on what appears to be a random rotation.</li>
<li>Many political organizations have created Myspace accounts to keep in touch with and expand their membership base. These range from larger organizations like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACLU" title="ACLU">ACLU</a> to smaller locally focused <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">environmentalist</a> groups and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Not_Bombs" title="Food Not Bombs">Food Not Bombs</a> activists.</li>
</ul><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span></h2><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Accessibility_and_reliability">Accessibility and reliability</span></h3>Because most Myspace pages are designed by individuals with little <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> experience, a very large proportion of pages do not satisfy the criteria for valid HTML or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a> laid down by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a>. Poorly formatted code can cause accessibility problems for those using software such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen readers</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-88"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> The Myspace home page, as of May 20, 2009, failed HTML validation with around 101 errors (the number changes on sequential validations of the home page due to dynamic content), using the W3C's validator.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Furthermore, Myspace is set up so that anyone can customize the layout and colors of their profile page with virtually no restrictions, provided that the advertisements are not covered up by CSS or using other means. As Myspace users are usually not skilled <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_development" title="Web development">web developers</a>, this can cause further problems. Poorly constructed Myspace profiles could potentially freeze up <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> due to malformed CSS coding, or as a result of users placing many high <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_%28computing%29" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> objects such as videos, graphics, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Flash</a> in their profiles (sometimes multiple videos and sound files are automatically played at the same time when a profile loads). While Myspace blocks potentially harmful code (such as JavaScript) from profiles, users have occasionally found ways to insert such code. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_World_%28magazine%29" title="PC World (magazine)"><i>PC World</i></a> cited this as its main reason for naming Myspace as #1 in its list of twenty-five worst web sites ever.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In addition, new features have been gradually added (see <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featuritis" title="Featuritis">featuritis</a>).<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Security">Security</span></h3>In October 2005, a flaw in MySpace's site design was exploited by "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samy_%28XSS%29" title="Samy (XSS)">Samy</a>" to create the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samy_%28XSS%29" title="Samy (XSS)">first self-propagating cross-site scripting (XSS) worm</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a> has reported that "social-networking sites like Myspace are turning out to be hotbeds for spyware," and "infection rates are on the rise, in part thanks to the surging popularity of social-networking sites like MySpace.com."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> In addition to this, the customization of user pages currently allows the injection of certain HTML which can be crafted to form a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> user profile, thus keeping the myspace.com domain as the address.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-92"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup> More recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_%28dates_and_numbers%29#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)"><span title="The time period in the vicinity of this tag is ambiguous from April 2011">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, there has been spam on bulletins that has been the result of phishing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-93"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup> Users find their Myspace homepage with bulletins they did not post, realizing later they had been phished. The bulletin consists of an advertisement that provides a link to a fake login screen, tricking people into typing in their Myspace e-mail and password.<br />
Other security fears regarding profile content itself are also present. For example, the embedding of videos inherently allows all of the format's abilities and functions to be used on a page. A prime example of this surfaced in December 2006, when embedded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a> videos were shown to contain hyperlinks to JavaScript files, which would be run simply by a user visiting a 'phished' profile page, or even in some cases by simply viewing a user's 'about me' elsewhere on the site. Users who entered their login information into a fake login bar that appeared would also become 'phished', and their account would be used to spam other members, thus spreading this security problem.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-94"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Myspace's anti-phishing and anti-spam measures have also come under fire. In 2007 Myspace made changes such that external links on profiles would be redirected through the http://msplinks.com domain. For example, http://en.wikipedia.org would be changed to http://www.msplinks.com/MDFodHRwOi8vZW4ud2lraXBlZGlhLm9yZw==http (The new links are determined by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64" title="Base64">Base64</a> encoding, as there are ways of decoding the link back into its original URL.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-95"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup>) Myspace staffers would be able to disable potentially dangerous links. (The changed links only work if the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_referrer" title="HTTP referrer">HTTP referrer</a> is a Myspace page; otherwise, the link will appear to be disabled.) This move has been criticized that it makes profile editing inconvenient and that it does nothing to deter spammers. In February 2008 Myspace changed the system such that users who click such links (except for whitelisted domains like Wikipedia and YouTube) will receive a warning that they will be leaving the <tt>myspace.com</tt> domain. As of March 2008, this "feature" has been extended to blogs as well, although previous blog entries are unaffected unless the user updates them.<br />
In January 2008 the state attorneys general of 49 states of the USA wrote guidelines for online safety for Myspace and other services. They included restrictions for behavior on social networking services.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-96"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
On January 26, 2008, over 567,000 private Myspace user pictures were downloaded from the site by using a bug published on YouTube and put on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratebay" title="Piratebay">Piratebay</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_%28protocol%29" title="BitTorrent (protocol)">torrent</a> site for download.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In 2010, the company was criticzied, along with other social networks, for passing user personally identifiable profile information to advertisers when members clicked on ads.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-98"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Myspace_party_problems">Myspace party problems</span></h3>Myspace is often used as a venue for publicizing parties, sometimes with the host's knowledge and sometimes without. There have been some well-publicized incidents where Myspace parties have caused thousands of dollars damage to property, and even (in at least one case) loss of life.<br />
<ul><li>A party hosted by Corey Worthington, a sixteen-year-old boy from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narre_Warren" title="Narre Warren">Narre Warren</a> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne,_Australia" title="Melbourne, Australia">Melbourne</a>, Australia, and advertised on MySpace, attracted 500 people. Police cars were attacked, and the dog squad and a helicopter were called in. The incident received international coverage. (Worthington subsequently found work as a party promoter, and appeared on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Network" title="Ten Network">Ten Network</a>'s Australian version of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_Australia_2008" title="Big Brother Australia 2008">Big Brother</a></i>.)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-99"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup> The <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a>'</i>s online technology writer, Asher Moses, has noted that MySpace/Facebook parties are particularly prone to gatecrashing because news of events can spread to uninvited guests via "newsfeeds." He suspects some party hosts are oblivious to the actual number of people who get the message."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_100-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-autogenerated1-100"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_100-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-autogenerated1-100"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-101"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>In April 2007, a seventeen-year-old British girl hosted a party after distributing information about it on Myspace that was reportedly subtitled "Let's trash the average family-sized house disco party." Her parents were left with an approximately £24,000 ($48,000) bill from police.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_100-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-autogenerated1-100"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-102"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Allen Joplin, a seventeen-year-old American high school student from Seattle, was shot dead at a party that had been publicized through Myspace.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_100-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-autogenerated1-100"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-103"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Child_safety">Child safety</span></h3>The minimum age to register an account on Myspace is 13, but it was 14 at one time and some still think of it as being 14.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-104"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-105"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-106"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup> Profiles with ages set from 13 to 15 years are automatically private. Users whose ages are set at 16 or over have the option to set their profile to public viewing. Accessing the full profile of, or messaging someone when their account is set to "private" (or if under sixteen) is restricted to a Myspace user's direct friends.<br />
Myspace will delete fake profiles if the victim verifies their identity and points out the profile via e-mail.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-107"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup> In July 2007, the company found and deleted 29,000 profiles belonging to registered sex offenders.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-108"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_%28dates_and_numbers%29#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)"><span title="The time period in the vicinity of this tag is ambiguous from April 2011">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, Myspace has been the focus of a number of news reports stating that teenagers have found ways around the restrictions set by Myspace. Stricter methods for enforcing age admission will be enforced in the future, such as blocking a person from accessing Myspace using a computer's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-109"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup> In response, Myspace has given assurances to parents that the website is safe for people of all ages. Beginning in late June 2006, Myspace users whose ages are set over 18 could no longer be able to add users whose ages are set from 13 to 15 years as friends unless they already know the user's full name or email address.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-110"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></a></sup> Some third party Internet safety companies such as Social Shield<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-111"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup> have launched online communities for parents concerned about their child's safety on Myspace.<br />
In June 2006, sixteen-year-old American Katherine Lester flew to the Middle East, to Tel Aviv, Israel, after having tricked her parents into getting her a passport in order to be with a twenty-year-old man she met through Myspace.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-112"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></a></sup> U.S. officials in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> persuaded the teen to turn around and go home.<br />
In October 2006, thirteen-year-old <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Megan_Meier" title="Suicide of Megan Meier">Megan Meier</a> committed suicide after being the victim of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber-bullying" title="Cyber-bullying">cyber-bullying</a> instigated by the mother of a friend who had posed as a sixteen-year-old named "Josh Evans".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-113"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In December 2006, Myspace announced new measures to protect children from known sex offenders. Although precise details were not given they said that "tools" would be implemented to prevent known sex offenders from the USA creating a Myspace profile.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-114"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In February 2007, a U.S. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court" title="United States District Court">District Judge</a> in Texas dismissed a case when <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doe_v_MySpace" title="Doe v MySpace">a family sued MySpace</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence" title="Negligence">negligence</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrepresentation" title="Misrepresentation">misrepresentation</a>; a girl in the family had been <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexually assaulted</a> by a man she met through MySpace, after she had misrepresented her age as 18 when she was 13. Regarding his dismissal of the case, U.S. District Judge <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Sparks" title="Sam Sparks">Sam Sparks</a> wrote: "If anyone had a duty to protect young girls, it was her parents, not MySpace."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-115"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In October 2007, a study published in the <i>Journal of Adolescence</i> conducted by Sameer Hinduja (Florida Atlantic University) and Justin W. Patchin (University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire) concluded that most adolescents use Myspace responsibly: "When considered in its proper context, these results indicate that the problem of personal information disclosure on Myspace may not be as widespread as many assume, and that the overwhelming majority of adolescents are responsibly using the website," they say.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-116"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Social_and_cultural">Social and cultural</span></h3>Dave Itzkoff, in the June 2006 <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a></i> magazine, related his experiences of experimentation with membership in Myspace. Among his other criticisms, one pertains to the distance afforded by the Internet that emboldens members, such as females who feature photos of themselves in scant clothing on their profile pages or behave in ways they would not in person, and he indicated that this duplicity undercuts the central design of MySpace, namely, to bring people together. Itzkoff also referenced the addictive, time-consuming nature of the site, mentioning that the <i>Playboy</i> Playmate and Myspace member <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_McCullough" title="Julie McCullough">Julie McCullough</a>, who was the first to respond to his add-friend request, pointedly referred to the site as "cybercrack". Itzkoff argued that Myspace gives many people access to a member’s life, without giving the time needed to maintain such relationships and that such relationships do not possess the depth of in-person relationships.<br />
Furthermore, in terms of MySpace's potential for underhanded commercial exploitation, Itzkoff is particularly critical of the disturbing and fraudulent behavior of people who can contact a member, unsolicited, as when he was contacted by someone expressing a desire to socialize and date, but whose blog (to which Itzkoff was directed via subsequent emails) was found to be a solicitation for a series of commercial porn sites. Itzkoff is similarly critical of the more subtle commercial solicitations on the site, such as the banner ads and links to profiles and video clips that turn out to be, for example, commercials for new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a> films. He also observed that MySpace’s much-celebrated music section is heavily weighted in favor of record labels rather than breakthrough musicians.<br />
In relating criticism from another person, whom Itzkoff called "Judas," he illustrated that, while the goal of attempting to bring together people who might not otherwise associate with one another in real life may seem honorable, Myspace inherently violates a social contract only present when people interact face-to-face, rendering, in his opinion, the website nothing more than a passing fad:<br />
<table class="cquote" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: none; margin: auto; width: auto;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 35px; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px 10px; text-align: left;" valign="top" width="20">“</td> <td style="padding: 4px 10px;" valign="top">There will come a moment when, like deer quivering and flicking up their ears toward a noiseless noise in the woods, the first adopters will suddenly realize they’re spending their time blogging, adding, and gawking at the same alarming photos as an army of fourteen year olds, and quick as deer, they’ll dash to the next trend. And before you know it, we’ll all follow.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-117"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 35px; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px 10px; text-align: right;" valign="bottom" width="20">”</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversy_over_corporate_history">Controversy over corporate history</span></h3>After the sale of Myspace to News Corp, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Greenspan" title="Brad Greenspan">Brad Greenspan</a> (the former CEO, founder, and shareholder of Intermix Media the parent company that owned and launched MySpace.com) contested the sale of the company to News Corp. Greenspan claimed that new Intermix Media CEO <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rosenblatt" title="Richard Rosenblatt">Richard Rosenblatt</a> and other board members cheated shareholders by selling the company for less than it was actually worth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-118"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-119"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valleywag" title="Valleywag">Valleywag</a>, a gossip blog that reported on the allegations, also claimed that founder and public face of MySpace, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Anderson_%28MySpace%29" title="Tom Anderson (MySpace)">Tom Anderson</a>, was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> invention.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-120"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></a></sup> It was later confirmed by Newsweek that Anderson's age on the site had been lowered to "appeal" to younger users.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-121"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-121"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In October 2006, Greenspan published "The Myspace Report" on a personal website, calling for government investigation into News Corp's acquisition of Myspace.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-122"><span>[</span>123<span>]</span></a></sup> Greenspan's main allegation is that News Corp. should have valued Myspace at US$20 billion rather than US$327 million, and had defrauded Intermix shareholders through an unfair deal process.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-123"><span>[</span>124<span>]</span></a></sup> However the report was not widely accepted by the financial press and a lawsuit led by Greenspan challenging the acquisition was dismissed by a judge.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-124"><span>[</span>125<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-125"><span>[</span>126<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Censorship">Censorship</span></h3>Activist group <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoveOn.org" title="MoveOn.org">MoveOn.org</a> has criticized MySpace, claiming that the website practices censorship by not showing anti-media ads, removing fake profiles for high-profile media executives like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a>, and attempting to force users away from using certain third-party Flash applications on their profiles, a move necessary to improve site security.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-126"><span>[</span>127<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Stalking">Stalking</span></h3><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg"><img alt="Wiki letter w cropped.svg" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" width="20" /></a></td> <td class="mbox-text">This section requires <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myspace&action=edit" rel="nofollow">expansion</a>.</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>According to Alison Kiss, program director for Security on Campus, social networking websites such as Myspace and Facebook have made it easier for stalkers who target women on college campuses.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-127"><span>[</span>128<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="MySpace_China">MySpace China</span></h3><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China">Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China</a></div>The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese" title="Simplified Chinese">simplified Chinese</a> version of MySpace, launched in April 2007, has many censorship-related differences from other international versions of the service. Discussion forums on topics such as religion and politics are absent, and a filtering system that prevents the posting of content about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_independence" title="Taiwan independence">Taiwan independence</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a>, and other "inappropriate topics" has been added.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-128"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-128"><span>[</span>129<span>]</span></a></sup> Users are also given the ability to report the "misconduct" of other users for offenses including "endangering national security, leaking state secrets, subverting the government, undermining national unity, and spreading rumors or disturbing the social order."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-129"><span>[</span>130<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_discrimination">Religious discrimination</span></h3>On January 30, 2008, Bryan J. Pesta, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_State_University" title="Cleveland State University">Cleveland State University</a> assistant professor, and moderator of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist_and_Agnostic_Group" title="Atheist and Agnostic Group">Atheist and Agnostic Group</a>, accused Myspace of pandering to religious intolerance by deleting atheist users, groups and content. Specifically, Pesta alleges that Myspace deleted AAG's account, and his own personal profile, based on complaints from people offended by atheism, and this was the second time Myspace deleted the group since November 2007, even though, according to Pesta, it had never violated the site's Terms of Service.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-130"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-130"><span>[</span>131<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-131"><span>[</span>132<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="International_sites">International sites</span></h2>Since early 2006, Myspace has offered the option to access the service in different regional versions. The alternative regional versions present automated content according to locality (e.g. UK users see other UK users as "Cool New People," and UK oriented events and adverts, etc.), offer local languages other than English, or accommodate the regional differences in spelling and conventions in the English-speaking world (e.g. United States: "favorites," mm/dd/yyyy; the rest of the world: "favourites," dd/mm/yyyy).<br />
Sites currently offered are:<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="" style="background: transparent; font-size: 90%; width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="50%"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Global</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://au.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Australia</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://br.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Brazil</a> (currently in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_beta" title="Open beta">beta</a>)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://ca.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Canada</a> <span class="languageicon" style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold;">(English)</span> (currently in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_beta" title="Open beta">beta</a>)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://cf.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Canada</a> <span class="languageicon" style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold;">(French)</span> (currently in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_beta" title="Open beta">beta</a>)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://myspace.cn/" rel="nofollow">Myspace China</a> (currently in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_beta" title="Open beta">beta</a>)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://dk.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Denmark</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://fr.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace France</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://fi.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Finland</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://de.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Germany</a> (currently in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_beta" title="Open beta">beta</a>)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://gr.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Greece</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://ie.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Ireland</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://la.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Latin America</a> <span class="languageicon" style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold;">(Spanish)</span> (currently in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_beta" title="Open beta">beta</a>)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://in.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace India</a> (currently in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_beta" title="Open beta">beta</a>)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://it.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Italy</a> (currently in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_beta" title="Open beta">beta</a>)</li>
</ul></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="50%"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://jp.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Japan</a> (currently in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_beta" title="Open beta">beta</a>)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://kr.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Korea</a> (currently in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_beta" title="Open beta">beta</a>)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://mx.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Mexico</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://nl.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://nz.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://pl.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Poland</a> (currently in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_beta" title="Open beta">beta</a>)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://pt.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Portugal</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://ru.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Russia</a> (currently in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_beta" title="Open beta">beta</a>)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://es.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Spain</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://se.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Sweden</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://tr.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Turkey</a> (currently in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_beta" title="Open beta">beta</a>)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://uk.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace UK</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://us.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace USA</a> <span class="languageicon" style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold;">(English)</span> (this is, in fact, identical to the "global" site)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://latino.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Myspace USA</a> <span class="languageicon" style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold;">(Spanish)</span></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="MySpace_Developer_Platform_.28MDP.29">MySpace Developer Platform (MDP)</span></h2>On February 5, 2008, Myspace set up a developer platform which allows developers to share their ideas and write their own Myspace applications. The opening was inaugurated with a workshop at the MySpace, San Francisco offices two weeks before the official launch. The <a class="external text" href="http://developer.myspace.com/community/" rel="nofollow">MDP</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since May 2011">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup> is based on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Social" title="Open Social">Open Social</a> API which was presented by Google in November 2007 to support social networks to develop social and interacting widgets and can be seen as an answer to Facebook's developer platform. The first public beta of the Myspace Apps was released on March 5, 2008, with around 1,000 applications available.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-132"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-132"><span>[</span>133<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-133"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-133"><span>[</span>134<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Myspace_server_infrastructure">Myspace server infrastructure</span></h2>At QCon London 2008,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-qcon-arch-pres_134-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-qcon-arch-pres-134"><span>[</span>135<span>]</span></a></sup> Myspace Chief Systems Architect Dan Farino indicated that Myspace was sending 100 gigabits of data per second out to the Internet, of which 10 gigabits was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> content and the remainder was media such as videos and pictures. The server infrastructure consists of over 4,500 web servers (running <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">IIS</a> 6.0, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASP.NET" title="ASP.NET">ASP.NET</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.Net_Framework" title=".Net Framework">.Net Framework</a> 3.5), over 1,200 cache servers (running 64-bit Windows Server 2003), and over 500 database servers (running 64-bit Windows Server 2003 and SQL Server 2005) as well as a custom distributed file system which runs on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo Linux</a>.<br />
As of 2009, Myspace has started migrating from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDD</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a> technology in some of their servers, resulting in space and power usage savings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-infoq-ssd_135-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-infoq-ssd-135"><span>[</span>136<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Musicians.27_rights_and_Myspace_terms_of_use_agreement">Musicians' rights and Myspace terms of use agreement</span></h2>Until June 2006, there was a concern amongst musicians, artists, and bands on Myspace such as songwriter <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bragg" title="Billy Bragg">Billy Bragg</a> owing to the fine print within the user agreement that read, "You hereby grant to MySpace.com a non-exclusive, fully paid and royalty-free, worldwide license (with the right to sublicense through unlimited levels of sublicensees) to use, copy, modify, adapt, translate, publicly perform, publicly display, store, reproduce, transmit, and distribute such Content on and through the Services." The fine print brought particular concern as the agreement was being made with Murdoch's News Corporation. Billy Bragg brought the issue to the attention of the media during the first week of June 2006.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-InquirerBragg_136-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-InquirerBragg-136"><span>[</span>137<span>]</span></a></sup> Jeff Berman, a Myspace spokesman swiftly responded by saying, "Because the legalese has caused some confusion, we are at work revising it to make it very clear that Myspace is not seeking a license to do anything with an artist's work other than allow it to be shared in the manner the artist intends."<br />
By June 27, 2006, Myspace had amended the user agreement with, "MySpace.com does not claim any ownership rights in the text, files, images, photos, video, sounds, musical works, works of authorship, or any other materials (collectively, 'Content') that you post to the Myspace Services. After posting your Content to the Myspace Services, you continue to retain all ownership rights in such Content, and you continue to have the right to use your Content in any way you choose."<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Blocking">Blocking</span></h2>Multiple schools, public libraries, and employers in the United States, United Kingdom, France, Finland, Sweden, Germany, Russia, Australia and Malaysia have restricted access to MySpace, seeing it as "a haven for gossip and malicious comments."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-137"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-137"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
A Catholic school in New Jersey has prohibited students from using Myspace at home, an action made to protect students from online predators as claimed by the school, although experts questioned the legality of such a ban and if it is constitutional. In autumn of 2005 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII_Regional_High_School" title="Pope John XXIII Regional High School">Pope John XXIII Regional High School</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Sparta Township, New Jersey">Sparta Township</a>, New Jersey made headlines by forbidding its students to have pages on Myspace or similar websites (such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_Online" title="Gaia Online">Gaia</a>) under threat of suspension or expulsion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-138"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-138"><span>[</span>139<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-139"><span>[</span>140<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-140"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-140"><span>[</span>141<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In Turkey, Myspace had been blocked on September 19, 2009, due to copyright issues of <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%9C-YAP&action=edit&redlink=1" title="MÜ-YAP (page does not exist)">MÜ-YAP</a>. Turkish rock musician <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylin_Asl%C4%B1m" title="Aylin Aslım">Aylin Aslım</a>, who has a Myspace account said the block was a serious violation of rights for independent musicians of Turkey. As of October 6, the block has been lifted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-141"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-141"><span>[</span>142<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</span></h2>In May 2006, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island,_New_York" title="Long Island, New York">Long Island</a>, New York teenagers Shaun Harrison and Saverio Mondelli were charged with illegal computer access and attempted extortion of MySpace, after both had allegedly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_%28computer_security%29" title="Hacker (computer security)">hacked</a> into the site to steal the personal information of Myspace users before threatening to share the secrets of how they broke into the website unless Myspace paid them $150,000. Both teens were arrested by undercover Los Angeles police detectives posing as Myspace employees.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ElReg-TeenHack_142-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-ElReg-TeenHack-142"><span>[</span>143<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In April 2007, police in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a>, United Kingdom, arrested a 17-year-old girl on charges of criminal damage following a party advertised on MySpace, held at her parents' house without their consent. Over 200 teenagers came to the party from across the country, causing £20,000 of damage, such as cigarette butts, urine on clothing, and writing on the walls. The girl's parents, who were away at the time, had to move out of the house.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-143"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-143"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-144"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-144"><span>[</span>145<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Acquisition_of_Imeem">Acquisition of Imeem</span></h2>On November 18, 2009, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imeem" title="Imeem">Imeem</a> was acquired by Myspace Music for an undisclosed amount. After the acquisition was completed on December 8, 2009, it was confirmed that Myspace Music bought Imeem for less than US$1 million in cash.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-145"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-145"><span>[</span>146<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-146"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-146"><span>[</span>147<span>]</span></a></sup> Myspace has also stated that they will be transitioning Imeem's users, and migrating all their play lists over to Myspace Music. On January 15, 2010, Myspace began restoring Imeem playlists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-147"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-147"><span>[</span>148<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="YouTube">YouTube</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></div>YouTube debuted in April 2005, and it quickly gained popularity on Myspace due to Myspace users' ability to embed YouTube videos in their Myspace profiles. Realizing the competitive threat to the new Myspace Videos service, Myspace banned embedded YouTube videos from its user profiles. Myspace users widely protested the ban, prompting Myspace to lift the ban shortly thereafter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-148"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-148"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Since then YouTube has become one of the fastest-growing websites on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-adage_fastest_149-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-adage_fastest-149"><span>[</span>150<span>]</span></a></sup> outgrowing MySpace's reach according to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa Internet</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-150"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-150"><span>[</span>151<span>]</span></a></sup> In July 2006 several news organizations reported that YouTube had overtaken Myspace.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-151"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-151"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup> In a September 2006 investor meeting, News Corp. COO <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Chernin" title="Peter Chernin">Peter Chernin</a> stated that: "If you look at virtually any Web 2.0 application, whether its YouTube, whether it’s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a>, whether it’s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photobucket" title="Photobucket">Photobucket</a> or any of the next-generation Web applications, almost all of them are really driven off the back of MySpace. Given that most of their traffic comes from us if we build adequate if not superior competitors, I think we ought to be able to match them if not exceed them."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-152"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_note-152"><span>[</span>153<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><div class="noprint tright portal" style="border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 85%; line-height: 110%; max-width: 175px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunset_at_Huntington_Beach.jpg"><img alt="" height="24" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sunset_at_Huntington_Beach.jpg/32px-Sunset_at_Huntington_Beach.jpg" width="32" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Portal:Greater Los Angeles">Greater Los Angeles portal</a></b></i></td> </tr>
<tr valign="middle"> <td style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Factory_1b.svg"><img alt="" height="26" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Factory_1b.svg/32px-Factory_1b.svg.png" width="32" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></b></i></td> </tr>
<tr valign="middle"> <td style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png"><img alt="" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png" width="28" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena" title="List of Internet phenomena">List of Internet phenomena</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_virtual_communities_with_more_than_100_million_users" title="List of virtual communities with more than 100 million users">List of virtual communities with more than 100 million users</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_websites" title="List of social networking websites">List of social networking websites</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyDeathSpace.com" title="MyDeathSpace.com">MyDeathSpace.com</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social software</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SodaHead.com" title="SodaHead.com">SodaHead.com</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0_Suicide_Machine" title="Web 2.0 Suicide Machine">Web 2.0 Suicide Machine</a></li>
<li>gOS 2.9 "Space" - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distribution geared toward Myspace users, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOS_%28operating_system%29" title="GOS (operating system)">gOS (operating system)</a></li>
</ul><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation"><a class="external text" href="http://techcrunch.com/2010/02/10/myspace-ceo-owen-van-natta-steps-down/" rel="nofollow">"MySpace CEO Owen Van Natta Steps Down"</a>, <i>TechCrunch</i>, 2010-02-10</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MySpace+CEO+Owen+Van+Natta+Steps+Down&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.date=2010-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2010%2F02%2F10%2Fmyspace-ceo-owen-van-natta-steps-down%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.emarketer.com/Article.aspx?R=1007432" rel="nofollow">"Social Network Spending Shifts"</a>. eMarketer. 2009-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Social+Network+Spending+Shifts&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2009-12-22&rft.pub=eMarketer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emarketer.com%2FArticle.aspx%3FR%3D1007432&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2387944,00.asp" rel="nofollow">http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2387944,00.asp</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-alexa-3">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-alexa_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-alexa_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/myspace.com" rel="nofollow">"Myspace.com Site Info"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa Internet</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-08-04</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Myspace.com+Site+Info&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BAlexa+Internet%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexa.com%2Fsiteinfo%2Fmyspace.com&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/adplanner/planning/site_profile#siteDetails?identifier=myspace.com&geo=001&trait_type=1&lp=true" rel="nofollow">"Site profile for MySpace"</a>. Google<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-01-15</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Site+profile+for+MySpace&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Google&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fadplanner%2Fplanning%2Fsite_profile%23siteDetails%3Fidentifier%3Dmyspace.com%26geo%3D001%26trait_type%3D1%26lp%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Foresman, Chris (2010-10-27). <a class="external text" href="http://arstechnica.com/web/news/2010/10/myspace-concedes-to-facebook-changes-focus.ars" rel="nofollow">"Myspace concedes to Facebook, changes focus"</a>. Arstechnica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-01-15</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Myspace+concedes+to+Facebook%2C+changes+focus&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Foresman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Foresman%2C%26%2332%3BChris&rft.date=2010-10-27&rft.pub=Arstechnica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fweb%2Fnews%2F2010%2F10%2Fmyspace-concedes-to-facebook-changes-focus.ars&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">John D. Sutter (2010-10-27). <a class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2010/TECH/web/10/27/myspace.revamp/" rel="nofollow">"Praise for MySpace's new look - but that logo?"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-01-15</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Praise+for+MySpace%27s+new+look+-+but+that+logo%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=John+D.+Sutter&rft.au=John+D.+Sutter&rft.date=2010-10-27&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2010%2FTECH%2Fweb%2F10%2F27%2Fmyspace.revamp%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Mark Lacter (August 25, 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.laobserved.com/biz/2006/08/my_space_is_not_thei.php" rel="nofollow">"My Space is not their space anymore"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=My+Space+is+not+their+space+anymore&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Mark+Lacter&rft.au=Mark+Lacter&rft.date=August+25%2C+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laobserved.com%2Fbiz%2F2006%2F08%2Fmy_space_is_not_thei.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Pete Cashmore (2006-07-11). <a class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2006/07/11/myspace-americas-number-one/" rel="nofollow">"MySpace, America’s Number One"</a>. Mashable.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace%2C+America%E2%80%99s+Number+One&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Pete+Cashmore&rft.au=Pete+Cashmore&rft.date=2006-07-11&rft.pub=Mashable.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2006%2F07%2F11%2Fmyspace-americas-number-one%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Techtree News Staff (2008-08-13). <a class="external text" href="http://www.techtree.com/India/News/Facebook_Largest_Fastest_Growing_Social_Network/551-92134-643.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook: Largest, Fastest Growing Social Network"</a>. <i>Techtree.com</i>. ITNation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-08-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook%3A+Largest%2C+Fastest+Growing+Social+Network&rft.atitle=Techtree.com&rft.aulast=Techtree+News+Staff&rft.au=Techtree+News+Staff&rft.date=2008-08-13&rft.pub=ITNation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techtree.com%2FIndia%2FNews%2FFacebook_Largest_Fastest_Growing_Social_Network%2F551-92134-643.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/facebook.com+myspace.com+TWITTER.com/?metric=uv" rel="nofollow">"Site Comparison of facebook.com (rank #3), myspace.com (#9), twitter.com (#27) | Compete"</a>. Siteanalytics.compete.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Site+Comparison+of+facebook.com+%28rank+%233%29%2C+myspace.com+%28%239%29%2C+twitter.com+%28%2327%29+%26%23124%3B+Compete&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Siteanalytics.compete.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteanalytics.compete.com%2Ffacebook.com%2Bmyspace.com%2BTWITTER.com%2F%3Fmetric%3Duv&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-bw-20110622-11">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-bw-20110622_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-bw-20110622_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-bw-20110622_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-bw-20110622_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-bw-20110622_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-bw-20110622_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news">Felix Gillette (22 June 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/11_27/b4235053917570.htm" rel="nofollow">"The Rise and Inglorious Fall of Myspace"</a>. <i>Bloomberg Businessweek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 June 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Inglorious+Fall+of+Myspace&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek&rft.aulast=Felix+Gillette&rft.au=Felix+Gillette&rft.date=22+June+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fmagazine%2Fcontent%2F11_27%2Fb4235053917570.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.quantcast.com/myspace.com" rel="nofollow">myspace.com - Quantcast Audience Profile</a>. Quantcast.com. Retrieved on 2011-15-05.</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/facebook.com" rel="nofollow">"Facebook.com - Site Info from Alexa"</a>. Alexa. 2011-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook.com+-+Site+Info+from+Alexa&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2011-01-07&rft.pub=Alexa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexa.com%2Fsiteinfo%2Ffacebook.com&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-cnn_jobs-14">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-cnn_jobs_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-cnn_jobs_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news">Goldman, David ( <span style="white-space: nowrap;">June 6, 2009</span>). <a class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/2009/06/16/technology/myspace_layoffs/index.htm" rel="nofollow">"MySpace to Cut 30% of Workforce"</a>. CNNmoney.com.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace+to+Cut+30%25+of+Workforce&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Goldman%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.date=%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Anone%3B+speak%3Anone%22%3E02009-06-06+%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3EJune+6%2C+2009%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=CNNmoney.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2009%2F06%2F16%2Ftechnology%2Fmyspace_layoffs%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://techcrunch.com/2011/06/27/myspace-expected-to-lay-off-at-least-150-employees-on-wednesday/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Techcrunch+%28TechCrunch%29" rel="nofollow">http://techcrunch.com/2011/06/27/myspace-expected-to-lay-off-at-least-150-employees-on-wednesday/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Techcrunch+%28TechCrunch%29</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> Fixmer, Andy, <a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-06-29/news-corp-calls-quits-on-myspace-with-specific-media-sale.html" rel="nofollow">"News Corp. Calls Quits on Myspace With Specific Media Sale"</a>, <i>Business Week</i>, June 29, 2011</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/justin-timberlake-takes-stake-myspace-206943" rel="nofollow">"My Space is not their space anymore"</a>. 2006-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-11-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=My+Space+is+not+their+space+anymore&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2006-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fjustin-timberlake-takes-stake-myspace-206943&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-business_of_spam-18">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-business_of_spam_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-business_of_spam_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web">Lapinski, Trent (2006-09-11). <a class="external text" href="http://valleywag.com/tech/myspace/myspace-the-business-of-spam-20-exhaustive-edition-199924.php" rel="nofollow">"MySpace: The Business of Spam 2.0 (Exhaustive Edition)"</a>. <i>ValleyWag</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace%3A+The+Business+of+Spam+2.0+%28Exhaustive+Edition%29&rft.atitle=ValleyWag&rft.aulast=Lapinski&rft.aufirst=Trent&rft.au=Lapinski%2C%26%2332%3BTrent&rft.date=2006-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvalleywag.com%2Ftech%2Fmyspace%2Fmyspace-the-business-of-spam-20-exhaustive-edition-199924.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://freemyspace.com/08-28-03.JPG" rel="nofollow">"?"</a>. freemyspace.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=freemyspace.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemyspace.com%2F08-28-03.JPG&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since October 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://freemyspace.com/N.jpg" rel="nofollow">"Welcome to"</a>. Freemyspace.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Welcome+to&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Freemyspace.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemyspace.com%2FN.jpg&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://freemyspace.com/09-03-03-f.jpg" rel="nofollow">"Welcome to"</a>. Freemyspace.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Welcome+to&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Freemyspace.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemyspace.com%2F09-03-03-f.jpg&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=545048.545055" rel="nofollow">"Keep your data safe and available while roaming"</a>. Portal.acm.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Keep+your+data+safe+and+available+while+roaming&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Portal.acm.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D545048.545055&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080307191151/http://www.dacity.com/airwolf/myspace.htm" rel="nofollow">"Forums"</a>. Dacity.com. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.dacity.com/airwolf/myspace.htm" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on March 7, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Forums&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Dacity.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080307191151%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.dacity.com%2Fairwolf%2Fmyspace.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Punch Networks (2000-07-25). <a class="external text" href="http://www.punchnetworks.com/company/articles/home.jsp?pnid=730024" rel="nofollow">"punchnetworks.com"</a>. punchnetworks.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=punchnetworks.com&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Punch+Networks&rft.au=Punch+Networks&rft.date=2000-07-25&rft.pub=punchnetworks.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.punchnetworks.com%2Fcompany%2Farticles%2Fhome.jsp%3Fpnid%3D730024&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-25">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-autogenerated2_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-autogenerated2_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news">Sellers, Patricia (2006-08-29). <a class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/09/04/8384727/index.htm" rel="nofollow">"money.cnn.com"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=money.cnn.com&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Sellers&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Sellers%2C%26%2332%3BPatricia&rft.date=2006-08-29&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fmagazines%2Ffortune%2Ffortune_archive%2F2006%2F09%2F04%2F8384727%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://freemyspace.com/I-2.jpg" rel="nofollow">"Welcome to"</a>. Freemyspace.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Welcome+to&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Freemyspace.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemyspace.com%2FI-2.jpg&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://freemyspace.com/?q=node/13" rel="nofollow">"MySpace History"</a>. FreeMySpace<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace+History&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=FreeMySpace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemyspace.com%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F13&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4695495.stm" rel="nofollow">"News Corp in $580m internet buy"</a>. BBC News. 2005-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=News+Corp+in+%24580m+internet+buy&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2005-07-19&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F4695495.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="citation press release">PRNewsWire (2007-06-20). <a class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/06-20-2007/0004612480&EDATE=" rel="nofollow">"Internet Entrepreneur & Myspace Founder Brad Greenspan Leads Investment Group Seeking to Take Non-Controlling Stake in Dow Jones Corp."</a>. Press release<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Internet+Entrepreneur+%26+Myspace+Founder+Brad+Greenspan+Leads+Investment+Group+Seeking+to+Take+Non-Controlling+Stake+in+Dow+Jones+Corp.&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=PRNewsWire&rft.au=PRNewsWire&rft.date=2007-06-20&rft.series=Press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fstories.pl%3FACCT%3D104%26STORY%3D%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F06-20-2007%2F0004612480%26EDATE%3D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Bridge, Rowan (2006-01-24). <a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4642622.stm" rel="nofollow">"MySpace looks to UK music scene"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-01-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace+looks+to+UK+music+scene&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Bridge&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rft.au=Bridge%2C%26%2332%3BRowan&rft.date=2006-01-24&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F4642622.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-corante-31"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-corante_31-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Yunker, John (2006-06-21). <a class="external text" href="http://goingglobal.corante.com/archives/2006/06/21/myspace_china_germany_and_france_this_summer.php" rel="nofollow">"MySpace China, Germany, and France this Summer?"</a>. Goingglobal.corante.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace+China%2C+Germany%2C+and+France+this+Summer%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Yunker&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Yunker%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.date=2006-06-21&rft.pub=Goingglobal.corante.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoingglobal.corante.com%2Farchives%2F2006%2F06%2F21%2Fmyspace_china_germany_and_france_this_summer.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MySpace100Millionth_Profile-32"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-MySpace100Millionth_Profile_32-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendID=100000000" rel="nofollow">"100,000,000th Account"</a>. MySpace. 2007-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-02-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=100%2C000%2C000th+Account&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2007-02-25&rft.pub=MySpace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprofile.myspace.com%2Findex.cfm%3Ffuseaction%3Duser.viewprofile%26friendID%3D100000000&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since January 2011">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-Murdochcomments-33"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-Murdochcomments_33-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Murdoch, Rupert (2006-08-09). <a class="external text" href="http://internet.seekingalpha.com/article/15237" rel="nofollow">"Rupert Murdoch Comments on Fox Interactive's Growth"</a>. SeekingAlpha<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-09-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Rupert+Murdoch+Comments+on+Fox+Interactive%27s+Growth&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Murdoch&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft.au=Murdoch%2C%26%2332%3BRupert&rft.date=2006-08-09&rft.pub=SeekingAlpha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finternet.seekingalpha.com%2Farticle%2F15237&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Helft, Miguel; Stone, Brad (2007-11-02). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/02/technology/02google.html" rel="nofollow">"MySpace Joins Google Alliance to Counter Facebook"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MySpace+Joins+Google+Alliance+to+Counter+Facebook&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Helft&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft.au=Helft%2C%26%2332%3BMiguel&rft.au=Stone%2C%26%2332%3BBrad&rft.date=2007-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F11%2F02%2Ftechnology%2F02google.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Richards, Jonathan (2007-11-02). <a class="external text" href="http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article2793615.ece" rel="nofollow">"MySpace and Bebo join Googles lovein"</a>. <i>The Times</i> (London).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MySpace+and+Bebo+join+Googles+lovein&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Richards%2C%26%2332%3BJonathan&rft.date=2007-11-02&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Ftech_and_web%2Farticle2793615.ece&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Barnett, Emma (2010-04-08). <a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/social-media/7564413/Did-AOL-squander-its-chances-with-Bebo.html#" rel="nofollow">"Did AOL squander its chances with Bebo?"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> (London).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Did+AOL+squander+its+chances+with+Bebo%3F&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Barnett%2C%26%2332%3BEmma&rft.date=2010-04-08&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fsocial-media%2F7564413%2FDid-AOL-squander-its-chances-with-Bebo.html%23&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.infoworld.com/d/cloud-computing/building-facebook-killer-no-easy-task-google-787" rel="nofollow">Update: Building a Facebook killer no easy task for Google | Cloud Computing - InfoWorld</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Barnett, Emma (2011-03-24). <a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/myspace/8404510/MySpace-loses-10-million-users-in-a-month.html#" rel="nofollow">"MySpace loses 10 million users in a month"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> (London).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MySpace+loses+10+million+users+in+a+month&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Barnett%2C%26%2332%3BEmma&rft.date=2011-03-24&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fmyspace%2F8404510%2FMySpace-loses-10-million-users-in-a-month.html%23&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Steel-39">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-Steel_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-Steel_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news">Steel, Emily (2011-03-28). <a class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703576204576226620748953038.html" rel="nofollow">"Advertisers Wary of Myspace"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Advertisers+Wary+of+Myspace&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.aulast=Steel&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.au=Steel%2C%26%2332%3BEmily&rft.date=2011-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052748703576204576226620748953038.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.alexa.com/2008/05/facebook-overtakes-myspace_07.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Overtakes Myspace"</a>. Alexa. 2008-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-01-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Overtakes+Myspace&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2008-05-07&rft.pub=Alexa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.alexa.com%2F2008%2F05%2Ffacebook-overtakes-myspace_07.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.youngacademic.co.uk/features/the-death-of-myspace-young-academic-columns-953" rel="nofollow">The Death of MySpace | Young Academic Columns | Student News | Young Academic</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Chmielewski, Dawn C.; Sarno, David (2009-06-17). <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a class="external free" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jun/17/business/fi-ct-myspace17" rel="nofollow">http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jun/17/business/fi-ct-myspace17</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.aulast=Chmielewski&rft.aufirst=Dawn+C.&rft.au=Chmielewski%2C%26%2332%3BDawn+C.&rft.au=Sarno%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.date=2009-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2009%2Fjun%2F17%2Fbusiness%2Ffi-ct-myspace17&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Barnett, Emma (2010-04-08). <a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/social-media/7564413/Did-AOL-squander-its-chances-with-Bebo.html" rel="nofollow">"Did AOL squander its chances with Bebo?"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> (London).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Did+AOL+squander+its+chances+with+Bebo%3F&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Barnett%2C%26%2332%3BEmma&rft.date=2010-04-08&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fsocial-media%2F7564413%2FDid-AOL-squander-its-chances-with-Bebo.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.telecomtv.com/comspace_newsDetail.aspx?n=47741&id=e9381817-0593-417a-8639-c4c53e2a2a10" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-45">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://gigaom.com/2011/04/08/was-it-google-who-killed-myspace/" rel="nofollow">Was It Google That Killed MySpace? : Tech News and Analysis «</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-pcworld.com-46">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-pcworld.com_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-pcworld.com_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-pcworld.com_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/234806/myspace_4_lessons_learned_from_the_collapse.html" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Kornblum, Janet (2006-01-09). <a class="external text" href="http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-01-08-myspace-teens_x.htm" rel="nofollow">"MySpace is the place"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MySpace+is+the+place&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.aulast=Kornblum&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Kornblum%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=2006-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fnews%2F2006-01-08-myspace-teens_x.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Johnson, Bobbie (2007-06-26). <a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/jun/26/usa.news?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487" rel="nofollow">"World news,US news,Technology,Digital media,Media,Facebook,Myspace,Research + Development (Technology),Social networking"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+news%2CUS+news%2CTechnology%2CDigital+media%2CMedia%2CFacebook%2CMyspace%2CResearch+%2B+Development+%28Technology%29%2CSocial+networking&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Bobbie&rft.au=Johnson%2C%26%2332%3BBobbie&rft.date=2007-06-26&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fjun%2F26%2Fusa.news%3FINTCMP%3DILCNETTXT3487&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19717700/" rel="nofollow">MySpace popularity with teens fizzles - Technology & science - Internet - msnbc.com</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://paidcontent.co.uk/article/419-myspace-bebo-audience-shrinking-as-facebook-surges-ahead/" rel="nofollow">MySpace, Bebo Audience Shrinking As Facebook Surges Ahead | paidContent:UK</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.newsfactor.com/news/Facebook-Traffic-More-Than-Doubles/story.xhtml?story_id=10000BCLMR0W&full_skip=1" rel="nofollow">NewsFactor Network | Facebook Traffic More Than Doubles in One Year</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/apr2009/tc20090427_826659.htm" rel="nofollow">Murdoch Tightens His Grip on MySpace - BusinessWeek</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Hempel, Jessi (2009-04-23). <a class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/2009/04/23/magazines/fortune/tech/myspace-dewolfe-miller.fortune/index.htm" rel="nofollow">"MySpace shakeup: News Corp.'s morning-after plan"</a>. CNN.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace+shakeup%3A+News+Corp.%27s+morning-after+plan&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Hempel&rft.aufirst=Jessi&rft.au=Hempel%2C%26%2332%3BJessi&rft.date=2009-04-23&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2009%2F04%2F23%2Fmagazines%2Ffortune%2Ftech%2Fmyspace-dewolfe-miller.fortune%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Tartakoff, Joseph (2009-04-23). <a class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/22/AR2009042203524.html" rel="nofollow">"paidContent.org - It's Official: Chris DeWolfe To Exit As MySpace CEO; Tom Anderson Out As President"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=paidContent.org+-+It%27s+Official%3A+Chris+DeWolfe+To+Exit+As+MySpace+CEO%3B+Tom+Anderson+Out+As+President&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.aulast=Tartakoff&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Tartakoff%2C%26%2332%3BJoseph&rft.date=2009-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F04%2F22%2FAR2009042203524.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-55">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Barnett, Emma (2011-03-24). <a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/myspace/8404510/MySpace-loses-10-million-users-in-a-month.html" rel="nofollow">"MySpace loses 10 million users in a month"</a>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i> (UK)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-03-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MySpace+loses+10+million+users+in+a+month&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Barnett%2C%26%2332%3BEmma&rft.date=2011-03-24&rft.place=UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fmyspace%2F8404510%2FMySpace-loses-10-million-users-in-a-month.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703576204576226620748953038.html" rel="nofollow">Advertisers Wary of Myspace</a> retrieved April 1, 2011</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-57">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/05/idINIndia-54673520110205" rel="nofollow">"News Corp taps Allen & Co for MySpace interest - sources"</a>. Reuters. 2011-02-05.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=News+Corp+taps+Allen+%26+Co+for+MySpace+interest+-+sources&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2011-02-05&rft.series=Reuters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F02%2F05%2FidINIndia-54673520110205&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-online.wsj.com-58">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-online.wsj.com_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-online.wsj.com_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304584004576415932273770852.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-59">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Vascellaro, Jessica E.; Adams, Russell (2011-02-25). <a class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703530504576164830897334082.html" rel="nofollow">"Myspace Opens Books to Prospective Buyers"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Myspace+Opens+Books+to+Prospective+Buyers&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.aulast=Vascellaro&rft.aufirst=Jessica+E.&rft.au=Vascellaro%2C%26%2332%3BJessica+E.&rft.au=Adams%2C%26%2332%3BRussell&rft.date=2011-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052748703530504576164830897334082.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-60">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Swisher, Kara (2011-06-03). <a class="external text" href="http://allthingsd.com/20110531/the-myspace-sweepstakes-drag-on-another-bid-deadline-today-as-sale-deadline-looms/" rel="nofollow">"The Myspace Sweepstakes Drag on–Another Bid Deadline Today As Sale Deadline Looms"</a>. <i>All Things D</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Myspace+Sweepstakes+Drag+on%E2%80%93Another+Bid+Deadline+Today+As+Sale+Deadline+Looms&rft.jtitle=All+Things+D&rft.aulast=Swisher&rft.aufirst=Kara&rft.au=Swisher%2C%26%2332%3BKara&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallthingsd.com%2F20110531%2Fthe-myspace-sweepstakes-drag-on-another-bid-deadline-today-as-sale-deadline-looms%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-61">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://eon.businesswire.com/news/eon/20110629006943/en" rel="nofollow">Specific Media Acquires Myspace. Retrieved June 29, 2011.</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-62">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Laurie Segall (2011-06-29). <a class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/2011/06/29/technology/myspace_layoffs/index.htm?hpt=te_bn2" rel="nofollow">"News Corp. sells Myspace to Specific Media"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=News+Corp.+sells+Myspace+to+Specific+Media&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Laurie+Segall&rft.au=Laurie+Segall&rft.date=2011-06-29&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2011%2F06%2F29%2Ftechnology%2Fmyspace_layoffs%2Findex.htm%3Fhpt%3Dte_bn2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-63">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://allthingsd.com/20110613/is-there-a-myspace-mafia-too-because-leaving-it-seems-to-have-paid-off-for-many-ex-execs/?mod=googlenews" rel="nofollow">[4]</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-64">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.insidesocialgames.com/2011/03/09/as-myspace-traffic-falls-some-top-developers-shut-down-games/" rel="nofollow">http://www.insidesocialgames.com/2011/03/09/as-myspace-traffic-falls-some-top-developers-shut-down-games/</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-65">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/digital/2010/03/site-myspace-users-revamp" rel="nofollow">"MySpace adds new tools after revamp"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i>. UK. March 11, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 11, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace+adds+new+tools+after+revamp&rft.atitle=New+Statesman&rft.date=March+11%2C+2010&rft.place=UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fdigital%2F2010%2F03%2Fsite-myspace-users-revamp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-66">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2010/11/18/you-can-now-login-to-myspace-with-facebook/" rel="nofollow">"You can now login to Myspace with Facebook"</a>. mashable.com. November 18, 2010.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=You+can+now+login+to+Myspace+with+Facebook&rft.atitle=&rft.date=November+18%2C+2010&rft.pub=mashable.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2010%2F11%2F18%2Fyou-can-now-login-to-myspace-with-facebook%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-67">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/technology/sns-ap-us-tec-myspace-facebook,0,253404.story" rel="nofollow">"?"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%3F&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BLos+Angeles+Times%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Ftechnology%2Fsns-ap-us-tec-myspace-facebook%2C0%2C253404.story&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since November 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-68">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Radhika Marya (2011-01-11). <a class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2011/01/11/myspace-reduces-staff-by-47-percent/" rel="nofollow">"MySpace Reduces Staff by 47%"</a>. Mashable.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-01-15</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace+Reduces+Staff+by+47%25&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Radhika+Marya&rft.au=Radhika+Marya&rft.date=2011-01-11&rft.pub=Mashable.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2011%2F01%2F11%2Fmyspace-reduces-staff-by-47-percent%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-69">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.newser.com/story/108947/myspace-to-ax-up-to-half-its-workers.html" rel="nofollow">"MySpace to Ax Up to Half Its Workers - Downsizing could be announced this month, sources say"</a>. Newser.com. 2011-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-01-15</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace+to+Ax+Up+to+Half+Its+Workers+-+Downsizing+could+be+announced+this+month%2C+sources+say&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2011-01-04&rft.pub=Newser.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newser.com%2Fstory%2F108947%2Fmyspace-to-ax-up-to-half-its-workers.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-70">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Oreskovic, Alexei (2010-10-27). <a class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE69Q11M20101027" rel="nofollow">"MySpace launching new version of website"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-10-31</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace+launching+new+version+of+website&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Oreskovic&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft.au=Oreskovic%2C%26%2332%3BAlexei&rft.date=2010-10-27&rft.series=Reuters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSTRE69Q11M20101027&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-71">^</a></b> Alexia Tsotsis, <a class="external text" href="http://techcrunch.com/2010/10/08/new-myspace-logo/" rel="nofollow">Myspace Unveils New, Artsy Logo</a>, Techcrunch.com, October 8, 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-12.</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-72">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080822094142/http://www.myspace.com/Modules/Help/Pages/HelpCenter.aspx?Category=1&Question=33" rel="nofollow">"Is Myspace free?"</a>. MySpace.com. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.myspace.com/Modules/Help/Pages/HelpCenter.aspx?Category=1&Question=33" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 2008-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Is+Myspace+free%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=MySpace.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080822094142%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.myspace.com%2FModules%2FHelp%2FPages%2FHelpCenter.aspx%3FCategory%3D1%26Question%3D33&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-73">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Story, Louise and comScore (March 10, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2008/03/10/technology/20080310_PRIVACY_GRAPHIC.html" rel="nofollow">"They Know More Than You Think"</a> (JPEG). <i>The New York Times</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=They+Know+More+Than+You+Think&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Story%2C+Louise+and+comScore&rft.au=Story%2C+Louise+and+comScore&rft.date=March+10%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fimagepages%2F2008%2F03%2F10%2Ftechnology%2F20080310_PRIVACY_GRAPHIC.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span> in <span class="citation news">Story, Louise (March 10, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/technology/10privacy.html" rel="nofollow">"To Aim Ads, Web Is Keeping Closer Eye on You"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=To+Aim+Ads%2C+Web+Is+Keeping+Closer+Eye+on+You&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Story%2C+Louise&rft.au=Story%2C+Louise&rft.date=March+10%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F10%2Ftechnology%2F10privacy.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BBCNews-GoogleNewsCorp-74"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-BBCNews-GoogleNewsCorp_74-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5254642.stm" rel="nofollow">"Google signs $900m News Corp deal"</a>. BBC News. 2006-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-09-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Google+signs+%24900m+News+Corp+deal&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2006-08-07&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F5254642.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ElReg-GoogleMySpace-75"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-ElReg-GoogleMySpace_75-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Vance, Ashlee (2006-08-07). <a class="external text" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/08/07/google_wins_myspace/" rel="nofollow">"Google pays $900m to monetise children via MySpace"</a>. The Register<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-09-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Google+pays+%24900m+to+monetise+children+via+MySpace&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Vance&rft.aufirst=Ashlee&rft.au=Vance%2C%26%2332%3BAshlee&rft.date=2006-08-07&rft.pub=The+Register&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2006%2F08%2F07%2Fgoogle_wins_myspace%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-GuardianBusiness-GoogleMySpace-76"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-GuardianBusiness-GoogleMySpace_76-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Clark, Andrew (2006-08-08). <a class="external text" href="http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,,1839333,00.html" rel="nofollow">"Google to pay $900m for Myspace link-up"</a>. London: Guardian Unlimited Business<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-09-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Google+to+pay+%24900m+for+Myspace+link-up&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Clark%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew&rft.date=2006-08-08&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Guardian+Unlimited+Business&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.guardian.co.uk%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1839333%2C00.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Forbes-MyspaceEcon-77"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-Forbes-MyspaceEcon_77-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Rosmarin, Rachel (2006-10-04). <a class="external text" href="http://www.forbes.com/2006/04/07/myspace-google-murdoch-cx_rr_0410myspace.html" rel="nofollow">"The Myspace Economy"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-10-04</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Myspace+Economy&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.aulast=Rosmarin&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Rosmarin%2C%26%2332%3BRachel&rft.date=2006-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F07%2Fmyspace-google-murdoch-cx_rr_0410myspace.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-USAToday-GoogleMyspace-78"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-USAToday-GoogleMyspace_78-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Graham, Jefferson (2006-08-14). <a class="external text" href="http://www.usatoday.com/tech/techinvestor/2006-08-13-google-search_x.htm" rel="nofollow">"Google search ads find momentum"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-08-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Google+search+ads+find+momentum&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Jefferson&rft.au=Graham%2C%26%2332%3BJefferson&rft.date=2006-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Ftechinvestor%2F2006-08-13-google-search_x.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-79">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Wallenstein, Andrew (2008-11-03). <a class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSTRE4A20P520081103?feedType=RSS&feedName=technologyNews" rel="nofollow">"''Reuters'' "MySpace, MTV test piracy-profit plan." Wallenstein, Andrew. Nov.3, 2008"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%27%26%2339%3BReuters%27%26%2339%3B+%22MySpace%2C+MTV+test+piracy-profit+plan.%22+Wallenstein%2C+Andrew.+Nov.3%2C+2008&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Wallenstein&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Wallenstein%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew&rft.date=2008-11-03&rft.series=Reuters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtechnologyNews%2FidUSTRE4A20P520081103%3FfeedType%3DRSS%26feedName%3DtechnologyNews&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-80">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Siwal (2008-01-11). <a class="external text" href="http://techradar1.wordpress.com/2008/01/11/facebookmyspace-statistics/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook, Myspace Statistics"</a>. techradar1.wordpress.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-10-17</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook%2C+Myspace+Statistics&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Siwal&rft.au=Siwal&rft.date=2008-01-11&rft.pub=techradar1.wordpress.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechradar1.wordpress.com%2F2008%2F01%2F11%2Ffacebookmyspace-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-moconews-MySpaceHelios-81"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-moconews-MySpaceHelios_81-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060901003014/http://www.moconews.net/?p=5176" rel="nofollow">"Myspace Mobile To Debut On Helio; Details on Handsets"</a>. Dis*Content Media LLC. 2006-02-16. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.moconews.net/?p=5176" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 2006-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-09-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Myspace+Mobile+To+Debut+On+Helio%3B+Details+on+Handsets&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2006-02-16&rft.pub=Dis%2AContent+Media+LLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20060901003014%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.moconews.net%2F%3Fp%3D5176&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-screenplays-MySpaceUIEvolution-82"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-screenplays-MySpaceUIEvolution_82-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061021132337/http://www.screenplaysmag.com/news_exclusives/MySpace-UIEvolution-091406.html" rel="nofollow">"Myspace Picks UIEvolution to Develop Mobile User Interface, Experiences"</a>. ScreenPlays. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.screenplaysmag.com/news_exclusives/MySpace-UIEvolution-091406.html" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 2006-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-09-27</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Myspace+Picks+UIEvolution+to+Develop+Mobile+User+Interface%2C+Experiences&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=ScreenPlays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20061021132337%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenplaysmag.com%2Fnews_exclusives%2FMySpace-UIEvolution-091406.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MySpaceVodaphone-83"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-MySpaceVodaphone_83-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://live.marketclusters.com/cl2/view/2007/02/07/myspace_partners_with_vodafone/" rel="nofollow">"Myspace partners with Vodafone"</a>. StrategyWire<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-02-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Myspace+partners+with+Vodafone&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=StrategyWire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flive.marketclusters.com%2Fcl2%2Fview%2F2007%2F02%2F07%2Fmyspace_partners_with_vodafone%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since May 2011">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-MySpaceRogers-84"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-MySpaceRogers_84-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.moconews.net/entry/419-myspace-launches-mobile-site-in-canada-with-rogers-wireless/" rel="nofollow">"Myspace Launches Mobile Site In Canada With Rogers Wireless; Charges Fee"</a>. MocoNews<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-08-16</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Myspace+Launches+Mobile+Site+In+Canada+With+Rogers+Wireless%3B+Charges+Fee&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=MocoNews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moconews.net%2Fentry%2F419-myspace-launches-mobile-site-in-canada-with-rogers-wireless%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-85">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.delawareonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070904/BUSINESS/709040311/1003" rel="nofollow">delawareonline ¦ The News Journal, Wilmington, Del. ¦ The article requested can not be found! Please refresh your browser or go back. (BL,20070904,BUSINESS,709040311,AR)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since July 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-86">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Coyle, Jack (2008-04-28). <a class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24358965/" rel="nofollow">"Myspace unveils new karaoke feature"</a>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-04-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Myspace+unveils+new+karaoke+feature&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Coyle%2C+Jack&rft.au=Coyle%2C+Jack&rft.date=2008-04-28&rft.series=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F24358965%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-87">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://communityserver.com/showcases/marketing/myspace/" rel="nofollow">"MySpace.com : Community Server"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace.com+%3A+Community+Server&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunityserver.com%2Fshowcases%2Fmarketing%2Fmyspace%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since July 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup>. The Myspace forums is a standard community forum that allows people to discuss many topics of interests such as politics, news, automotive, food, music, and so on.</li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-88">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT/" rel="nofollow">"Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C" title="W3C">W3C</a>. 1999-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-12-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Web+Content+Accessibility+Guidelines+1.0&rft.atitle=&rft.date=1999-05-05&rft.pub=%5B%5BW3C%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FWAI-WEBCONTENT%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-89">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">work=W3C Markup Validator "Errors found while checking this document as HTML5!"</a>. validator.w3.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 29, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Errors+found+while+checking+this+document+as+HTML5%21&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=validator.w3.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myspace.com%2F+work%3DW3C+Markup+Validator&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-90">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Tynan, Dan (2006-09-15). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,127116-page,7-c,sites/article.html" rel="nofollow">"The 25 Worst Web Sites"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_World_%28magazine%29" title="PC World (magazine)">PC World</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-10-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+25+Worst+Web+Sites&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Tynan&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Tynan%2C%26%2332%3BDan&rft.date=2006-09-15&rft.pub=%5B%5BPC+World+%28magazine%29%7CPC+World%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2Fid%2C127116-page%2C7-c%2Csites%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-91">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14413906/" rel="nofollow">"Social-networking sites a 'hotbed' for spyware"</a>. MSNBC.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Social-networking+sites+a+%27hotbed%27+for+spyware&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=MSNBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F14413906%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-92">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2006/10/27/myspace_accounts_compromised_by_phishers.html" rel="nofollow">"MySpace Phishing Attack Appears on 3000 Pages"</a>. 2006-10-27.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace+Phishing+Attack+Appears+on+3000+Pages&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2006-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.netcraft.com%2Farchives%2F2006%2F10%2F27%2Fmyspace_accounts_compromised_by_phishers.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-93">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cyber-knowledge.net/blog/2006/09/16/analyzing-20000-myspace-passwords/" rel="nofollow">"Analysing 20000 Myspace Passwords"</a>. 2006-09-16.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Analysing+20000+Myspace+Passwords&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2006-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyber-knowledge.net%2Fblog%2F2006%2F09%2F16%2Fanalyzing-20000-myspace-passwords%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since July 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-94">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.spywareguide.com/2006/12/myspace_phish_attack_leads_use.html" rel="nofollow">"Myspace Phish Attack Leads Users to Zango Content"</a>. 2006-12-01.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Myspace+Phish+Attack+Leads+Users+to+Zango+Content&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2006-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.spywareguide.com%2F2006%2F12%2Fmyspace_phish_attack_leads_use.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-95">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://makcoder.sourceforge.net/demo/base64.php" rel="nofollow">[5]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since July 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-96">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://ago.mo.gov/newsreleases/2008/pdf/MySpace-JointStatement0108.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Joint Statement on Key Principles of Social Networking Sites Safety"</a>, January 14, 2008</li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-97">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Poulsen, Kevin. <a class="external text" href="http://www.wired.com/politics/security/news/2008/01/myspace_torrent" rel="nofollow">"Pillaged Myspace Photos Show Up in Massive BitTorrent Download"</a>. Wired.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Pillaged+Myspace+Photos+Show+Up+in+Massive+BitTorrent+Download&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Poulsen&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Poulsen%2C%26%2332%3BKevin&rft.pub=Wired.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fpolitics%2Fsecurity%2Fnews%2F2008%2F01%2Fmyspace_torrent&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-98">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Steel, Emily (2010-05-21). <a class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704513104575256701215465596.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook, MySpace Confront Privacy Loophole"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-01-15</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook%2C+MySpace+Confront+Privacy+Loophole&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.aulast=Steel&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.au=Steel%2C%26%2332%3BEmily&rft.date=2010-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052748704513104575256701215465596.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-99">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/16/2139975.htm" rel="nofollow">Teenagers charged in relation to party –</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News" title="ABC News">ABC News</a> (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)</li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-100">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-autogenerated1_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-autogenerated1_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-autogenerated1_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-autogenerated1_100-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2008/01/18/1200620210426.html" rel="nofollow">"Party dangers of being host with the most"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 2008-01-19.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Party+dangers+of+being+host+with+the+most&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.date=2008-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Farticles%2F2008%2F01%2F18%2F1200620210426.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-101">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Larter, Paul (2008-01-26). <a class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article3252251.ece" rel="nofollow">"Aussie Party Boy Corey Plans World tour, Next stop UK"</a>. <i>Times</i> (London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-30</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Aussie+Party+Boy+Corey+Plans+World+tour%2C+Next+stop+UK&rft.jtitle=Times&rft.aulast=Larter&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Larter%2C%26%2332%3BPaul&rft.date=2008-01-26&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticle3252251.ece&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-102">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Payne, Stewart (2007-04-13). <a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/04/13/nparty213.xml" rel="nofollow">"Police arrest Myspace party girl"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> (UK)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Police+arrest+Myspace+party+girl&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft.au=Payne%2C%26%2332%3BStewart&rft.date=2007-04-13&rft.place=UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2007%2F04%2F13%2Fnparty213.xml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-103">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/local/346083_shooting05.html" rel="nofollow">"A High School Party turns deadly"</a>. Seattlepi.com. 2008-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+High+School+Party+turns+deadly&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2008-01-04&rft.pub=Seattlepi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Flocal%2F346083_shooting05.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since May 2011">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-104">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://collect.myspace.com/misc/terms.html" rel="nofollow">"MySpace terms of service"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace+terms+of+service&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollect.myspace.com%2Fmisc%2Fterms.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since July 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-105">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=misc.terms" rel="nofollow">"new Myspace terms of service"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=new+Myspace+terms+of+service&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myspace.com%2Findex.cfm%3Ffuseaction%3Dmisc.terms&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-106">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MySpace&oldid=293320906#Child_safety" rel="nofollow">"14:52, May 30, 2009 version of this article"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=14%3A52%2C+May+30%2C+2009+version+of+this+article&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMySpace%26oldid%3D293320906%23Child_safety&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-107">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Anderson, Tom (2006-09-12). <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060726162621/http://www.myspace.com/Modules/Help/Pages/HelpCenter.aspx?Category=2&Question=26" rel="nofollow">"MySpace FAQ"</a>. <i>MySpace Stuff</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.myspace.com/Modules/Help/Pages/HelpCenter.aspx?Category=2&Question=26" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 2006-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-09-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace+FAQ&rft.atitle=MySpace+Stuff&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Anderson%2C%26%2332%3BTom&rft.date=2006-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20060726162621%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.myspace.com%2FModules%2FHelp%2FPages%2FHelpCenter.aspx%3FCategory%3D2%26Question%3D26&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-108">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN2424879820070724?feedType=RSS&rpc=22&sp=true" rel="nofollow">"MySpace deletes 29,000 sex offenders"</a>. Reuters. 2007-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace+deletes+29%2C000+sex+offenders&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2007-07-24&rft.series=Reuters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FdomesticNews%2FidUSN2424879820070724%3FfeedType%3DRSS%26rpc%3D22%26sp%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-109">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11165576/" rel="nofollow">"MySpace, Facebook attract online predators"</a>. MSNBC.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace%2C+Facebook+attract+online+predators&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=MSNBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F11165576%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-110">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/business/14867119.htm?source=rss&channel=mercurynews_teens" rel="nofollow">"MySpace plans restrictions to protect younger teens"</a>. San Jose Mercury News.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace+plans+restrictions+to+protect+younger+teens&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=San+Jose+Mercury+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2Fmld%2Fmercurynews%2Fbusiness%2F14867119.htm%3Fsource%3Drss%26channel%3Dmercurynews_teens&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since July 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-111">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.prweb.com/releases/2006/08/prweb426711.htm" rel="nofollow">"Social Shield Offers Help for Parents Struggling with Children on MySpace.com and other Social Networks"</a>. PR Web.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Social+Shield+Offers+Help+for+Parents+Struggling+with+Children+on+MySpace.com+and+other+Social+Networks&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=PR+Web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prweb.com%2Freleases%2F2006%2F08%2Fprweb426711.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-112">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,198981,00.html" rel="nofollow">'MySpace' Teen Returns From Middle East</a> <i>Foxnews.com</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-113">^</a></b> Steve Pokin (November 11, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://suburbanjournals.stltoday.com/articles/2007/11/11/news/sj2tn20071110-1111stc_pokin_1.ii1.txt" rel="nofollow">'My Space' hoax ends with suicide of Dardenne Prairie teen</a> <i>Suburban Journals</i>. Accessed May 18, 2008.</li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-114">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6216736.stm" rel="nofollow">"Myspace to 'block sex offenders'"</a>. BBC News. 2006-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-12-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Myspace+to+%27block+sex+offenders%27&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2006-12-07&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F6216736.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-115">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Lee, Ellen (2007-02-15). <a class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2007/02/15/BUGEKO4VU01.DTL&type=business" rel="nofollow">"Myspace suit dismissed by judge in Texas"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-02-16</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Myspace+suit+dismissed+by+judge+in+Texas&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft.au=Lee%2C%26%2332%3BEllen&rft.date=2007-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2007%2F02%2F15%2FBUGEKO4VU01.DTL%26type%3Dbusiness&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-116">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01401971" rel="nofollow">"Journal of Adolescence, Volume 33, Issue 4, Pages 499-574 (August 2010)"</a>. ScienceDirect<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Adolescence%2C+Volume+33%2C+Issue+4%2C+Pages+499-574+%28August+2010%29&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=ScienceDirect&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Fjournal%2F01401971&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-117">^</a></b> Itzkoff, Dave; <i>Playboy</i> magazine; June 2006</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-118">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.vanityfair.com/ontheweb/features/2006/03/myspace200603?printable=true&currentPage=all" rel="nofollow">"Will Success Spoil MySpace.com?"</a>. Vanity Fair<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Will+Success+Spoil+MySpace.com%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Vanity+Fair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fontheweb%2Ffeatures%2F2006%2F03%2Fmyspace200603%3Fprintable%3Dtrue%26currentPage%3Dall&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-119">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Mitchell, Dan (2006-09-16). <a class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B12FF38550C758DDDA00894DE404482" rel="nofollow">"What's Online; The Story Behind Myspace"</a>. Select.nytimes.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What%27s+Online%3B+The+Story+Behind+Myspace&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Mitchell%2C%26%2332%3BDan&rft.date=2006-09-16&rft.pub=Select.nytimes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF10B12FF38550C758DDDA00894DE404482&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-120">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.searchenginejournal.com/myspace-history-of-spam-deception-exposed/3790/" rel="nofollow">"MySpace : History of Spam & Deception Exposed"</a>. Search Engine Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace+%3A+History+of+Spam+%26+Deception+Exposed&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Search+Engine+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.searchenginejournal.com%2Fmyspace-history-of-spam-deception-exposed%2F3790%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-121"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-121">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">by Jessica BennettOctober 27, 2007 (2007-10-27). <a class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/62330" rel="nofollow">"Is Age Just a Number?"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Is+Age+Just+a+Number%3F&rft.atitle=Newsweek&rft.aulast=by+Jessica+BennettOctober+27%2C+2007&rft.au=by+Jessica+BennettOctober+27%2C+2007&rft.date=2007-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F62330&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-122">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.ecoustics.com/bbs/messages/10381/277195.html" rel="nofollow">"Myspace.com Founder Issues Report Finding News Corp.'s Myspace Acquisition Defrauded Shareholders of More Than $20 Billion"</a>. ecoustics.com. 2006-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-02-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Myspace.com+Founder+Issues+Report+Finding+News+Corp.%27s+Myspace+Acquisition+Defrauded+Shareholders+of+More+Than+%2420+Billion&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2006-10-09&rft.pub=ecoustics.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ecoustics.com%2Fbbs%2Fmessages%2F10381%2F277195.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-123">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Chmielewski, Dawn C. (2006-10-08). <a class="external text" href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/1141294651.html?dids=1141294651:1141294651&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+6%2C+2006&author=Dawn+C.+Chmielewski&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=C.1&desc=MySpace+Founder+Seeks+Inquiry" rel="nofollow">"MySpace Founder Seeks Inquiry"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-02-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MySpace+Founder+Seeks+Inquiry&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.aulast=Chmielewski&rft.aufirst=Dawn+C.&rft.au=Chmielewski%2C%26%2332%3BDawn+C.&rft.date=2006-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Flatimes%2Faccess%2F1141294651.html%3Fdids%3D1141294651%3A1141294651%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26type%3Dcurrent%26date%3DOct%2B6%252C%2B2006%26author%3DDawn%2BC.%2BChmielewski%26pub%3DLos%2BAngeles%2BTimes%26edition%3D%26startpage%3DC.1%26desc%3DMySpace%2BFounder%2BSeeks%2BInquiry&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-124">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/oct2006/tc20061005_397237.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_businessweek+exclusives" rel="nofollow">"Was Myspace Sold on the Cheap?"</a>. <i>Business Week</i>. 2006-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-02-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Was+Myspace+Sold+on+the+Cheap%3F&rft.jtitle=Business+Week&rft.date=2006-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Ftechnology%2Fcontent%2Foct2006%2Ftc20061005_397237.htm%3Fchan%3Dtop%2Bnews_top%2Bnews%2Bindex_businessweek%2Bexclusives&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-125">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/business/288111_myspace10.html" rel="nofollow">"Suit over sale of Myspace dismissed"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a>. 2006-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-02-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Suit+over+sale+of+Myspace+dismissed&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2006-10-10&rft.pub=%5B%5BSeattle+Post-Intelligencer%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Fbusiness%2F288111_myspace10.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-126">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.civic.moveon.org/pdf/myspace/" rel="nofollow">anti-censorship campaign against Myspace for the censoring of user-generated content</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-127">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-04-23-vt-stalking_N.htm?csp=1" rel="nofollow">Stalking 'definitely a problem' for women at college</a> from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>, 04-23-07</li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-128">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Lu Enjie (2007-04-26). <a class="external text" href="http://texyt.com/MySpace+China+censors+politics+religion+064" rel="nofollow">"Myspace now available in China – minus politics and religion"</a>. Texyt.com.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Myspace+now+available+in+China+%E2%80%93+minus+politics+and+religion&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Lu+Enjie&rft.au=Lu+Enjie&rft.date=2007-04-26&rft.pub=Texyt.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftexyt.com%2FMySpace%2BChina%2Bcensors%2Bpolitics%2Breligion%2B064&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-129">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://wwwcn.myspace.cn/Modules/Common/Pages/TermsConditions.aspx" rel="nofollow">"MySpace.cn使用协议条款"</a> (in Chinese). MySpace.cn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-04-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace.cn%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=MySpace.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwcn.myspace.cn%2FModules%2FCommon%2FPages%2FTermsConditions.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-130">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Iain Thomson. <a class="external text" href="http://www.v3.co.uk/vnunet/news/2208897/myspace-site-attacked-radical" rel="nofollow">"Christian hackers attack MySpace page"</a>. V3.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-01-15</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Christian+hackers+attack+MySpace+page&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Iain+Thomson&rft.au=Iain+Thomson&rft.pub=V3.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.v3.co.uk%2Fvnunet%2Fnews%2F2208897%2Fmyspace-site-attacked-radical&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-131">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.secularstudents.org/node/1933" rel="nofollow">"MySpace: No place for Atheists? | Secular Student Alliance: Atheists, Humanists, Agnostics & Others"</a>. Secularstudents.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-01-15</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace%3A+No+place+for+Atheists%3F+%26%23124%3B+Secular+Student+Alliance%3A+Atheists%2C+Humanists%2C+Agnostics+%26+Others&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Secularstudents.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.secularstudents.org%2Fnode%2F1933&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-132">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://developer.myspace.com/Community/blogs/devteam/archive/2008/02/05/let-me-see-my-app.aspx" rel="nofollow">"Let me see my app!"</a>. <i>MySpace MDP</i>. 2008-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-02-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Let+me+see+my+app%21&rft.jtitle=MySpace+MDP&rft.date=2008-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.myspace.com%2FCommunity%2Fblogs%2Fdevteam%2Farchive%2F2008%2F02%2F05%2Flet-me-see-my-app.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-133">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.all4myspace.com/news/2008/1" rel="nofollow">"MySpace Open to Developers"</a>. <i>MySpace News</i>. 2008-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-02-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MySpace+Open+to+Developers&rft.jtitle=MySpace+News&rft.date=2008-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.all4myspace.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-qcon-arch-pres-134"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-qcon-arch-pres_134-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.infoq.com/presentations/MySpace-Dan-Farino" rel="nofollow">"Behind the Scenes at MySpace.com"</a>. InfoQ.com. 2009-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-12-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes+at+MySpace.com&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2009-02-10&rft.pub=InfoQ.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Fpresentations%2FMySpace-Dan-Farino&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-infoq-ssd-135"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-infoq-ssd_135-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.infoq.com/news/2009/12/myspace-ssd" rel="nofollow">"MySpace Replaces Storage with Solid-State Drive Technology in 150 Standard Load Servers"</a>. <i>InfoQ.com</i>. 2009-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-12-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MySpace+Replaces+Storage+with+Solid-State+Drive+Technology+in+150+Standard+Load+Servers&rft.jtitle=InfoQ.com&rft.date=2009-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F12%2Fmyspace-ssd&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-InquirerBragg-136"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-InquirerBragg_136-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Orlowski, Andrew (2006-06-08). <a class="external text" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/06/08/blly_bragg_myspace/" rel="nofollow">"Billy Bragg prompts Myspace Rethink"</a>. The Register<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-09-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Billy+Bragg+prompts+Myspace+Rethink&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Orlowski&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Orlowski%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew&rft.date=2006-06-08&rft.pub=The+Register&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2006%2F06%2F08%2Fblly_bragg_myspace%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-137">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">"Schools race to restrict MySpace". <i>Curriculum Review</i>. October 2005.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Schools+race+to+restrict+MySpace&rft.jtitle=Curriculum+Review&rft.date=October+2005&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-138">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.tdn.com/articles/2006/01/22/top_story/news01.txt" rel="nofollow">"The Myspace case"</a>. <i>The Daily News, Longview, Washington</i>. 2006-01-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-02-15</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Myspace+case&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+News%2C+Longview%2C+Washington&rft.date=2006-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdn.com%2Farticles%2F2006%2F01%2F22%2Ftop_story%2Fnews01.txt&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-139">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Kaufman, Gil (2005-10-25). <a class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1512215/20051025/index.jhtml?headlines=true" rel="nofollow">"Catholic School Bans Blogs For Students – News Story | Music, Celebrity, Artist News | MTV News"</a>. <i>Mtv</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Catholic+School+Bans+Blogs+For+Students+%E2%80%93+News+Story+%26%23124%3B+Music%2C+Celebrity%2C+Artist+News+%26%23124%3B+MTV+News&rft.atitle=Mtv&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft.au=Kaufman%2C%26%2332%3BGil&rft.date=2005-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F1512215%2F20051025%2Findex.jhtml%3Fheadlines%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-140">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.dailyrecord.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051024/NEWS01/510240324/1005" rel="nofollow">Blogging ban provokes a debate over cyberspace: Pope John H.S. demands that online profiles end, calls forums havens for sexual predators</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since May 2011">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup>, <i>Daily Record</i>, October 24, 2005</li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-141">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Özgür Öğret. <a class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkish-music-industry-vs-myspace-and-last.fm-2009-10-11" rel="nofollow">"Turkish music industry vs Myspace, Last.fm - Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review"</a>. Hurriyetdailynews.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Turkish+music+industry+vs+Myspace%2C+Last.fm+-+Hurriyet+Daily+News+and+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=%C3%96zg%C3%BCr+%C3%96%C4%9Fret&rft.au=%C3%96zg%C3%BCr+%C3%96%C4%9Fret&rft.pub=Hurriyetdailynews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fn.php%3Fn%3Dturkish-music-industry-vs-myspace-and-last.fm-2009-10-11&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ElReg-TeenHack-142"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-ElReg-TeenHack_142-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Leyden, John (2006-05-25). <a class="external text" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/05/25/myspace_hack_charges/" rel="nofollow">"Teen hack suspects charged over Myspace extortion bid"</a>. The Register<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-09-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Teen+hack+suspects+charged+over+Myspace+extortion+bid&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Leyden&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Leyden%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.date=2006-05-25&rft.pub=The+Register&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2006%2F05%2F25%2Fmyspace_hack_charges%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-143">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Craven, Nick (2007-04-21). <a class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/femail/article.html?in_article_id=449819&in_page_id=1879" rel="nofollow">"What Rally happened at the Myspace party from hell"</a>. <i>Daily Mail</i> (UK)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-04-22</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+Rally+happened+at+the+Myspace+party+from+hell&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mail&rft.aulast=Craven&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Craven%2C%26%2332%3BNick&rft.date=2007-04-21&rft.place=UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fpages%2Flive%2Ffemail%2Farticle.html%3Fin_article_id%3D449819%26in_page_id%3D1879&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-144"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-144">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Payne, Stewart (2007-04-13). <a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/04/13/nparty13.xml" rel="nofollow">"'Let's trash the house' party girl in hiding"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> (UK)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Let%27s+trash+the+house%27+party+girl+in+hiding&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft.au=Payne%2C%26%2332%3BStewart&rft.date=2007-04-13&rft.place=UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2007%2F04%2F13%2Fnparty13.xml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-145"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-145">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://techcrunch.com/2009/12/08/imeem-myspace-music-completes-acquisition/" rel="nofollow">"Myspace Music Completes Acquisition of Imeem"</a>. TechCrunch. December 8, 2009.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Myspace+Music+Completes+Acquisition+of+Imeem&rft.atitle=&rft.date=December+8%2C+2009&rft.pub=TechCrunch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2009%2F12%2F08%2Fimeem-myspace-music-completes-acquisition%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-146"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-146">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.myspace.com/pressroom?url=/article_display.cfm?article_id=1126" rel="nofollow">"Myspace Pressroom"</a>. Myspace. December 8, 2009.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Myspace+Pressroom&rft.atitle=&rft.date=December+8%2C+2009&rft.pub=Myspace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myspace.com%2Fpressroom%3Furl%3D%2Farticle_display.cfm%3Farticle_id%3D1126&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-147"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-147">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Rosoff, Matt (2010-01-16). <a class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13526_3-10436396-27.html" rel="nofollow">"MySpace restores Imeem playlists | Digital Noise: Music and Tech - CNET News"</a>. News.cnet.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace+restores+Imeem+playlists+%26%23124%3B+Digital+Noise%3A+Music+and+Tech+-+CNET+News&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Rosoff&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=Rosoff%2C%26%2332%3BMatt&rft.date=2010-01-16&rft.pub=News.cnet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-13526_3-10436396-27.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-148"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-148">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Carlos (2006-01-10). <a class="external text" href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20060110/0735214.shtml" rel="nofollow">"So That's Why Myspace Blocked YouTube"</a>. Techdirt.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-07-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=So+That%27s+Why+Myspace+Blocked+YouTube&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Carlos&rft.au=Carlos&rft.date=2006-01-10&rft.pub=Techdirt.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techdirt.com%2Farticles%2F20060110%2F0735214.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-adage_fastest-149"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-adage_fastest_149-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://adage.com/digital/article.php?article_id=110632" rel="nofollow">"YouTube Fastest Growing Website"</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_Age" title="Advertising Age">Advertising Age</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-150"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-150">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.alexa.com/data/details/traffic_details?&range=max&size=large&compare_sites=myspace.com&y=r&url=youtube.com#top" rel="nofollow">"Info for YouTube.com"</a>. Alexa.com. 2006-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-07-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Info+for+YouTube.com&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2006-07-26&rft.pub=Alexa.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexa.com%2Fdata%2Fdetails%2Ftraffic_details%3F%26range%3Dmax%26size%3Dlarge%26compare_sites%3Dmyspace.com%26y%3Dr%26url%3Dyoutube.com%23top&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-151"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-151">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Sweney, Mark (2006-07-31). <a class="external text" href="http://technology.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1834036,00.html" rel="nofollow">"YouTube overtakes MySpace"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-07-31</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=YouTube+overtakes+MySpace&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.aulast=Sweney&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Sweney%2C%26%2332%3BMark&rft.date=2006-07-31&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.guardian.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1834036%2C00.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-152"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace#cite_ref-152">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Kirkpatrick, Marshall (2006-09-12). <a class="external text" href="http://www.techcrunch.com/2006/09/12/myspace-we-dont-need-web-20/" rel="nofollow">"MySpace: We don't need Web 2.0"</a>. TechCrunch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-10-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MySpace%3A+We+don%27t+need+Web+2.0&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C%26%2332%3BMarshall&rft.date=2006-09-12&rft.pub=TechCrunch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techcrunch.com%2F2006%2F09%2F12%2Fmyspace-we-dont-need-web-20%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Myspace"></span></li>
</ol></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2><ul><li>Angwin, Julia. 2009. <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=c-lEzyA4TSQC&printsec=frontcover" rel="nofollow">Stealing MySpace: The Battle to Control the Most Popular Website in America</a>, New York: Random House. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400066940">ISBN 978-1-4000-6694-0</a></li>
<li>Davis, Donald Carrington, Myspace Isn't Your Space: Expanding the Fair Credit Reporting Act to Ensure Accountability and Fairness in Employer Searches of Online Social Networking Services, 16 Kan. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 237 (2007).</li>
<li>Dodero, Camille, <a class="external text" href="http://bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/top/features/documents/04838542.asp" rel="nofollow">"Lost in MySpace: Log on, tune in, and hook up with 22 million people online"</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phoenix_%28newspaper%29" title="The Phoenix (newspaper)">The Boston Phoenix</a>, July 22–28, 2005.</li>
<li>Dodero, Camille, <a class="external text" href="http://www.thephoenix.com/article_ektid30132.aspx" rel="nofollow">"You and your tech-chic: As of 2006, new media isn’t just for geeks anymore"</a>, The Boston Phoenix, December 20, 2006.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Tapscott" title="Don Tapscott">Tapscott, Don</a> and Anthony D. Williams. 2007. Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything. New York: Penguin.</li>
</ul><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><ul><li><span class="official website"><a class="external text" href="http://www.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Official website</a></span> (<a class="external text" href="http://m.myspace.com/" rel="nofollow">Mobile</a>)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.myspace.com/myspace" rel="nofollow">Myspace</a> on <strong class="selflink">Myspace</strong></li>
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<tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg"><img alt="Question book-new.svg" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" /></a></div></td> <td class="mbox-text">This article relies on <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary.2C_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a> or sources affiliated with the subject</b>, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add more appropriate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">reliable sources</a>. <small><i>(May 2011)</i></small></td> </tr>
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<tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg"><img alt="Wiki letter w.svg" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" width="40" /></a></div></td> <td class="mbox-text">This article <b>is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan" title="Wikipedia:Orphan">orphan</a>, as few or no other articles <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Ipage&namespace=0" rel="nofollow">link to it</a></b>. Please <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">introduce links</a> to this page from <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Ipage&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Ipage" rel="nofollow">related articles</a>; <a class="external text" href="http://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Ipage" rel="nofollow">suggestions may be available</a>. <small><i>(May 2011)</i></small></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellspacing="5" class="infobox vcard" style="width: 22em;"><caption class="fn org">Ipage.com</caption> <tbody>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entity" title="Types of business entity">Type</a></th> <td class="category"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_company" title="Private company">Private company</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Industry</th> <td class="category"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Hosting" title="Web Hosting">Web Hosting</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Founded</th> <td class="">1998</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Founder(s)</th> <td class="agent">IPowerWeb Inc.</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Headquarters</th> <td class="label"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Massachusetts" title="Burlington, Massachusetts">Burlington, Massachusetts</a>, United State</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Products</th> <td class="">Web Services</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Revenue</th> <td class="">$36.8 million (2007)</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Website</th> <td class=""><a class="external text" href="http://www.ipage.com/" rel="nofollow">ipage.com</a></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><b>Ipage</b> is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_hosting" title="Web hosting">web hosting</a> company founded in 1998 owned by IPowerWeb Inc. Ipage is now located in the town of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Massachusetts" title="Burlington, Massachusetts">Burlington, Massachusetts</a>, United State. <i>IPage</i> had passed over the 1,500,000 mark in registered domains, Serving over 1,000,000 Websites, the Customers in 150 countries. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipage#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2007, Inc. Magazine ranked IPowerWeb Inc. at #1654 in the Top 5,000 companies located in the Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ region.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipage#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> IPage undertook a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_hosting" title="Green hosting">green hosting</a> initiative.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2011">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> The company now employs over 800 people in the 6 worldwide locations (2 Support centres in India, 1 in Philippines, 1 in Phoenix, 2 datacentres in Boston).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipage#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ipage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipage#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://ipagereviewblog.com/" rel="nofollow">"Ipage Blog"</a>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-04-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ipage+Blog&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipagereviewblog.com&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ipage"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipage#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.inc.com/inc5000/2007/company-profile.html?id=200716540/" rel="nofollow">"Inc. Magazine"</a>. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-04-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Inc.+Magazine&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inc.com%2Finc5000%2F2007%2Fcompany-profile.html%3Fid%3D200716540%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ipage"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipage#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ipage.com/about-us" rel="nofollow">"Inc. About iPage"</a>. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-04-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Inc.+About+iPage&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipage.com%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ipage"></span></li>
</ol></div><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Web_hosting" title="Category:Web hosting">Web hosting</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Companies_established_in_1998" title="Category:Companies established in 1998">Companies established in 1998</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Companies_based_in_Burlington,_Massachusetts&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Category:Companies based in Burlington, Massachusetts (page does not exist)">Companies based in Burlington, Massachusetts</a></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-66082320468563220062011-08-13T20:25:00.000-04:002011-08-13T20:25:19.643-04:00Muslim Brotherhood<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Muslim Brotherhood</h1><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div class="dablink">For The Chinese Islamist organization known as the Muslim Brotherhood, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yihewani" title="Yihewani">Yihewani</a>.</div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" /></div></td> <td class="mbox-text">This article <b>may require <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a></b>. (Consider using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup">more specific clean up instructions</a>.) Please <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> if you can. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Talk:Muslim Brotherhood">talk page</a> may contain suggestions. <small><i>(June 2011)</i></small></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellspacing="5" class="infobox vcard" style="width: 22em;"><tbody>
<tr> <th class="" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 2px solid #009900; border-top: 2px solid #009900; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><span class="fn org">The Muslim Brotherhood</span><br />
<small class="nickname"><span lang="ar">الإخوان المسلمون/المسلمين</span><br />
<i><span class="Unicode" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: normal;" title="DIN 31635 Arabic">al-ʾIḫwān al-Muslimūn/Muslimīn</span></i><br />
<small>IPA: </small><span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Egyptian_Arabic" title="Wikipedia:IPA for Egyptian Arabic">[elʔexˈwæːn elmosleˈmiːn]</a></span></small></th> </tr>
<tr class=""> <td class="logo" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim_Brotherhood_logo.png" title="Party logo"><img alt="Party logo" height="149" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Muslim_Brotherhood_logo.png/150px-Muslim_Brotherhood_logo.png" width="150" /></a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Leader</th> <td class="agent"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Badie" title="Mohammed Badie">Mohammed Badie</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Founded</th> <td class="">1928<br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailia" title="Ismailia">Ismailia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th> <td class="category"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a><br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_democracy" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Website</th> </tr>
<tr class=""> <td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanonline.com/" rel="nofollow">www.ikhwanonline.com</a><br />
<a class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanweb.com/" rel="nofollow">www.ikhwanweb.com</a></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><b>The Society of the Muslim Brothers</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar">الإخوان</span> <i><span class="Unicode" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: normal;" title="DIN 31635 Arabic">al-ʾIḫwān</span>/Ikhwan/el-ekhwan</i>, <small>IPA: </small><span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Egyptian_Arabic" title="Wikipedia:IPA for Egyptian Arabic">[elʔexˈwæːn]</a></span>, often simply "The Brotherhood" or <b>MB</b>) is the world's oldest<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> and one of the largest Islamist groups,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ikhwanweb.com_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-ikhwanweb.com-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> and is the largest political opposition organisation in many Arab states. It was founded in 1928 in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_scholarship" title="Islamic scholarship">Islamic scholar</a> and schoolteacher <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a>, and has spread to many other countries. Its slogan is "Islam is the solution".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC_history_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-BBC_history-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The Brotherhood's stated goal is to instill the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> as the "sole reference point for ... ordering the life of the Muslim family, individual, community ... and state".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Since its inception in 1928 the movement has officially opposed violent means to achieve its goals,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ikhwan_History_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-Ikhwan_History-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> and a number of Western authors have also described it as non-violent.<br />
The Brotherhood's nonviolent stance has resulted in breakaway groups from the movement, and it was attacked by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> for betraying <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Muslim_Brotherhood_vs_Al_Qaeda_6-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-Muslim_Brotherhood_vs_Al_Qaeda-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MB_Chief_Criticism_7-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-MB_Chief_Criticism-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability</a></sup> In Egypt, the Brotherhood has stated that, while it seeks the establishment of an Islamic state, it would not force women to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">cover up</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The Muslim Brotherhood started off as a religious social organization, preaching Islam, teaching the illiterate, setting up hospitals, and even launching commercial enterprises. As it continued to rise in influence, starting in 1936, it began to oppose <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> rule in Egypt.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-brill_9-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-brill-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Many Egyptian nationalists accuse the Brotherhood of violent killings during this period.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chamieh_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-Chamieh-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> After the 1948 Arab defeat in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Arab-Israeli_war" title="First Arab-Israeli war">First Arab-Israeli war</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_government" title="Egyptian government">Egyptian government</a> dissolved the organization and arrested its members; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">its founder</a> was <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_assassination" title="Political assassination">assassinated</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-brill_9-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-brill-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1952" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1952">Egyptian Revolution of 1952</a>, which was supported by the Brotherhood, it was once again banned and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">repressed</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC_history_2-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-BBC_history-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> The Brotherhood has been suppressed in other countries, most notably in Syria in 1982, in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_massacre" title="Hama massacre">Hama massacre</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Starting in the 1980s, the Brotherhood entered Egypt's political arena, forming alliances with other parties and fielding "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_%28politician%29" title="Independent (politician)">independent</a>"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> candidates. When in 2005, the Brotherhood <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_parliamentary_election,_2005" title="Egyptian parliamentary election, 2005">won 20% of the seats</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> cracked down on the group. In 2011, the Brotherhood took an active part in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_Revolution" title="2011 Egyptian Revolution">2011 Egyptian Revolution</a>, although this was somewhat limited by its unpopularity amongst Egypt's youth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC_history_2-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-BBC_history-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, the Muslim Brotherhood announced it would set up the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_%28Egypt%29" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a> to contest post-revolutionary parliamentary elections.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The Brotherhood is financed by contributions from its members, who are required to allocate a portion of their income to the movement. Some of these contributions are from members who live in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">oil-rich countries</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WashingtonPost-Diverse_14-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-WashingtonPost-Diverse-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The Muslim Brotherhood is currently <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_organizations" title="List of designated terrorist organizations">designated as a terrorist organization</a> by one <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> permanent member <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FSB_list_15-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-FSB_list-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> and several Middle East countries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RF_SC_Decision_16-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-RF_SC_Decision-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Beliefs"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Beliefs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Organization"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Organization</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#In_Egypt"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">In Egypt</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Founding"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Founding</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Post_WWII"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Post WWII</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#In_West_Asia"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">In West Asia</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Bahrain"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bahrain</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Syria"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Syria</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#British_Mandate_of_Palestine.2FIsrael"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">British Mandate of Palestine/Israel</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Jordan"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Jordan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Iran"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Iran</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Iraq"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Iraq</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Saudi_Arabia"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Saudi Arabia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Kuwait"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Kuwait</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Yemen"><span class="tocnumber">4.9</span> <span class="toctext">Yemen</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Elsewhere_in_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Elsewhere in Africa</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Algeria"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Algeria</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Sudan"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sudan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Somalia"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Somalia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Tunisia"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Tunisia</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#In_the_West"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">In the West</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Russian_Federation"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Russian Federation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#United_States_of_America"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">United States of America</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#The_United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">The United Kingdom</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Criticisms"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Criticisms</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Motives"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Motives</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Links_to_violence"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Links to violence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Status_of_non-Muslims"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Status of non-Muslims</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Response_to_criticism"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Response to criticism</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Foreign_Relations"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Foreign Relations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#In_media"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">In media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Beliefs">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Beliefs">Beliefs</span></h2><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="background: #f9f9f9; border-spacing: 0.4em 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0 0 1.0em 1.0em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 18.0em;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; padding-top: 0.4em;">Part of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">the Politics series</a> on</td> </tr>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></td> </tr>
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</tbody></table>Accroding to a spokesman, the MB belive in reform, democracy, freedom of assembly, press, etc. "We believe that the political reform is the true and natural gateway for all other kinds of reform. We have announced our acceptance of democracy that acknowledges political pluralism, the peaceful rotation of power and the fact that the nation is the source of all powers. As we see it, political reform includes the termination of the state of emergency, restoring public freedoms, including the right to establish political parties, whatever their tendencies may be, and the freedom of the press, freedom of criticism and thought, freedom of peaceful demonstrations, freedom of assembly, etc. It also includes the dismantling of all exceptional courts and the annulment of all exceptional laws, establishing the independence of the judiciary, enabling the judiciary to fully and truly supervise general elections so as to ensure that they authentically express people's will, removing all obstacles that restrict the functioning of civil society organizations, etc.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In the group's belief, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> constitute a perfect way of life and social and political organization that <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_concept_of_God" title="Islamic concept of God">God</a> has set out for man. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic governments</a> must be based on this system and eventually unified in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>. The Muslim Brotherhood's goal, as stated by Brotherhood founder <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a> was to reclaim Islam's manifest destiny, an empire, stretching from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> It preaches that Islam enjoins man to strive for social justice, the eradication of poverty and corruption, and political freedom to the extent allowed by the laws of Islam. The Brotherhood strongly opposes Western <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, and helped overthrow the pro-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western</a> monarchies in Egypt and other Muslim countries during the early 20th century.<br />
On the issue of women and gender the Muslim Brotherhood interprets Islam conservatively. Its founder called for "a campaign against ostentation in dress and loose behavior", "segregation of male and female students", a separate curriculum for girls, and "the prohibition of dancing and other such pastimes..."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Women_19-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-Women-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The MB is a movement, not a political party, but members have created political parties in several countries, such as the Islamic Action Front in Jordan and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza" title="Gaza">Gaza</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and the newly created <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_%28Egypt%29" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. These parties are staffed by Brotherhood members but kept independent from the MB to some degree, unlike <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> which is highly centralized.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The Brotherhood's nonviolent stance has resulted in breakaway groups from the movement, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Gama%27a_al-Islamiyya" title="Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya">Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Takfir_Wal_Hijra" title="Al Takfir Wal Hijra">Al Takfir Wal Hijra</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pbs_21-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-Pbs-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> similarly criticized the Brotherhood, and accused it of betraying <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> and the ideals of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>, an influential Brother member and author of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27alim_fi_al-Tariq" title="Ma'alim fi al-Tariq">Milestones</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Muslim_Brotherhood_vs_Al_Qaeda_6-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-Muslim_Brotherhood_vs_Al_Qaeda-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MB_Chief_Criticism_7-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-MB_Chief_Criticism-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Organization">Organization</span></h2>The Transcripts<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> the following hierarchical Organisation structure can be derived:<br />
<ul><li><b>The General Organisational Conference</b> is the highest body of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwans</a> stemming from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwans</a> bases, every Usra elects one or two deputies according to its number.</li>
</ul><ul><li><b>The Shura Council</b> has the duties of planning, charting general policies and programs that achieve the goal of the Group. Its resolutions are binding to the Group and only the General Organisational Conference can modify or annul them and the Shura Office has also the right to modify or annul resolutions of the Executive Office. It follows the implementation of the Group policies and programs. It directs the Executive Office and it forms dedicated branch committees to assist in that.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>Executive Office</b> (Guidance Office) with its leader the General Masul (General Guide) and its members, both appointed by the Shura Office, has to follow up and guide the activities of the General Organisation. It submits a periodical report to the Shura Council about its work and of the activity of the domestic bodies and the general organisations. It distributes its duties to its members according to the internal bylaws.</li>
</ul>It has the following divisions (not complete): – Executive leadership – Organisational office – Secretariat general – Education office – Political office – Sisters office<br />
In each country there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office has. To the duties of every branch belong fundraising, infiltrating in and overtaking other Muslim organisations for the sake of uniting the Muslims to dedicate them to the general goals of the MB.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Egypt">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="In_Egypt">In Egypt</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt</a></div><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Founding">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Founding">Founding</span></h3><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a> founded the Muslim Brotherhood in the city of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailia" title="Ismailia">Ismailia</a> in March 1928 along with six workers of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> Company. It began as a religious, political, and social movement with the credo, "God is our objective; the Quran is our constitution, the Prophet is our leader; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> is our way; and death for the sake of God is the highest of our aspirations."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FAS_24-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-FAS-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MBMHome_25-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-MBMHome-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> Al-Banna called for the return to an original <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and followed Islamic reformers like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a>. According to him, contemporary Islam had lost its social dominance, because most Muslims had been corrupted by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> influences. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law based on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> were seen as laws passed down by God that should be applied to all parts of life, including the organization of the government and the handling of everyday problems.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kuntzel_26-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-Kuntzel-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The Brotherhood also saw itself as a political and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a>. Al-Banna strived to be a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a>. The Muslim Brotherhood claimed to want to protect the workers against the tyranny of foreign and monopolist companies. It founded social institutions such as hospitals, pharmacies, schools, etc. However, in addition to holding highly conservative, if not sexist views on issues such as women's rights,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Women_19-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-Women-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> it was from the start extremely hostile to independent working-class and popular organisations such as trade unions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kuntzel_26-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-Kuntzel-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> This is disputed however by William Cleveland, who points out that the Muslim Brotherhood became involved with the labour movement early on, and supported efforts to create trades unions and unemployment benefits.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
By 1936, it had 800 members, then this number increased greatly to up to 200,000 by 1938. By 1948, the Brotherhood had about half a million members. <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Hallett&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Robin Hallett (page does not exist)">Robin Hallett</a> says: "By the late 1940s the Brotherhood was reckoned to have as many as 2 million members, while its strong Pan-Islamic ideas had gained its supporters in other Arab lands".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> The Muslim Brotherhood also tried to build up something like an <i>Islamist International</i>, thus founding groups in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (in 1936), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (1937), and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transjordan" title="Transjordan">Transjordan</a> (1946). It also recruited among the foreign students in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. Its headquarters in Cairo became a center and meeting place for representatives from the whole Muslim world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kuntzel_26-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-Kuntzel-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Underground links to the German Government began during the 1930s and were close during the Second World War, involving agitation against the British, Jewish immigration to Palestine, espionage and sabotage, as well as support for militant activities orchestrated by Haj Amin el-Hussaini in British Mandate Palestine, as a wide range of declassified documents from the British, American and Nazi German governmental archives, as well as from personal accounts and memoirs from that period, confirm.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> Reflecting this connection the Muslim Brotherhood also disseminated Hitler's <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i> widely in Arab translations, helping to deepen and extend already existing hostile views about Jews and secular Western societies generally.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post WWII">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Post_WWII">Post WWII</span></h3>In November 1948 police seized an automobile containing the documents and plans of what was thought to be the Brotherhood's "secret apparatus" (its military wing) with names of its members. The seizure was preceded by an assortment of bombings and assassination attempts by the apparatus. Subsequently 32 of its leaders were arrested and its offices raided.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chamieh_10-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-Chamieh-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> The next month the Prime Minister of Egypt, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Fahmi_Nokrashi" title="Mahmud Fahmi Nokrashi">Mahmud Fahmi Nokrashi</a>, ordered the dissolution of the Brotherhood.<br />
In what is thought to be retaliation for these acts, a member of the Brotherhood, veterinary student Abdel Meguid Ahmed Hassan, assassinated the Prime Minister on December 28, 1948. A month and half later Al-Banna himself was killed in Cairo by men believed to be government agents and/or supporters of the murdered premier.<br />
The Brotherhood has been an illegal organization, tolerated to varying degrees, since 1954 when it was convicted of the attempt to assassinate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, head of the Egyptian government, after having been infiltrated by Israeli agents. The group had denied involvement in the incident and accused the government of staging the incident to use it as a pretext to persecute the group and its members. On this basis from 1954 until Nasser's death in 1970, thousands of Muslim Brotherhood members were systematically tortured under Nasser's secular regime, highlighted in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zainab_al_Ghazali" title="Zainab al Ghazali">Zainab al Ghazali</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Pharaoh" title="Return of the Pharaoh">Return of the Pharaoh</a>. More recently, since the mid-2000s, some young Muslim Brotherhood members have publicly identified themselves as members of the banned organizations on their <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogs" title="Blogs">blogs</a>, where they have been critical of both the existing system as well as aspects of the Muslim Brotherhood organization itself.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-arabmediasociety.com_31-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-arabmediasociety.com-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The Brotherhood is still periodically subjected to mass arrests. It remains the largest opposition group in Egypt, advocating Islamic reform, democratic system and maintaining a vast network of support through Islamic charities working among poor Egyptians.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> The political direction it has been taking lately has tended towards more moderate secular "Islamism" and so-called <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Democracy" title="Islamic Democracy">Islamic Democracy</a> comparable to Christian Democrat movements in Europe, the Christian-right in the United States, and the Muslim oriented democratic parties of Turkey.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In the 2005 parliamentary elections, the Brotherhood's candidates, who had to run as independents because of their illegality as a political party, won 88 seats (20% of the total) to form the largest opposition bloc. The electoral process was marred by many irregularities, including the arrest of hundreds of Brotherhood members. One observer, Jameel Theyabi, writing in an op-ed for <i>Dar Al-Hayat</i>, noted that a December 2006 campus demonstration by Muslim Brotherhood university students that included the "wearing of uniforms, displaying the phrase, 'We Will be Steadfast', and the drills involving martial arts, betray the group's intent to plan for the creation of militia structures, and a return by the group to the era of 'secret cells'...".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Of course, the huge gains in the 2005 parliamentary elections allowed the Brotherhood to pose "a democratic political challenge to the regime, not a theological one".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nytimes2007_35-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-nytimes2007-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> Initially, there has been widespread skepticism regarding the movement's commitment to use its influence to push Egypt forward towards a democratic state. For instance, briefly after the elections Sameh Fawzy remarked in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahram_Weekly" title="Al-Ahram Weekly">Al-Ahram Weekly</a> newspaper, "If the Muslim Brotherhood were in a position to enforce its ideological monopoly, the vast majority of the populace would face severe restrictions on its freedom of opinion and belief, not just on religious matters, but on social, political, economic and cultural affairs as well"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> However, considering its actions in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Egypt" title="Parliament of Egypt">Egyptian parliament</a> since 2005, it appears that those skeptics misjudged the movement's scope. In an article for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Report" title="Middle East Report">Middle East Report</a> Samer Shehata from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> and Joshua Stacher from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_University_in_Egypt" title="British University in Egypt">British University in Egypt</a> claim that, in fact, it was the Muslim Brotherhood that revived a parliament that till then had "a reputation for being a rubber stamp for the regime".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-merip2006_37-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-merip2006-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> First of all, according to their observations, the movement did not simply "focus on banning books and legislating the length of skirts".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> Instead, the movement's involvement shows attempts to reform the political system. Unlike other MPs, those associated with the Brotherhood took their parliamentary duties very seriously as an "unmatched record of attendance"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-merip2006_37-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-merip2006-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> already shows. Moreover, they also took their role as members of the opposition to the ruling <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_%28Egypt%29" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">NDP</a> quite seriously. A significant example is the creation of a considerable opposition to the extension of the emergency law when MPs associated with the Brotherhood "formed a coalition with other opposition legislators and with sympathetic members of the NDP, to protest the extension".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nytimes2007_35-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-nytimes2007-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> The overall involvement leads Shehata and Stacher to the conclusion that the Brotherhood has convincingly attempted to transform "the Egyptian parliament into a real legislative body, as well as an institution that represents citizens and a mechanism that keeps government accountable".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-merip2006_37-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-merip2006-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Meanwhile, approved opposition parties won only 14 seats. Although not well documented, Israeli infiltration and influence is rampant, particularly within military procurement negotiations in the U.S.A.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2011">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>. This revived the debate within the Egyptian political elite about whether the Brotherhood should remain banned.<br />
Since 2005 Muslim Brotherhood members in Egypt have also become a significant movement online. In 2006 Abdel Menem Mahmoud created the first publicly identified Brotherhood blog, Ana Ikhwan (<a class="external free" href="http://ana-ikhwan.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow">http://ana-ikhwan.blogspot.com</a>). In an article for Arab Media & Society (<a class="external free" href="http://www.arabmediasociety.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.arabmediasociety.com</a>), Courtney C. Radsch of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University" title="American University">American University</a> explores how the Egyptian blogosphere expanded as many younger members followed suit, especially the activists who were sympathetic to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefaya" title="Kefaya">Kefaya</a> and members who wanted to be part of the discussion about the draft party platform.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-arabmediasociety.com_31-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-arabmediasociety.com-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> These "cyberactivists" are often critical of the organization, such as its rejection of women and Copts as being permitted to hold the presidency, and more liberal than their offline counterparts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-arabmediasociety.com_31-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-arabmediasociety.com-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Whether or not the Brotherhood would unconditionally or conditionally dissolve Egypt's 32-year peace treaty with Israel is disputed within the Brotherhood. While the deputy leader of the Brotherhood has said the Brotherhood would seek the dissolution of Egypt's 32-year peace treaty with Israel,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> a Brotherhood spokesman has said that the Brotherhood would respect the treaty as long as "Israel shows real progress on improving the lot of the Palestinians."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<b>General leaders (G.L) or Mentors of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (<span lang="ar">المرشد العام لجماعة الإخوان المسلمون</span>)</b><br />
<dl><dd> <ul><li>Founder & First G. leader: (1928–1949) <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_al_Banna" title="Hassan al Banna">Hassan al Banna</a></li>
<li>2nd G.L. : (1949–1972) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_al-Hudaybi" title="Hassan al-Hudaybi">Hassan al-Hudaybi</a></li>
<li>3rd G.L. : (1972–1986) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_al-Tilmisani" title="Umar al-Tilmisani">Umar al-Tilmisani</a></li>
<li>4th G.L. : (1986–1996) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Hamid_Abu_al-Nasr" title="Muhammad Hamid Abu al-Nasr">Muhammad Hamid Abu al-Nasr</a></li>
<li>5th G.L. : (1996–2002) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Mashhur" title="Mustafa Mashhur">Mustafa Mashhur</a></li>
<li>6th G.L. : (2002–2004) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27mun_al-Hudaybi" title="Ma'mun al-Hudaybi">Ma'mun al-Hudaybi</a></li>
<li>7th G.L. : (2004–2010) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Mahdi_Akef" title="Mohammed Mahdi Akef">Mohammed Mahdi Akef</a></li>
<li>8th G.L. : (16 January 2010 – present) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Badie" title="Mohammed Badie">Mohammed Badie</a><sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from January 2011">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li>
</ul></dd></dl><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In West Asia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="In_West_Asia">In West Asia</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bahrain">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Bahrain">Bahrain</span></h3>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, the Muslim Brotherhood is represented by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Eslah_Society" title="Al Eslah Society">Al Eslah Society</a> and its political wing, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Menbar_Islamic_Society" title="Al-Menbar Islamic Society">Al-Menbar Islamic Society</a>. Following parliamentary elections in 2002, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Menbar_Islamic_Society" title="Al-Menbar Islamic Society">Al Menbar</a> became the joint largest party with eight seats in the forty seat <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Bahrain" title="Chamber of Deputies of Bahrain">Chamber of Deputies</a>. Prominent members of Al Menbar include Dr Salah Abdulrahman, Dr <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salah_Al_Jowder&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Salah Al Jowder (page does not exist)">Salah Al Jowder</a>, and outspoken MP <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Khalid" title="Mohammed Khalid">Mohammed Khalid</a>. The party has generally backed government sponsored legislation on economic issues, but has sought a clampdown on pop concerts, sorcery and soothsayers. It has strongly opposed the government's accession to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> on the grounds that this w ould give Muslim citizens the right to change religion, when in the party's view they should be "beheaded".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In March 2009, the Shi'a group <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Islamic_Enlightenment_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" title="The Islamic Enlightenment Society (page does not exist)">The Islamic Enlightenment Society</a> held its annual conference with the announced aim of diffusing tension between Muslim branches. The society invited national Sunni and Shi'a scholars to participate. Bahraini independent Salafi (Sunni) religious scholars Sheikh <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salah_Al-Jowder&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Salah Al-Jowder (page does not exist)">Salah Al-Jowder</a> and Sheikh Rashid Al Muraikhi, and Shi'a clerics Sheikh Isa Qasim and Abdulla Al Ghoraifi spoke about the importance of sectarian cooperation. Additional seminars were held throughout the year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In 2010, the U.S. government sponsored the visit of Al-Jowder, described as a prominent Sunni cleric, to the United States for a three-week interfaith dialogue program in several cities."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Syria">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Syria">Syria</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></div>Muslim Brotherhood in Syria was founded in the 1930s (according to lexicorient.com) or in 1945, a year before independence from France, (according to journalist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Wright_%28author%29" title="Robin Wright (author)">Robin Wright (author)</a>). In the first decade or so of independence it was part of the legal opposition, and in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_parliamentary_election,_1961" title="Syrian parliamentary election, 1961">1961 parliamentary elections</a> it won ten seats (5.8% of the house). But after the 1963 coup that brought the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baath_Party" title="Baath Party">Baath Party</a> to power it was banned.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> It played a major role in the mainly <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>-based terrorist movement that opposed the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularist</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabist</a> Baath Party, (since 1970, it has been dominated by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assad" title="Assad">Assad</a> family, adding a religious element to its conflict with the Brotherhood). This conflict developed into an armed struggle that continued until culminating in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_massacre" title="Hama massacre">Hama uprising</a> of 1982, when the rebellion was crushed by the military.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Since then, the Brotherhood has ceased to be an active political force inside Syria, but it retains a network of support in the country, of unknown strength, and has external headquarters in London and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. In recent years it has renounced violence and adopted a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformist</a> platform, calling for the establishment of a pluralistic, democratic political system. The leader of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Bayanouni" title="Ali Sadreddine Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Bayanouni</a>, who lives as a political refugee in London.<br />
Membership in the Syrian Brotherhood became a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital offence</a> in Syria in the 1980 (under Emergency Law 49) and remains so, but the headquarters of the MB-linked Palestinian group, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, is located in the Syria's capital Damascus, where it is given Syrian government support. This is seen by some as an example of the lack of international centralization or even coordination of the MB.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">leaked American cables</a>, Syrian President <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al_Assad" title="Bashar al Assad">Bashar al Assad</a> allegedly called Hamas an "uninvited guest" and said "If you want me to be effective and active, I have to have a relationship with all parties. Hamas is Muslim Brotherhood, but we have to deal with the reality of their presence.", comparing Hamas to the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood which was crushed by his father <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al_Assad" title="Hafez al Assad">Hafez al Assad</a>. He then allegedly claimed Hamas would disappear if peace were brought to the Middle East.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: British Mandate of Palestine/Israel">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="British_Mandate_of_Palestine.2FIsrael">British Mandate of Palestine/Israel</span></h3>'Abd al-Rahman al-Banna, brother of Muslim Brotherhood founder Hasan al-Banna, went to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mandate_for_Palestine" title="British Mandate for Palestine">British Mandate for Palestine</a> and established the Muslim Brotherhood there in 1935. A local nationalist, <b>Al-Hajj Amin al-Husseini</b> (see article under <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Amin_al-Husayni" title="Mohammad Amin al-Husayni">Mohammad Amin al-Husayni</a>), eventually appointed by the British as Grand Mufti of Jerusalem in hopes of accommodating him, was the leader of the group in Palestine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> Another important leader associated with the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine was 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam, an inspiration to Islamists because he had been the first to lead an armed resistance in the name of Palestine against the British in 1935.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1945, the group established a branch in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, and by 1947 twenty-five more branches had sprung up, in towns such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa,_Israel" title="Jaffa, Israel">Jaffa</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulkarm" title="Tulkarm">Tulkarm</a>, which total membership between 12,000 to 20,000.<br />
Brotherhood members fought alongside the Arab armies during the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_war" title="1948 Arab-Israeli war">1948 Arab-Israeli war</a>, and, after Israel's creation, the ensuing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_refugee" title="Palestinian refugee">Palestinian refugee</a> crisis encouraged more Palestinian Muslims to join the group. After the war, in the West Bank, the group's activity was mainly social and religious, not political, so it had relatively good relations with Jordan, which was in control of the West Bank after 1950. In contrast, the group frequently clashed with the Egyptian regime that controlled the Gaza Strip until 1967.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In the 1950s and 1960s, the Brotherhood's goal was "the upbringing of an Islamic generation" through the restructuring of society and religious education, rather than Palestine's liberation from Israel, and so it lost popularity to national resistance movements and the presence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> Eventually, however, the Brotherhood was strengthened by several factors:<br />
<ol><li>The creation of al-Mujamma' al-Islami, the Islamic Center in 1973 by Shaykh Ahmad Yasin had a centralizing effect that encapsulated all religious organizations.</li>
<li>The Muslim Brotherhood Society in Jordan and Palestine was created from a merger of the branches in the West Bank and Gaza and Jordan.</li>
<li>Palestinian disillusion with the liberation front caused them to become more open to alternatives.</li>
<li>The Islamic Revolution in Iran offered inspiration to Palestinians. The Brotherhood was able to increase its efforts in Palestine and avoid being dismantled like national resistance groups because it did not focus on the occupation. While national resistance groups were being dismantled, the Brotherhood filled the void.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hamas_56-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-hamas-56"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ol>After the 1967 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Day_War" title="Six Day War">Six Day War</a>, as Israel's occupation started, Israel may have looked to cultivate political Islam as a counterweight to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a>, the main secular Palestinian nationalist political organization.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-online.wsj.com_57-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-online.wsj.com-57"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> Between 1967 and 1987, the year Hamas was founded, the number of mosques in Gaza tripled from 200 to 600, and the Muslim Brotherhood named the period between 1975 and 1987 a phase of 'social institution building.'<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> During that time, the Brotherhood established associations, used zakat (alms giving) for aid to poor Palestinians, promoted schools, provided students with loans, used waqf (religious endowments) to lease property and employ people, and established mosques. Likewise, antagonistic and sometimes violent opposition to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> and other secular nationalist groups increased dramatically in the streets and on university campuses.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-online.wsj.com_57-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-online.wsj.com-57"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The Brotherhood's downfall was its failure to fight the Israeli occupation, but the Intifada changed the Brotherhood's position and Hamas was established.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hamas_56-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-hamas-56"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> The <i>Islamic Resistance Movement</i>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, founded in 1987 in Gaza, is a wing of the Brotherhood,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> formed out of Brotherhood-affiliated charities and social institutions that had gained a strong foothold among the local population. During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a> (1987–93), Hamas militarized and transformed into one of the strongest Palestinian militant groups.<br />
The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas_takeover_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip">Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip</a> in 2007 was the first time since the Sudanese coup of 1989 that brought <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> to power, that a Muslim Brotherhood group ruled a significant geographic territory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schanzer_61-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-Schanzer-61"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jordan">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Jordan">Jordan</span></h3>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordanian</a> branch of the Muslim Brotherhood was formed in 1942, and is a strong factor in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Jordan" title="Politics of Jordan">Jordanian politics</a>. While most political parties and movements were banned for a long time in Jordan such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a>, the Brotherhood was exempted and allowed to operate by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Jordan" title="King of Jordan">Jordanian monarchy</a>. The Jordanian Brotherhood has formed its own <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a>, which has the largest number of seats of any party in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Jordan" title="Parliament of Jordan">Jordanian parliament</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The Muslim Brotherhood is playing an active role in the unrest in several Arab countries in January 2011. For example, at a rally held outside the Egyptian Embassy in Amman on Saturday, 29 January 2011 with some 100 participants, Hammam Saeed, head of the Muslim Brotherhood of Jordan and a close ally of the Hamas's Damascus-based leader, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Meshaal" title="Khaled Meshaal">Khaled Meshaal</a>, said: "Egypt's unrest will spread across the Mideast and Arabs will topple leaders allied with the United States." However, he did not specifically name Jordanian King <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_II" title="Abdullah II">Abdullah II</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> The Muslim brotherhood is rightfully or wrongfully feared by several commentators in the west, however it is not known how many seats in a democratic government the brotherhood will gain in any of the afore mentioned countries.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Iran">Iran</span></h3>Although Iran is a predominately Shia Muslim country and the Muslim Brotherhood is Sunni in doctrine, Olga Davidson and Mohammad Mahallati claim the Brotherhood has had influence among Shia in Iran.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navab_Safavi" title="Navab Safavi">Navab Safavi</a>, who founded Fadaian Islam, (also Fedayeen of Islam, or Fadayan-e Islam), an Iranian Islamic organization active in Iran in the 1940s and 1950s, "was highly impressed by the Muslim Brotherhood.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> From 1945 to 1951 the Fadain assassinated several high level Iranian personalities and officials who they believed to be un-Islamic. They included anti-clerical writer Ahmad Kasravi, Premier Haj-Ali Razm-Ara, former Premier Abdul-Hussein Hazhir, and Education and Culture Minister Ahmad Zangeneh.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TSOA-Adler-1985_66-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-TSOA-Adler-1985-66"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
At that time Navab Safavi was an associate and ally of Ayatollah Khomeini who went on to become a figure in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> of 1979.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TSOA-Adler-1985_66-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-TSOA-Adler-1985-66"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> Khomeini and other religious figures in Iran worked to establish Islamic unity and downplay Shia-Sunni differences.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2007">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Iraq">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Iraq">Iraq</span></h3>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Islamic_Party" title="Iraqi Islamic Party">Iraqi Islamic Party</a> was formed in 1960 as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> branch of the Brotherhood,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> but was banned from 1961 during the nationalist rule of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a>. As government repression hardened under the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baath_Party" title="Baath Party">Baath Party</a> from February 1963, the group was forced to continue underground. After the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">fall</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> regime in 2003, the Islamic Party has reemerged as one of the main advocates of the country's Sunni community. The Islamic Party has been sharply critical of the U.S.-led <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupation</a> of Iraq, but participates in the political process.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> Its leader is Iraqi Vice-President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Al-Hashimi" title="Tariq Al-Hashimi">Tariq Al-Hashimi</a>.<br />
Also, in the north of Iraq there are several Islamic movements inspired by or part of the Muslim Brotherhood network. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Union" title="Kurdistan Islamic Union">Kurdistan Islamic Union</a> (KIU) holds seats in the Kurdish parliament, and is the main political force outside the dominance of the two main <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularist" title="Secularist">secularist</a> parties, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">PUK</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Iraq" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq">KDP</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</span></h3>The Muslim Brotherhood's brand of Islam and Islamic politics differs from the strict <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafism" title="Salafism">Salafi</a> creed, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabi" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabiyya</a>, officially held by the state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. Despite this, the Brotherhood has been tolerated by the Saudi government, and maintains a presence in the country.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> Aside from tolerating the Brotherhood organization<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>, and according to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> report, Saudi Interior Minister <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Nayef" title="Prince Nayef">Prince Nayef</a> has denounced the Brotherhood, saying it is guilty of "betrayal of pledges and ingratitude" and is "the source of all problems in the Islamic world".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WashingtonPost-Diverse_14-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-WashingtonPost-Diverse-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Kuwait">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Kuwait">Kuwait</span></h3>The Muslim Brotherhood in Kuwait is represented in the Kuwaiti parliament by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadas" title="Hadas">Hadas</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Yemen">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Yemen">Yemen</span></h3>The Muslim Brotherhood is the political arm of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Congregation_for_Reform" title="Yemeni Congregation for Reform">Yemeni Congregation for Reform</a>, commonly known as Islah.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Elsewhere in Africa">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Elsewhere_in_Africa">Elsewhere in Africa</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Algeria">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Algeria">Algeria</span></h3>The Muslim Brotherhood reached <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> during the later years of the French colonial presence in the country (1830–1962). Sheikh Ahmad Sahnoun led the organization in Algeria between 1953 and 1954 during the French colonialism. Brotherhood members and sympathizers took part in the uprising against France in 1954–1962, but the movement was marginalized during the largely secular FLN one-party rule which was installed at independence in 1962. It remained unofficially active, sometimes protesting the government and calling for increased Islamization and Arabization of the country's politics.<br />
When a multi-party system was introduced in Algeria in the early 1990s, the Muslim Brotherhood formed the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_the_Society_of_Peace" title="Movement for the Society of Peace">Movement for the Society of Peace</a> (MSP, previously known as Hamas), led by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahfoud_Nahnah" title="Mahfoud Nahnah">Mahfoud Nahnah</a> until his death in 2003 (he was succeeded by present party leader <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudjerra_Soltani" title="Boudjerra Soltani">Boudjerra Soltani</a>). The Muslim Brotherhood in Algeria did not join the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_islamique_du_salut" title="Front islamique du salut">Front islamique du salut</a> (FIS), which emerged as the leading Islamist group, winning the 1991 elections and which was banned in 1992 following a military <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>, although some Brotherhood sympathizers did. The Brotherhood subsequently also refused to join the violent post-coup uprising by FIS sympathizers and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Groups" title="Armed Islamic Groups">Armed Islamic Groups</a> (GIA) against the Algerian state and military which followed, and urged a peaceful resolution to the conflict and a return to democracy. It has thus remained a legal political organization and enjoyed parliamentary and government representation. In 1995, Sheikh Nahnah ran for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">President of Algeria</a> finishing second with 25.38% of the popular vote. During the 2000s, the party—led by Nahnah's successor <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudjerra_Soltani" title="Boudjerra Soltani">Boudjerra Soltani</a>—has been a member of a three-party coalition backing President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a>.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sudan">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Sudan">Sudan</span></h3>Until the election of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza" title="Gaza">Gaza</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> was the one country were the Brotherhood was most successful in gaining power, its members making up a large part of the government officialdom following the 1989 coup d'état by General <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Hassan_al-Bashir" title="Omar Hassan al-Bashir">Omar Hassan al-Bashir</a>.<br />
Always close to Egyptian politics, Sudan has had a Muslim Brotherhood presence since 1949. In 1945, a delegation from the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt visited Sudan and held various meetings inside the country advocating and explaining their ideology. Sudan has a long and deep history with the Muslim Brotherhood compared to many other countries. By April 1949, the first branch of the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood organization emerged. However, simultaneously, many Sudanese students studying in Egypt were introduced to the ideology of the Brotherhood. The Muslim student groups also began organizing in the universities during the 1940s, and the Brotherhood's main support base has remained to be college educated. In order to unite them, in 1954, a conference was held, attended by various representatives from different groups that appeared to have the same ideology. The conference voted to establish a Unified Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood Organization based on the teachings of Imam Hassan Al-banna.<br />
An offshoot of the Sudanese branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Charter_Front" title="Islamic Charter Front">Islamic Charter Front</a> grew during the 1960, with Islamic scholar <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_al-Turabi" title="Hasan al-Turabi">Hasan al-Turabi</a> becoming its Secretary general in 1964. The Islamic Charter Front (ICM) was renamed several times most recently being called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Islamic_Front" title="National Islamic Front">National Islamic Front</a> (NIF). Turabi has been the prime architect of the NIF as a modern Islamist party. He worked within the Institutions of the government, which led to a prominent position of his organization in the country. NIF supported women's right to vote and ran women candidates. The Muslim Brotherhood/NIF's main objective in Sudan was to Islamize the society "from above" and to institutionalize the Islamic law throughout the country where they succeeded.<br />
The Brotherhood penetrated into the ruling political organizations, the state army and security personal, the national and regional assemblies of Sudan. They also launched their own mass organizations among the youth and women such as the shabab al-binna, and raidat al-nahda, and launched educational campaigns to Islamize the communities throughout the country. At the same time, they gained control of several newly founded Islamic missionary and relief organizations to spread their ideology. The Brotherhood members took control of the newly established Islamic Banks as directors, administrators, employees and legal advisors, which became a source of power for the Brotherhood.<br />
The Sudanese government has come under considerable criticism for its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> policies, links to terrorist groups, and war in southern Sudan and Darfur.<br />
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur_conflict" title="Darfur conflict">Darfur conflict</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sudan" title="Human rights in Sudan">Human rights in Sudan</a></div>The conservatism of at least some elements of the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood was highlighted in an August 3, 2007 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazeera" title="Al-Jazeera">Al-Jazeera</a> television interview of Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood leader Sheikh <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadeq_Abdallah_bin_Al-Majed&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sadeq Abdallah bin Al-Majed (page does not exist)">Sadeq Abdallah bin Al-Majed</a>. As translated by the Israeli-based <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute" title="Middle East Media Research Institute">MEMRI</a>, Bin Al-Majed told his interviewer that "the West, and the Americans in particular … are behind all the tragedies that are taking place in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>", as they "realized that it <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> is full of treasures"; that "Islam does not permit a non-Muslim to rule over Muslims;" and that he had issued a fatwa prohibiting the vaccination of children, on the grounds that the vaccinations were "a conspiracy of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew" title="Jew">Jews</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemason" title="Freemason">Freemasons</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Somalia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Somalia">Somalia</span></h3>Somalia's wing of the Muslim Brotherhood is known by the name Harakat Al-Islah or "Reform Movement". Nonetheless, the Brotherhood, as mentioned earlier, has inspired many Islamist organizations in Somalia. Muslim Brotherhood ideology reached <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> in the early 1960s, but Al-Islah movement was formed in 1978 and slowly grew in the 1980s. Al-Islah has been described as "a generally nonviolent and modernizing Islamic movement that emphasizes the reformation and revival of Islam to meet the challenges of the modern world", whose "goal is the establishment of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a>" and which "operates primarily in Mogadishu".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-state2004_73-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-state2004-73"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The founders of the Islah Movement are: Sh. Mohamed Ahmed Nur, Dr. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Ali Sheikh Ahmed">Ali Sheikh Ahmed</a>, Dr. Mohamed Yusuf Abdi, Sh. Ahmed Rashid Hanafi, and Sh. Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah. The organization structured itself loosely and was not openly visible on the political scene of Somali society.<br />
They chose to remain a secret movement fearing the repressive regime of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a> but are considered the first ever opposition to the dictatorship. However, they emerged from secrecy when the regime collapsed in 1991 and started working openly thereafter. Most Somalis were surprised to see the new group they had never heard of, which was in the country since the 1970s in secrecy.<br />
According to the Islah by-law, every five years the organization has to elect its Consultative (Shura) Council which elects the Chairman and the two Vice-chairman. During the last 30 years, four chairmen were elected. These are Sheikh Mohamed Geryare (1978–1990), Dr. Mohamed Ali Ibrahim (1990–1999), Dr. Ali Sheikh Ahmed (1999–2008) and Dr. Ali Bashi Omar Roraye (2008–2013).<br />
Dr. Ali Bashi is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_doctor" title="Medical doctor">medical doctor</a>, a former university professor and a member of the transitional parliament (2000–2008). During the 1990s, Al-Islah devoted much effort to humanitarian efforts and providing free basic social services.<br />
The leaders of Al-Islah played a key role in the educational network and establishing Mogadishu University. Through their network, they educate more than 120,000 students in the city of Mogadishu. Many other secondary schools such as the University of East Africa in Bosasso, Puntland, are externally funded and administered through organizations affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated Islamic organization Al-Islah.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-state2004_73-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-state2004-73"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup> In Somalia, they are known to be a peaceful organization that does not participate in any factional fighting and rejects the use of violence.<br />
Today the group's membership includes urban professionals and students. According to a Crisis Group Report, Somalia's Islamists, "Al-Islah organization is dominated by a highly educated urban elite whose professional, middle class status and extensive expatriate experiences are alien to most Somalis."<br />
Although Al-Islah have been criticized by some hardcore Islamists who considered them to be influenced by imperialist western values, Al-Islah speaks of democratic peaceful Somalia. They promote women's rights, human rights, and other ideas, which they argue that these concepts originate from Islamic concepts. Al-Islah is gaining momentum in the Somali societies for their humanitarian work and moderate view of Islam, which is compatible to modernisation and respect of human right.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tunisia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Tunisia">Tunisia</span></h3>Like their counterparts elsewhere in the Islamic world in general, the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood has influenced the Tunisia's Islamists. One of the notable organization that was influenced and inspired by the Brotherhood is Al-Nahda (The Revival or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Party" title="Renaissance Party">Renaissance Party</a>), which is Tunisia's 2nd major Islamist grouping after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a>. An Islamist named Rashid Ghannouchi founded the organization in 1981. While studying in Damascus and Paris, Rashid Ghannouchi embraced the ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood, which he disseminated on his return to Tunisia.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In the West">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="In_the_West">In the West</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Russian Federation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Russian_Federation">Russian Federation</span></h3>Muslim Brotherhood is banned in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_organisation" title="Terrorist organisation">terrorist organisation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FSB_list_15-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-FSB_list-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
As affirmed on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a> by the decision of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia" title="Supreme Court of Russia">Supreme Court of Russia</a> Muslim Brotherhood coordinated the creation of an extremist Islamic organisation called <i>The Supreme Military Majlis ul-Shura of the United Forces of Caucasian Mujahedeen</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru"><a class="extiw" href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="ru:Высший военный маджлисуль шура объединённых сил моджахедов Кавказа"><i>Высший военный маджлисуль шура объединённых сил моджахедов Кавказа</i></a>)</span>, led by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Al-Khattab" title="Ibn Al-Khattab">Ibn Al-Khattab</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basaev" title="Basaev">Basaev</a>; an organisation that committed multiple terroristic acts in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and was financed by doing drug traffic, counterfeiting of coins and racketeering.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RF_SC_Decision_16-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-RF_SC_Decision-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
According to the above-mention decision of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia" title="Supreme Court of Russia">Supreme Court</a>:<br />
<blockquote class="templatequote"> <div>Muslim Brotherhood is an organisation, basing its activities on the ideas of its theorists and leaders <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> with an aim of destruction of non-Islamic governments and the establishment of the worldwide Islamic government by the reconstruction of the "Great Islamic Caliphate"; firstly, in regions with majority of Muslim population, including those in Russia and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIS" title="CIS">CIS</a> countries. The organisation is illegal in some Middle East countries (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>). The main forms of activities are warlike <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> propaganda with intolerance to other religions, recruitment in mosques, armed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> without territorial boundaries.</div><div class="templatequotecite">—<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia" title="Supreme Court of Russia">The Supreme Court of Russia</a> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RF_SC_Decision_16-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-RF_SC_Decision-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></div></blockquote><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States of America">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="United_States_of_America">United States of America</span></h3>Organizations in the US started by activists involved with the Muslim Brotherhood include the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Students_Association" title="Muslim Students Association">Muslim Students Association</a> in 1963,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WashingtonPost-Diverse_14-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-WashingtonPost-Diverse-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Islamic_Trust" title="North American Islamic Trust">North American Islamic Trust</a> in 1971, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Society_of_North_America" title="Islamic Society of North America">Islamic Society of North America</a> in 1981, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Muslim_Council" title="American Muslim Council">American Muslim Council</a> in 1990, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_American_Society" title="Muslim American Society">Muslim American Society</a> in 1992, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_of_Islamic_Thought" title="International Institute of Islamic Thought">International Institute of Islamic Thought</a> in the 1980s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WashingtonPost-Diverse_14-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-WashingtonPost-Diverse-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> According to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>, Muslim activists say MSA's members represent "all schools of Islam and political leanings – many are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderate" title="Moderate">moderates</a>, while others express anti-U.S. views or support resistance against Israelis."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WashingtonPost-Diverse_14-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-WashingtonPost-Diverse-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land_Foundation_for_Relief_and_Development#Terrorism_charges" title="Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development">Holy Land Foundation trial</a> has led to the release as evidence of<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-75"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> several documents on the Muslim Brotherhood. One of these documents, dated in 1991, explains that the goal of the Muslim Brotherhood in the U.S. is "settlement", defined by the author as a form of jihad aimed at destroying Western civilization from within and allowing for the victory of Islam over other religions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> In another one of these documents, "Ikhwan in America", the author alleges that the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood in the US include going to camps to do weapons training (referred to as <i>Special work</i> by the Muslim Brotherhood),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-77"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> as well as engaging in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-espionage" title="Counter-espionage">counter-espionage</a> against US government agencies such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> (referred to as <i>Securing the Group</i>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The United Kingdom">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="The_United_Kingdom">The United Kingdom</span></h3>The Muslim Brotherhood has formally been active in the U.K since 1996 and now holds a significant but widely unknown presence within the U.K's Muslim population.<br />
In 1996, the first representative of the MB in Britain, Kamal el-Helbawy, an Egyptian, was able to say that "there are not many members here, but many Muslims in Britain intellectually support the aims of the Muslim Brotherhood." He added that at that time, the object of the MB in Britain was only to disseminate information on Islam, Islamic issues and movements, and to rectify the distortions and misunderstandings created by "different forces against Islam".<br />
In September 1999, the MB opened a "global information centre" in London. A press notice published in Muslim News stated that it would "specialize in promoting the perspectives and stances of the Muslim Brotherhood, and [communicate] between Islamic movements and the global mass media."<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Criticisms">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Criticisms">Criticisms</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Motives">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Motives">Motives</span></h3>Numerous officials and reporters question the sincerity of the MB's pronouncements. These critics include, but are not limited to:<br />
<ul><li>U.S. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> counterterrorism chief <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Zarate" title="Juan Zarate">Juan Zarate</a>, who says "The Muslim Brotherhood is a group that worries us not because it deals with philosophical or ideological ideas but because it defends the use of violence against civilians."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Ibrahim" title="Raymond Ibrahim">Raymond Ibrahim</a>, editor of <i>The Al Qaeda Reader</i>, who notes that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> himself described war as "deceit" and that Muslim Brotherhood disciples, past and present, merely duplicate the "everlasting words of Allah", as iterated in the Qur'an.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-82"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Axe_Copeland,_Jr." title="Miles Axe Copeland, Jr.">Miles Axe Copeland, Jr.</a> -a prominent U.S. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) operative who was one of the founding members of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS) under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Joseph_Donovan" title="William Joseph Donovan">William Donovan</a>- divulges the confessions of numerous members of the Muslim brotherhood that resulted from the harsh interrogations done against them by Egyptian president <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, for their alleged involvement in the assassination attempt made against Nasser (an assassination attempt that many believe was staged by Nasser himself <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-83"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup>), which revealed that the Muslim Brotherhood was merely a "guild" that fulfilled the goals of western interests: "Nor was that all. Sound beatings of the Moslem Brotherhood organizers who had been arrested revealed that the organization had been thoroughly penetrated, at the top, by the British, American, French and Soviet intelligence services, any one of which could either make active use of it or blow it up, whichever best suited its purposes. Important lesson: fanaticism is no insurance against corruption; indeed, the two are highly compatible."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Farah&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Douglas Farah (page does not exist)">Douglas Farah</a>, a veteran international reporter who describes current Muslim Brotherhood propaganda as a "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charm_offensive" title="Charm offensive">charm offensive</a>."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Former U.S. Middle East peace envoy Dennis Ross, who told <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharq_Alawsat" title="Asharq Alawsat">Asharq Alawsat</a></i> newspaper that the Muslim Brotherhood is a global, not a local organization, governed by a Shura (Consultative) Council, which rejects cessation of violence in Israel, and supports violence to achieve its political objectives elsewhere too.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magdy_Khalil&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Magdy Khalil (page does not exist)">Magdy Khalil</a>, executive editor of Egypt's <i>Watani International</i>, who reports consistent MB deceit concerning Egypt's 12.5% <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Christian" title="Coptic Christian">Coptic Christian</a> population, so as to oppress and dhimmify them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-87"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>The Interior Minister of Saudi Arabia, Prince Naif Ibn Abdul Aziz has stated that the Muslim Brotherhood organization was the cause of most problems in the Arab world. 'The Brotherhood has done great damage to Saudi Arabia,' he said. Prince Naif accused the foremost Islamist group in the Arab world of harming the interests of Muslims. 'All our problems come from the Muslim Brotherhood. We have given too much support to this group..." "The Muslim Brotherhood has destroyed the Arab world,' he said. 'Whenever they got into difficulty or found their freedom restricted in their own countries, Brotherhood activists found refuge in the Kingdom which protected their lives... But they later turned against the Kingdom...' The Muslim Brotherhood has links to groups across the Arab world, including Jordan's main parliamentary opposition, the 'Islamic Action Front,' and the 'Palestinian resistance movement, 'Hamas." The Interior Minister's outburst against the Brotherhood came amid mounting criticism in the United States of Saudi Arabia's longstanding support for Islamist groups around the world..."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-88"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Links to violence">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Links_to_violence">Links to violence</span></h3><ul><li>The Brotherhood is widely believed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from February 2011">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">by whom?</a></i>]</sup> to have had a "secret apparatus" responsible for attacks in Egypt, including the assassination of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_an-Nukrashi_Pasha" title="Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha">Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha</a>, the Egyptian Prime Minister in 1948<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup> and the president of Egypt in 1981<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> journalists Mark Hosenball and Michael Isikoff reported connections between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and Brotherhood figures <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamoun_Darkazanli" title="Mamoun Darkazanli">Mamoun Darkazanli</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssef_Nada" title="Youssef Nada">Youssef Nada</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>A similar article in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> reported financial links between 74-year-old Swiss Muslim convert, and businessman <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Huber" title="Ahmed Huber">Ahmed Huber</a>, and members of the Muslim Brotherhood, notably <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssef_Nada" title="Youssef Nada">Youssef Nada</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Ghaleb_Himmat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ali Ghaleb Himmat (page does not exist)">Ali Ghaleb Himmat</a>. According to the U.S. government, Al Taqwa "has long acted as financial advisers to al-Qaeda." He is reported to have "confirmed" having "had contact with associates of Osama bin Laden at an Islamic conference in Beirut", whom he called "very discreet, well-educated, very intelligent people".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-far-right_92-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-far-right-92"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_al-Amoudi" title="Abdul Rahman al-Amoudi">Abdul Rahman al-Amoudi</a> was an influential lobbyist and founder and head of the Brotherhood-linked <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Muslim_Council" title="American Muslim Council">American Muslim Council</a> before being convicted and sentenced to 23 years in prison for conspiracy to murder Saudi <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Prince Abdullah</a> at the behest of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyan</a> leader <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi">Muammar al-Gaddafi</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-93"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Status of non-Muslims">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Status_of_non-Muslims">Status of non-Muslims</span></h3><ul><li>In 1997 Muslim Brotherhood Supreme Guide <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Mashhur" title="Mustafa Mashhur">Mustafa Mashhur</a> told journalist Khalid Daoud<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-94"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> that he thought Egypt's Coptic Christians and Orthodox Jews should pay the long-abandoned <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> poll tax, levied on non-Muslims in exchange for protection from the state, rationalized by the fact that non-Muslims are exempt from military service while it is compulsory for Muslims. He went on to say, "we do not mind having Christians members in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Egypt" title="People's Assembly of Egypt">People's Assembly</a>...the top officials, especially in the army, should be Muslims since we are a Muslim country...This is necessary because when a Christian country attacks the Muslim country and the army has Christian elements, they can facilitate our defeat by the enemy."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-95"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Response to criticism">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Response_to_criticism">Response to criticism</span></h3>According to authors writing in the Council on Foreign Relations magazine Foreign Affairs: "At various times in its history, the group has used or supported violence and has been repeatedly banned in Egypt for attempting to overthrow Cairo's secular government. Since the 1970s, however, the Egyptian Brotherhood has disavowed violence and sought to participate in Egyptian politics."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Crane_96-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-Crane-96"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup> Jeremy Bowen, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor" title="Editor">editor</a>, calls it "conservative and non-violent".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup> The Brotherhood has condemned <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_attacks" title="9/11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-98"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-99"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The Brotherhood itself denounces the "catchy and effective terms and phrases" like "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalist" title="Fundamentalist">fundamentalist</a>" and "political Islam" which it claims are used by "Western Media" to pigeonhole the group, and points to its "15 Principles" for an Egyptian National Charter, including "freedom of personal conviction... opinion... forming political parties... public gatherings... free and fair elections..."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-100"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Similarly, some analysts maintain that whatever the source of modern Jihadi terrorism and the actions and words of some rogue members, the Brotherhood now has little in common with radical Islamists and modern jihadists who often condemn the Brotherhood as too moderate. They also deny the existence of any centralized and secretive global MB leadership.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-101"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup> Some claim that the origins of modern Muslim terrorism are found in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabi" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabi</a> ideology, not that of the Muslim Brotherhood.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-102"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-103"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
According to anthropologist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Atran" title="Scott Atran">Scott Atran</a>, the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood even in Egypt has been overstated by Western commentators. He estimates that it can count on only 100,000 militants (out of some 600,000 dues paying members) in a population of more than 80 million, and that such support as it does have among Egyptians—an often cited figure is 20 percent to 30 percent—is less a matter of true attachment than an accident of circumstance: secular opposition groups that might have countered it were suppressed for many decades, but in driving the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egyptian Revolution of 2011</a>, a more youthful constellation of secular movements has emerged to threaten the Muslim Brotherhood's dominance of the political opposition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-104"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Foreign Relations">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_Relations">Foreign Relations</span></h2>On 29 June 2011, as the Brotherhood's political power became more apparent and solidified following the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_Egyptian_revolutions&action=edit&redlink=1" title="2011 Egyptian revolutions (page does not exist)">2011 Egyptian revolutions</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> announced that it would reopen formal diplomatic channels with the group, with whom it had suspended communication as a result of suspected terrorist activity. The next day, the Brotherhood's leadership announced that they welcomed the diplomatic overture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_note-105"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: In media">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="In_media">In media</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Gama%27a" title="Al-Gama'a">Al-Gama'a</a></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Pacifism in Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2><div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/2010/11/2010111681527837704.html" rel="nofollow">The Muslim Brotherhood in flux</a> 21 Nov 2010 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljazeera" title="Aljazeera">aljazeera</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-ikhwanweb.com-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-ikhwanweb.com_1-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanweb.com/Home.asp?zPage=Systems&System=PressR&Press=Show&Lang=E&ID=6674" rel="nofollow">The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood</a>, they have a membership of about 3000 to 4000 members. Robert S. Leiken & Steven Brooke, <i>Foreign Affairs Magazine</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-BBC_history-2">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-BBC_history_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-BBC_history_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-BBC_history_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12313405" rel="nofollow">"Egypt opposition wary after talks"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 2011-02-09.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Egypt+opposition+wary+after+talks&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft.pub=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-12313405&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanweb.com/Home.asp?zPage=Systems&System=PressR&Press=Show&Lang=E&ID=4584" rel="nofollow">"Principles of the Muslim Brotherhood"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Principles+of+the+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikhwanweb.com%2FHome.asp%3FzPage%3DSystems%26System%3DPressR%26Press%3DShow%26Lang%3DE%26ID%3D4584&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanweb.com/Article.asp?ID=2496&SectionID=77" rel="nofollow">"Egyptian Regime Resasserts Its Absolute Disrespect of Law"</a>. February 6, 2007.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Regime+Resasserts+Its+Absolute+Disrespect+of+Law&rft.atitle=&rft.date=February+6%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikhwanweb.com%2FArticle.asp%3FID%3D2496%26SectionID%3D77&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Ikhwan_History-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-Ikhwan_History_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanweb.com/lib/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt.doc" rel="nofollow"><i>History of Muslim Brotherhood Movement Homepage</i></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Muslim+Brotherhood+Movement+Homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikhwanweb.com%2Flib%2FHistory_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt.doc&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Muslim_Brotherhood_vs_Al_Qaeda-6">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-Muslim_Brotherhood_vs_Al_Qaeda_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-Muslim_Brotherhood_vs_Al_Qaeda_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=22699" rel="nofollow">"Muslim Brotherhood vs Al Qaeda"</a> January 19, 2010</li>
<li id="cite_note-MB_Chief_Criticism-7">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-MB_Chief_Criticism_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-MB_Chief_Criticism_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefambexecbureaurejectubltape1207.pdf" rel="nofollow">"MB Chief Criticism"</a> Dec. 30 2007</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/02/06/world/main7324320.shtml" rel="nofollow">"Obama: Muslim Brotherhood Lacks Major Support"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. 2011-02-06.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Obama%3A+Muslim+Brotherhood+Lacks+Major+Support&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2011-02-06&rft.pub=%5B%5BCBS+News%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2011%2F02%2F06%2Fworld%2Fmain7324320.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-brill-9">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-brill_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-brill_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDelanoue">Delanoue, G., "al-Ik̲h̲wānal-Muslimūn", <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill" title="Brill">Brill</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=al-Ik%CC%B2h%CC%B2w%C4%81nal-Muslim%C5%ABn&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Delanoue&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Delanoue%2C%26%2332%3BG.&rft.pub=%5B%5BBrill%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Chamieh-10">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-Chamieh_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-Chamieh_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Chamieh, Jebran, Traditionalists, Militants and Liberal in Present Islam, Research and Publishing House, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1994%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" title="1994? (page does not exist)">1994?</a>, p. 140.</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Ghattas, Kim (2005-05-18). <a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4557543.stm" rel="nofollow">"Syria cracks down on 'Islamists'"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Syria+cracks+down+on+%27Islamists%27&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Ghattas&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft.au=Ghattas%2C%26%2332%3BKim&rft.date=2005-05-18&rft.pub=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F4557543.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6364689.stm" rel="nofollow">Egyptian Brotherhood mass arrests</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/muslim-brotherhood-establish-freedom-and-justice-party" rel="nofollow">Muslim Brotherhood to establish 'Freedom and Justice Party' | Al-Masry Al-Youm: Today's News from Egypt</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-WashingtonPost-Diverse-14">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-WashingtonPost-Diverse_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-WashingtonPost-Diverse_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-WashingtonPost-Diverse_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-WashingtonPost-Diverse_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-WashingtonPost-Diverse_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A12823-2004Sep10.html" rel="nofollow">In Search Of Friends Among The Foes U.S. Hopes to Work With Diverse Group</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-FSB_list-15">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-FSB_list_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-FSB_list_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="languageicon" style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold;">(Russian)</span> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://nak.fsb.ru/nac/ter_org.htm" rel="nofollow">"Единый федеральный список организаций, признанных террористическими Верховным Судом Российской Федерации"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-04-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BFederal+Security+Service%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnak.fsb.ru%2Fnac%2Fter_org.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-RF_SC_Decision-16">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-RF_SC_Decision_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-RF_SC_Decision_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-RF_SC_Decision_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="languageicon" style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold;">(Russian)</span> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.religare.ru/2_5347.html" rel="nofollow">"Решение ВС РФ о признании террористическими ряда иностранных организаций"</a>. Справочно-информационный интернет-портал RELIGARE ("РЕЛИГИЯ и СМИ")<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-04-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%92%D0%A1+%D0%A0%D0%A4+%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+RELIGARE+%28%22%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%93%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%9C%D0%98%22%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religare.ru%2F2_5347.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanweb.com/faq.php" rel="nofollow">interview w/Dr. Mohamed El-Sayed Habib</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> Davidson, Lawrence (1998) <i>Islamic Fundamentalism</i> Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn., <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313299781">ISBN 0-313-29978-1</a> pp. 97–98;</li>
<li id="cite_note-Women-19">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-Women_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-Women_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> In his tract, "Toward the Light" in <i>Five Tracts of Hasan al-Banna</i>, trans. by Charles Wendell (Berkeley, 1978), <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520095847">ISBN 0-520-09584-7</a> pp. 126f., al-Banna writes: Following are the principal goals of reform grounded on the spirit of genuine Islam... Treatment of the problem of women in a way which combines the progressive and the protective, in accordance with Islamic teaching, so that this problem – one of the most important social problems – will not be abandoned to the biased pens and deviant notions of those who err in the directions of deficiency and excess... a campaign against ostentation in dress and loose behaviour; the instruction of women in what is proper, with particular strictness as regards female instructors, pupils, physicians, and students, and all those in similar categories... a review of the curricula offered to girls and the necessity of making them distinct from the boys' curricula in many stages of education... segregation of male and female students; private meetings between men and women, unless within the permitted degrees of relationship, to be counted as a crime for which both will be censured... the encouragement of marriage and procreation, by all possible means; promulgation of legislation to protect and give moral support to the family, and to solve the problems of marriage... the closure of morally undesirable ballrooms and dance-halls, and the prohibition of dancing and other such pastimes..."</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <i>The Future of Political Islam,</i> Graham E. Fuller, Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 138.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pbs-21"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-Pbs_21-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/special/sala.html" rel="nofollow">The Salafist Movement</a>, <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_%28PBS%29" title="Frontline (PBS)">Frontline (PBS)</a></i></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> Zeid al-Noman, <a class="external text" href="http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/HLF/IkhwanAmerica.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Ikhwan in America"</a>, pp. 15–16.</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.in/books?id=heMyqgE_l5QC&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68&dq=ikhwan+shura+council&source=web&ots=tn32fDmdyG&sig=0SoJDcxnSU_IaZwfl-8pHvw3-sk&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result" rel="nofollow">"The West and Islam"</a>, By Mishal Fahm Sulami</li>
<li id="cite_note-FAS-24"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-FAS_24-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/mb.htm" rel="nofollow">"FAS Intelligence Resource Program"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=FAS+Intelligence+Resource+Program&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Firp%2Fworld%2Fpara%2Fmb.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MBMHome-25"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-MBMHome_25-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ummah.net/ikhwan/" rel="nofollow">"Muslim Brotherhood Movement Homepage"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Muslim+Brotherhood+Movement+Homepage&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ummah.net%2Fikhwan%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Kuntzel-26">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-Kuntzel_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-Kuntzel_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-Kuntzel_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> Küntzel, 2002, pp. 17–19.</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <i>A History of the Modern Middle East,</i> William Cleveland, p.200</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> Hallett, Robin. Africa Since 1875. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press (1974), pg. 138.</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> See Ian Johnson, <i>A Mosque in Munich: Nazis, the CIA and Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood in the West</i> (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010); Matthias Küntzel, <i>Jihad and Jew-hatred: Islamism, Nazism and the Roots of 9/11</i> (New York: Telos Press, 2007); Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin Cüppers, <i>Halbmond und Hakenkreuz: Das 'Dritte Reich', die Araber und Palästina</i> (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2006), and Klaus Gensicke, <i>Der Mufti von Jerusalem und die Nationalsocialisten: Eine politische Biographie Amin el-Husseinis</i> (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2007).</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> In addition to the studies listed in the previous note, see the detailed and richly documented analysis by Jeffrey Herf, <i>Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World</i> (New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 2009).</li>
<li id="cite_note-arabmediasociety.com-31">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-arabmediasociety.com_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-arabmediasociety.com_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-arabmediasociety.com_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external free" href="http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=692" rel="nofollow">http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=692</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=51850" rel="nofollow">"IRIN Middle East | EGYPT: Social programs bolster appeal of Muslim Brotherhood | Middle East | Egypt | Education Gender Issues Governance Health & Nutrition Human Rights | News Item"</a>. Irinnews.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-27</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=IRIN+Middle+East+%26%23124%3B+EGYPT%3A+Social+programs+bolster+appeal+of+Muslim+Brotherhood+%26%23124%3B+Middle+East+%26%23124%3B+Egypt+%26%23124%3B+Education+Gender+Issues+Governance+Health+%26+Nutrition+Human+Rights+%26%23124%3B+News+Item&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Irinnews.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport.asp%3FReportID%3D51850&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/195687/index.en.shtml" rel="nofollow">http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/195687/index.en.shtml</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://english.daralhayat.com/opinion/OPED/12-2006/Article-20061218-95ae9eb8-c0a8-10ed-00b1-7119b3684228/story.html" rel="nofollow">The Brotherhood's Power display (18 December 2006)</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-nytimes2007-35">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-nytimes2007_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-nytimes2007_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Traub, James. "Islamic Democrats?." The New York Times 29 April 2007. 28 November 2009 <<a class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/29/magazine/29Brotherhood.t.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/29/magazine/29Brotherhood.t.html</a>>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> Fawzi, Sameh. "Brothers and Others". Al-Ahram Weekly 8 December 2005. 9 December 2009 <http: 2005="" 772="" op8.htm="" weekly.ahram.org.eg=""></http:></li>
<li id="cite_note-merip2006-37">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-merip2006_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-merip2006_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-merip2006_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> Shehata, Samer and Joshua Stacher. "The Brotherhood Goes to Parliament". Middle East Report. Fall 2006. 29 November 2009 <<a class="external free" href="http://www.merip.org/mer/mer240/shehata_stacher.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.merip.org/mer/mer240/shehata_stacher.html</a>>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> Shehata, Samer and Joshua Stacher. "The Brotherhood Goes to Parliament". Middle East Report. Fall 2006. 29 November 2009 <<a class="external free" href="http://www.merip.org/mer/mer240/shehata_stacher.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.merip.org/mer/mer240/shehata_stacher.html</a>></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> www.arabinsight.org/aiarticles/186.pdf</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Lynch, Marc (2007-03-05). <a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2007/mar/05/brotherhoodoftheblog" rel="nofollow">"Brotherhood of the blog"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brotherhood+of+the+blog&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Lynch%2C%26%2332%3BMarc&rft.date=2007-03-05&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fcommentisfree%2F2007%2Fmar%2F05%2Fbrotherhoodoftheblog&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/feb/3/muslim-brotherhood-seeks-end-to-israel-treaty" rel="nofollow">"Muslim Brotherhood seeks end to Israel treaty"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Muslim+Brotherhood+seeks+end+to+Israel+treaty&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BThe+Washington+Times%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2Ffeb%2F3%2Fmuslim-brotherhood-seeks-end-to-israel-treaty&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20030175-503543.html" rel="nofollow">"Live Blog: Egypt in Crisis, Day 8"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. 2011-02-01.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Live+Blog%3A+Egypt+in+Crisis%2C+Day+8&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft.pub=%5B%5BCBS+News%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2F8301-503543_162-20030175-503543.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/1yr_arc_Articles.asp?Article=136119&Sn=BNEW&IssueID=28339&date=2-22-2006" rel="nofollow">"Gulf Daily News"</a>. Gulf Daily News. 2009-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-27</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Gulf+Daily+News&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2009-03-09&rft.pub=Gulf+Daily+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gulf-daily-news.com%2F1yr_arc_Articles.asp%3FArticle%3D136119%26Sn%3DBNEW%26IssueID%3D28339%26date%3D2-22-2006&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127345.htm" rel="nofollow">International Religious Freedom Report 2009</a>, <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a></i>, October 26, 2009</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-45">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148815.htm" rel="nofollow">International Religious Freedom Report 2010</a>, <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a></i>, November 17, 2010</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.eurasiareview.com/analysis/bahrain-the-political-structure-reform-and-human-rights-28022011/" rel="nofollow">Bahrain: The Political Structure, Reform And Human Rights</a>, Kenneth Katzman, <i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurasia_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Eurasia Review (page does not exist)">Eurasia Review</a></i>, February 18, 2011</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> Wright, Robin, <i>Dreams and Shadows : the Future of the Middle East</i>, Penguin Press, 2008, p. 241.</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://lexicorient.com/e.o/mus_br_syria.htm" rel="nofollow">Looklex encyclopedia</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> Wright, Robin, <i>Dreams and Shadows : the Future of the Middle East</i>, Penguin Press, 2008, p. 248.</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Roee Nahmias (Roee Nahmias). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3992202,00.html" rel="nofollow">"Assad: Iran won't attack Israel with nukes"</a>. <i>ynetnews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved December 12, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Assad%3A+Iran+won%27t+attack+Israel+with+nukes&rft.jtitle=ynetnews.com&rft.aulast=Roee+Nahmias&rft.au=Roee+Nahmias&rft.date=Roee+Nahmias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3992202%2C00.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Meris Lutz (December 2, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2010/dec/02/world/la-fg-wikileaks-syria-20101202" rel="nofollow">"Syria's Assad seems to suggest backing for Hamas negotiable, leaked cables say"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved December 12, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Assad+seems+to+suggest+backing+for+Hamas+negotiable%2C+leaked+cables+say&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.aulast=Meris+Lutz&rft.au=Meris+Lutz&rft.date=December+2%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2010%2Fdec%2F02%2Fworld%2Fla-fg-wikileaks-syria-20101202&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=11146" rel="nofollow">http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=11146</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> Cohen, 1982, p. 144.</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3992661?&Search=yes&term=shadid&term=mohammed&term=k.&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dmohammed%2Bk.%2Bshadid%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3Dthe%2Bmuslim%2Bbrotherhood%2Bmovment%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bwest%2Bbank%2BAND%2Bgaza%26Search%3DSearch%26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=31&returnArticleService=showArticle" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-55">^</a></b> 0253208661</li>
<li id="cite_note-hamas-56">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-hamas_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-hamas_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFZiad_Abu-Amr">Ziad Abu-Amr (Summer, 1993), <a class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2538077?&Search=yes&term=political&term=background&term=historical&term=hamas&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dhamas%253A%2Ba%2Bhistorical%2Band%2Bpolitical%2Bbackground%26x%3D9%26y%3D11%26wc%3Don&item=3&ttl=215&returnArticleService=showArticle" rel="nofollow">"Hamas: A Historical and Political Background"</a>, <i>Journal of Palestine Studies</i> <b>22</b> (4): 5–19</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hamas%3A+A+Historical+and+Political+Background&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.aulast=Ziad+Abu-Amr&rft.au=Ziad+Abu-Amr&rft.date=Summer%2C+1993&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=5%E2%80%9319&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2538077%3F%26Search%3Dyes%26term%3Dpolitical%26term%3Dbackground%26term%3Dhistorical%26term%3Dhamas%26list%3Dhide%26searchUri%3D%252Faction%252FdoBasicSearch%253FQuery%253Dhamas%25253A%252Ba%252Bhistorical%252Band%252Bpolitical%252Bbackground%2526x%253D9%2526y%253D11%2526wc%253Don%26item%3D3%26ttl%3D215%26returnArticleService%3DshowArticle&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-online.wsj.com-57">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-online.wsj.com_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-online.wsj.com_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123275572295011847.html" rel="nofollow">How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas, by Andrew Higgins</a> <i>Wall Street Journal</i> January 24, 2009</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-58">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jan/07/gaza-israel-palestine/print?2" rel="nofollow">How Israel brought Gaza to the brink of humanitarian catastrophe, by Avi Shlaim</a> <i>Guardian UK</i> January 7, 2009</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-59">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.metimes.com/Politics/2009/03" rel="nofollow">[2]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since August 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-60">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.mideastweb.org/hamas.htm" rel="nofollow">"Hamas Charter"</a>. Mideastweb.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-27</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Hamas+Charter&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Mideastweb.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mideastweb.org%2Fhamas.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Schanzer-61"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-Schanzer_61-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.currenttrends.org/research/detail/the-talibanization-of-gaza-a-liability-for-the-muslim-brotherhood" rel="nofollow">The Talibanization of Gaza: A Liability for the Muslim Brotherhood</a>. by Jonathan Schanzer. August 19, 2009. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Trends_in_Islamist_Ideology" title="Current Trends in Islamist Ideology">Current Trends in Islamist Ideology</a> vol. 9</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-62">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Tore Kjeilen (2000-09-20). <a class="external text" href="http://lexicorient.com/e.o/mus_br_jordan.htm" rel="nofollow">"Muslim Brotherhood / Jordan - LookLex Encyclopaedia"</a>. Lexicorient.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-27</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Muslim+Brotherhood+%2F+Jordan+-+LookLex+Encyclopaedia&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Tore+Kjeilen&rft.au=Tore+Kjeilen&rft.date=2000-09-20&rft.pub=Lexicorient.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flexicorient.com%2Fe.o%2Fmus_br_jordan.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-63">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Commentator (2011-01-30). <a class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/Jordans-opposition-Arabs-will-topple-tyrants/articleshow/7385868.cms" rel="nofollow">"Jordan's opposition: Arabs will topple tyrants"</a>. timesofindia.indiatimes.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-01-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Jordan%27s+opposition%3A+Arabs+will+topple+tyrants&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Commentator&rft.au=Commentator&rft.date=2011-01-30&rft.pub=timesofindia.indiatimes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2FJordans-opposition-Arabs-will-topple-tyrants%2Farticleshow%2F7385868.cms&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-64">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bitterlemons-international.org/previous.php?opt=1&id=30" rel="nofollow">"Middle East Roundtable"</a>. bitterlemons-international.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-27</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Roundtable&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=bitterlemons-international.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitterlemons-international.org%2Fprevious.php%3Fopt%3D1%26id%3D30&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-65">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://pajamasmedia.com/michaeltotten/2011/02/01/the-iranian-revolution-echoes-in-egypt/" rel="nofollow">"The Iranian Revolution Echoes in Egypt"</a>, M.J.Toten in Interview with Dr. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Milani" title="Abbas Milani">Abbas Milani</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-TSOA-Adler-1985-66">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-TSOA-Adler-1985_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-TSOA-Adler-1985_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <i>The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution</i> by Amir Taheri, Adler and Adler c1985, pp. 107–109.</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-67">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Alan Godlas (1968-07-17). <a class="external text" href="http://www.uga.edu/islam/muslim_brotherhood_iraq.html" rel="nofollow">"The Muslim Brotherhood in Iraq"</a>. Uga.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-27</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Brotherhood+in+Iraq&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Alan+Godlas&rft.au=Alan+Godlas&rft.date=1968-07-17&rft.pub=Uga.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uga.edu%2Fislam%2Fmuslim_brotherhood_iraq.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-68">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">John Pike (2010-05-13). <a class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/iip.htm" rel="nofollow">"Iraqi Islamic Party"</a>. Globalsecurity.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-27</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Islamic+Party&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=John+Pike&rft.au=John+Pike&rft.date=2010-05-13&rft.pub=Globalsecurity.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fworld%2Firaq%2Fiip.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-69">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/not_in_website/syndication/monitoring/media_reports/2588623.stm" rel="nofollow">"Profile: Kurdish Islamist movement"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2003-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-04-06</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Kurdish+Islamist+movement&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.date=2003-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnot_in_website%2Fsyndication%2Fmonitoring%2Fmedia_reports%2F2588623.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-70">^</a></b> <i>The Future of Political Islam</i>, by Graham E. Fuller, Palgrave MacMillan, 2003, p. 39.</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-71">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,491925,00.html" rel="nofollow">"Charting the Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Charting+the+Rise+of+the+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fworld%2F0%2C1518%2C491925%2C00.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-72">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.memri.org/bin/opener_latest.cgi?ID=SD168507" rel="nofollow">"Al-Jazeera Interviews – Muslim Brotherhood Leader in Sudan"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Al-Jazeera+Interviews+%E2%80%93+Muslim+Brotherhood+Leader+in+Sudan&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memri.org%2Fbin%2Fopener_latest.cgi%3FID%3DSD168507&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-state2004-73">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-state2004_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-state2004_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35382.htm" rel="nofollow">International Religious Freedom Report 2004. Somalia</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-74">^</a></b> <span class="languageicon" style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold;">(Russian)</span> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=EXP;n=257852" rel="nofollow">"Постановление ГД ФС РФ от 12.02.2003 N 3624-III ГД "О Заявлении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации "О пресечении деятельности террористических организаций на территории Российской Федерации"</a> // "Собрание законодательства РФ", 24.02.2003, N 8, ст. 720 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Resolution of the State Duma, 12.02.2003 N 3624-III GD "on the Application of the State Duma of the Russian Federation" on the suppression of the activities of terrorist organisations on the territory of the Russian Federation</span>)"]. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consultant_Plus" title="Consultant Plus">Consultant Plus</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%93%D0%94+%D0%A4%D0%A1+%D0%A0%D0%A4+%D0%BE%D1%82+12.02.2003+N+3624-III+%D0%93%D0%94+%22%D0%9E+%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%22%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%22%5D+%2F%2F+%22%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%A4%22%2C+24.02.2003%2C+N+8%2C+%D1%81%D1%82.+720+%28%5B%5BRussian+language%7CRussian%5D%5D%3A+%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ru%22+xml%3Alang%3D%22ru%22%3EResolution+of+the+State+Duma%2C++12.02.2003+N+3624-III+GD+%22on+the+Application+of+the+State+Duma+of+the+Russian+Federation%22+on+the+suppression+of+the+activities+of+terrorist+organisations+on+the+territory+of+the+Russian+Federation%3C%2Fspan%3E%5B%5BCategory%3AArticles+containing+Russian+language+text%5D%5D%29&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BConsultant+Plus%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbase.consultant.ru%2Fcons%2Fcgi%2Fonline.cgi%3Freq%3Ddoc%3Bbase%3DEXP%3Bn%3D257852&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-75">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.nefafoundation.org/hlfdocs.html" rel="nofollow">"United States v. Holy Land Foundation"</a>. The NEFA Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-27</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=United+States+v.+Holy+Land+Foundation&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=The+NEFA+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nefafoundation.org%2Fhlfdocs.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since October 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-76">^</a></b> "The Muslim Brotherhood in the United States" <a class="external free" href="http://www.currenttrends.org/docLib/20090411_Merley.USBROTHERHOOD.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.currenttrends.org/docLib/20090411_Merley.USBROTHERHOOD.pdf</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-77">^</a></b> Zeid al-Noman, <a class="external text" href="http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/HLF/IkhwanAmerica.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Ikhwan in America"</a>, pp. 13, 16.</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-78">^</a></b> Zeid al-Noman, <a class="external text" href="http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/HLF/IkhwanAmerica.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Ikhwan in America"</a>, p. 13.</li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-79">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=3996" rel="nofollow">Ehrenfeld, Rachel and Lappen, Alyssa A., (16 June 2006) "The Truth about the Muslim Brotherhood" Front Page Magazine, citing Sylvain Besson, La Conquête De L'Occident: Le Projet Secret Des Islamistes, as quoted in Guitta, Olivier, (20 February 2006), "The Cartoon Jihad," The Weekly Standard</a>. Retrieved 2007-03-01.</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-80">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=27519" rel="nofollow">Poole, Patrick, (26 March 2007) "Mainstreaming the Muslim Brotherhood" Front Page Magazine, citing Sylvain Besson, La Conquête De L'Occident: Le Projet Secret Des Islamistes, p. 39)</a>. Retrieved 2007-04-25.</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-81">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://article.nationalreview.com/print/?q=NGIxMmVmZjRjYTEzNGVlYjJjNDBhNTA4ZTQ3OTdhZTY=" rel="nofollow">Raymond Ibrahim on Abu Hamza al-Masri on National Review Online</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-82">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.americanthinker.com/2007/11/the_al_qaeda_reader_a_review.html" rel="nofollow">American Thinker: The Al Qaeda Reader: A Review</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-83">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/weekend-review/articles/revolutionary-leader-1.40238" rel="nofollow">"Revolutionary leader"</a>. gulfnews<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-27</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+leader&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=gulfnews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fabout-gulf-news%2Fal-nisr-portfolio%2Fweekend-review%2Farticles%2Frevolutionary-leader-1.40238&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-84">^</a></b> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Axe_Copeland,_Jr." title="Miles Axe Copeland, Jr.">Miles Axe Copeland, Jr.</a>, "The Game of Nations: The Amorality of Power Politics, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970"</li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-85">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.douglasfarah.com/article/197/the-amazing-deception-in-the-muslim-brotherhoods-charm-offensive.com" rel="nofollow">Douglas Farah: The Amazing Deception in the Muslim Brotherhood's Charm Offensive</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-86">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=3&id=8310" rel="nofollow">"Lufti, Manal, "The Brotherhood and America Part III," (14 March 2007) Asharq Alawsat"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Lufti%2C+Manal%2C+%22The+Brotherhood+and+America+Part+III%2C%22+%2814+March+2007%29+Asharq+Alawsat&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faawsat.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews.asp%3Fsection%3D3%26id%3D8310&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-87">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://mideastoutpost.com/archives/000262.html" rel="nofollow">Mideast Outpost: THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD AND THE COPTS</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-88">^</a></b> MEMRI, the Middle East Media Research Institute posted this at their website, <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Area=sd&ID=SP44602" rel="nofollow">[3]</a> introducing it with the following: "On November 29, 'Ain-Al-Yaqeen, a weekly news magazine published online by the Saudi royal family, released an English translation of an interview with Saudi Minister of Interior Prince Nayef Ibn Abd Al-Aziz; the interview originally appeared in the Kuwaiti newspaper Al Siyasa. The following are excerpts from the translation[1] as it appeared in the Saudi weekly."</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-89">^</a></b> <i>Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience</i> by Caryle Murphy, p. 54.</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-90">^</a></b> <i>State, Power & Politics in the making of The Modern Middle East</i> by Roger Owen, p.180</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-91">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/about/show_the_brotherhood.html" rel="nofollow">[4]</a> "Spreading fundamentalist Islam – but does the Muslim Brotherhood also support terrorism?"</li>
<li id="cite_note-far-right-92"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-far-right_92-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://specials.ft.com/theresponse/FT38ZL6ZSTC.html" rel="nofollow">www.ft.com</a> Far-right has ties with Islamic extreme. By Hugh Williamson and Philipp Jaklin. 8 November 2001</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-93">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.militantislammonitor.org/article/id/306" rel="nofollow">[5]</a> "Abdulrahman Alamoudi – Head of American Muslim Council goes to jail for 23 years"</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-94">^</a></b> article printed in <i>Al Ahram Weekly</i> July 5–9, 1997, quoted in Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience by Caryle Murphy, pp. 241, 330.</li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-95">^</a></b> <i>Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience,</i> by Caryle Murphy, Simon and Schuster, 2002, pp. 241, 330.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Crane-96"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-Crane_96-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Crane, Mary. <a class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/publication/9248/" rel="nofollow">"Does the Muslim Brotherhood Have Ties to Terrorism"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Does+the+Muslim+Brotherhood+Have+Ties+to+Terrorism&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Crane%2C%26%2332%3BMary&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fpublication%2F9248%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-97">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12325128" rel="nofollow">"Egypt unrest: What if Mubarak goes?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2011-01-31.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt+unrest%3A+What+if+Mubarak+goes%3F&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.date=2011-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-12325128&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-98">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/%7Ekurzman/terror.htm" rel="nofollow">"Muslim Brother Hood Condemns 9/11 attack"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Muslim+Brother+Hood+Condemns+9%2F11+attack&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2F%7Ekurzman%2Fterror.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-99">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?ID=14069&LevelID=1&SectionID=71" rel="nofollow">"Morsi: 9/11 a global calamity, not only for U.S."</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Morsi%3A+9%2F11+a+global+calamity%2C+not+only+for+U.S.&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikhwanweb.com%2Farticle.php%3FID%3D14069%26LevelID%3D1%26SectionID%3D71&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-100">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanweb.com/Article.asp?ID=813&LevelID=2&SectionID=116" rel="nofollow">"The Principles of The Muslim Brotherhood"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+The+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikhwanweb.com%2FArticle.asp%3FID%3D813%26LevelID%3D2%26SectionID%3D116&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-101">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070301faessay86208/robert-s-leiken-steven-brooke/the-moderate-muslim-brotherhood.html" rel="nofollow">"The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Moderate+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.org%2F20070301faessay86208%2Frobert-s-leiken-steven-brooke%2Fthe-moderate-muslim-brotherhood.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-102">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/4-10-2006-93214.asp" rel="nofollow">"The root of terrorism is Wahabism"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+root+of+terrorism+is+Wahabism&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzle.com%2Feditorials%2F4-10-2006-93214.asp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-103">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ataturksociety.org/letters/tarhan.html" rel="nofollow">"The root of terrorism"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+root+of+terrorism&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ataturksociety.org%2Fletters%2Ftarhan.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-104">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Atran, Scott (2011-02-02). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/03/opinion/03atran.html" rel="nofollow">"Egypt's Bumbling Brotherhood"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Bumbling+Brotherhood&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Atran&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Atran%2C%26%2332%3BScott&rft.date=2011-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F02%2F03%2Fopinion%2F03atran.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#cite_ref-105">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/egypt-s-muslim-brotherhood-welcomes-idea-of-u-s-contacts-1.370446" rel="nofollow">http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/egypt-s-muslim-brotherhood-welcomes-idea-of-u-s-contacts-1.370446</a></li>
</ol></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><ul><li>Abdullahi, Abdurahman (Baadiyow) (October 2008) <a class="external text" href="http://www.hiiraan.com/oct2008/ISLAH.pdf" rel="nofollow">"The Islah Movement: Islamic moderation in war-torn Somalia"</a> <i>Hiiraan Online</i> Mogadishu, Somalia</li>
<li>{Ankerl, Guy}(2000) <i>Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. INUPRESS, Geneva. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2881550045">ISBN 2-88155-004-5</a></i></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Baer, Robert (2002). <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See_No_Evil_%28book%29" title="See No Evil (book)">See No Evil</a>: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA's War on Terrorism</i>. Three Rivers Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4684-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4684-3">978-1-4000-4684-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5BSee+No+Evil+%28book%29%7CSee+No+Evil%5D%5D%3A+The+True+Story+of+a+Ground+Soldier+in+the+CIA%27s+War+on+Terrorism&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Baer%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4684-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Cohen, Amnon (1982). <i>Political Parties in the West Bank under the Jordanian Regime, 1949–1967</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1321-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1321-6">978-0-8014-1321-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+in+the+West+Bank+under+the+Jordanian+Regime%2C+1949%E2%80%931967&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Amnon&rft.au=Cohen%2C%26%2332%3BAmnon&rft.date=1982&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-1321-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li>Cohen, Nick (9 July 2006) <a class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1816257,00.html" rel="nofollow">"The Foreign Office ought to be serving Britain, not radical Islam"</a> <i>The Observer</i> London</li>
<li><span class="citation book">Dreyfuss, Robert (2006). <i>Devil's Game: How the United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam</i>. Owl Books. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7652-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7652-3">978-0-8050-7652-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devil%27s+Game%3A+How+the+United+States+Helped+Unleash+Fundamentalist+Islam&rft.aulast=Dreyfuss&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Dreyfuss%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Owl+Books&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7652-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span></li>
<li>Mallmann, Klaus-Michael and Martin Cüppers (2006) <i>Halbmond und Hakenkreuz: Das 'Dritte Reich', die Araber und Palästina</i> Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783534197293">ISBN 978-3-534-19729-3</a></li>
<li>Mayer, Thomas (1982) "The Military Force of Islam: The Society of the Muslim Brethren and the Palestine Question, 1945–1948" <i>In</i> Kedourie, Elie and Haim, Sylvia G. (1982) <i>Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel</i> Frank Cass, London, pp. 100–117, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714631698">ISBN 0-7146-3169-8</a></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" /></div></td> <td class="mbox-text">This article's use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> <b>may not follow Wikipedia's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links.2C_images.2C_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">policies</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">guidelines</a></b>. Please <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> by removing excessive and inappropriate external links. <small><i>(June 2011)</i></small></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png" width="40" /></td> <td class="mbox-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a> has a collection of quotations related to: <i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="q:Special:Search/Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanonline.com/" rel="nofollow">Ikhwan Online</a> <i>official site</i> (Arabic)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanweb.com/" rel="nofollow">Ikhwan Web</a> <i>official site</i> (English)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.hassanalbanna.com/" rel="nofollow">Founder of the Muslim Brotherhood</a> (Arabic)</li>
</ul><dl><dt>Egypt</dt>
</dl><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/2011/02/201126101349142168.html" rel="nofollow">Profile: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a></i>, February 6, 2011</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/08/egypt-muslim-brotherhood-uncovered" rel="nofollow">The Muslim Brotherhood Uncovered</a>, Jack Shenker and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Whitaker" title="Brian Whitaker">Brian Whitaker</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, February 8, 2011</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12313405" rel="nofollow">Profile: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>, 9 February 2011</li>
<li><span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/revolution-in-cairo/interviews/shadi-hamid.html" rel="nofollow">"Revolution in Cairo: Interview with Shadi Hamid"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_%28U.S._TV_series%29" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)">Frontline</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>). Feb., 2011.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Revolution+in+Cairo%3A+Interview+with+Shadi+Hamid&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BFrontline+%28U.S.+TV+series%29%7CFrontline%5D%5D&rft.date=Feb.%2C+2011&rft.pub=%5B%5BPublic+Broadcasting+Service%7CPBS%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Frevolution-in-cairo%2Finterviews%2Fshadi-hamid.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Muslim_Brotherhood"></span>. Hamid is director of research at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Doha_Center" title="Brookings Doha Center">Doha Center</a>, part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>.</li>
</ul><dl><dt>Other branches</dt>
</dl><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwansyria.com/" rel="nofollow">The Syrian Brotherhood's page.</a> In Arabic.</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanjo.com/" rel="nofollow">The Jordanian Brotherhood's official page.</a> In Arabic.</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.iraqiparty.org/" rel="nofollow">The Iraqi Islamic Party.</a> In Arabic.</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.turabi.com/" rel="nofollow">Hasan al-Turabi homepage.</a> In English and Arabic.</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.kurdiu.org/" rel="nofollow">Kurdish Islamic Union.</a> In Kurdish, English and Arabic.</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.hiiraantv.com/" rel="nofollow">Somali News World Wide.</a> In English.</li>
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<tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood#" id="collapseButton2">hide</a>]</span><span style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><span style="white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: -.12em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Egyptian_political_parties" title="Template:Egyptian political parties"><span style="background: none transparent; border: none; font-size: 100%;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="background: none transparent; border: none; font-size: 100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Egyptian_political_parties" title="Template talk:Egyptian political parties"><span style="background: none transparent; border: none; font-size: 100%;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style="background: none transparent; border: none; font-size: 100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Egyptian_political_parties&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="background: none transparent; border: none; font-size: 100%;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Egypt" title="List of political parties in Egypt">Political parties in Egypt</a> <span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span></span></th> </tr>
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<tr> <td class="navbox-group">Parties founded before<br />
the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">Revolution of 2011</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wasat_Party" title="Al-Wasat Party">New Center Party (Wasat)</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Wafd_Party" title="New Wafd Party">New Wafd Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Front_Party_%28Egypt%29" title="Democratic Front Party (Egypt)">Democratic Front Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Progressive_Unionist_Party" title="National Progressive Unionist Party">National Progressive Unionist Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Democratic_Nasserist_Party" title="Arab Democratic Nasserist Party">Nasserist Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahrar_Party_%28Egypt%29" title="Ahrar Party (Egypt)">Ahrar Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Ghad_Party" title="El-Ghad Party">El-Ghad Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_%28Egypt%29" title="Democratic Union Party (Egypt)">Democratic Unionist Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umma_Party_%28Egypt%29" title="Umma Party (Egypt)">Umma Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conciliation_Party_%28Egypt%29" title="National Conciliation Party (Egypt)">National Conciliation Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Social_Constitutional_Party" title="Free Social Constitutional Party">Constitutional Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arab_Socialist_Party" title="Egyptian Arab Socialist Party">Egyptian Arab Socialist Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Peace_Party" title="Democratic Peace Party">Democratic Peace Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_Egypt" title="Green Party of Egypt">Egyptian Greens</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_Party_%28Egypt%29" title="Solidarity Party (Egypt)">Solidarity Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_2000_Party" title="Egypt 2000 Party">Egypt 2000 Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Generation_Party" title="Democratic Generation Party">Democratic Generation Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Egypt_Party" title="Young Egypt Party">Young Egypt Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Justice_Party" title="Social Justice Party">Social Justice Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_Youth_Party" title="Egypt Youth Party">Egypt Youth Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_%28Egypt%29" title="People's Democratic Party (Egypt)">People's Democratic Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_%28Egypt%29" title="Socialist Labour Party (Egypt)">Socialist Labour Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dignity_Party_%28Egypt%29" title="Dignity Party (Egypt)">Dignity Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Egyptian_Party" title="Liberal Egyptian Party">Liberal Egyptian Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialists_%28Egypt%29" title="Revolutionary Socialists (Egypt)">Revolutionary Socialists</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Communist_Party" title="Egyptian Communist Party">Egyptian Communist Party</a></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="navbox-group">Parties founded after<br />
the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">Revolution of 2011</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Egyptians_Party" title="Free Egyptians Party">The Free Egyptians Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Party_%28Egypt%29" title="Justice Party (Egypt)">Justice Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Egyptian Social Democratic Party">Egyptian Social Democratic Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Egypt_Party" title="Freedom Egypt Party">Freedom Egypt Party (Masr Alhureyya)</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_%28Egypt%29" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_Democratic_Party" title="Workers Democratic Party">Workers Democratic Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Alliance_Party" title="Popular Democratic Alliance Party">Popular Socialist Alliance Party</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Egypt" title="Socialist Party of Egypt">Socialist Party of Egypt</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Nour_Party" title="Al Nour Party">Al Nour Party</a></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br />
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<tr> <td class="navbox-group">Banned and dissolved parties</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_%28Egypt%29" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">National Democratic Party</a></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="navbox-group">Defunct Parties</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_%28Egypt%29" title="Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)">Arab Socialist Union</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Communist_Party_%281921%29" title="Egyptian Communist Party (1921)">Egyptian Communist Party (1921)</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafd_Party" title="Wafd Party">Wafd Party</a></div></td> </tr>
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</td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a> - <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_country" title="List of political parties by country">List of political parties</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Politics of Egypt</a></td> </tr>
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<div class="articleFeedback" id="mw-articlefeedback"><div class="articleFeedback-panel"> <div class="articleFeedback-buffer articleFeedback-ui"> <div class="articleFeedback-switch articleFeedback-switch-report articleFeedback-visibleWith-form" rel="report">View page ratings</div><div class="articleFeedback-title articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">Rate this page</div><div class="articleFeedback-explanation articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"><a class="articleFeedback-explanation-link" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article%20Feedback%20Tool">What's this?</a></div><div class="articleFeedback-ratings"><div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="trustworthy"> <div class="articleFeedback-label">Trustworthy</div><div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div><div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div><div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="objective"> <div class="articleFeedback-label">Objective</div><div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div><div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div><div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="complete"> <div class="articleFeedback-label">Complete</div><div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div><div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div><div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="wellwritten"> <div class="articleFeedback-label">Well-written</div><div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div><div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div></div><div class="articleFeedback-options"> <div class="articleFeedback-expertise articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> <input disabled="disabled" id="articleFeedback-expertise-general" type="checkbox" value="general" /><label class="articleFeedback-expertise-disabled" for="articleFeedback-expertise-general">I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional)</label> </div></div><div class="articleFeedback-notices articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div></div></div><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Islam_in_Egypt" title="Category:Islam in Egypt">Islam in Egypt</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Islam" title="Category:History of Islam">History of Islam</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Islamic_political_parties" title="Category:Islamic political parties">Islamic political parties</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Islamist_groups" title="Category:Islamist groups">Islamist groups</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_parties_established_in_1928" title="Category:Political parties established in 1928">Political parties established in 1928</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Category:Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Russian_Federal_Security_Service_designated_terrorist_organizations" title="Category:Russian Federal Security Service designated terrorist organizations">Russian Federal Security Service designated terrorist organizations</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="Category:2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-43787416411107188382011-08-13T20:19:00.001-04:002011-08-18T15:40:36.122-04:00Ruhollah Khomeini<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Ruhollah Khomeini</h1><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div class="dablink">"Khomeini" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khomeini_%28name%29" title="Khomeini (name)">Khomeini (name)</a>.</div><table class="infobox vcard" style="width: 22em;"><tbody>
<tr> <th class="n" colspan="2" style="font-size: 125%; text-align: center;"><span class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: x-small;"><small>Grand Ayatollah</small></span> <span class="fn">روحاللّه خمینی</span></th> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Imam_Khomeini.jpg"><img alt="" height="297" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Portrait_of_Imam_Khomeini.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Imam_Khomeini.jpg" width="220" /></a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Official Portrait of Khomeini.</td> </tr>
<tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">1st</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a></th> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: none; text-align: center;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>In office</b></span><br />
3 December 1979 – 3 June 1989</td> </tr>
<tr> <th>President</th> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolhassan_Banisadr" title="Abolhassan Banisadr">Abolhassan Banisadr</a><br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Rajai" title="Mohammad Ali Rajai">Mohammad Ali Rajai</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <th><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Prime Minister</span></th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a><br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Rajai" title="Mohammad Ali Rajai">Mohammad Ali Rajai</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad-Javad_Bahonar" title="Mohammad-Javad Bahonar">Mohammad-Javad Bahonar</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad-Reza_Mahdavi_Kani" title="Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani">Mahdavi Kani</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-Hossein_Mousavi" title="Mir-Hossein Mousavi">Mir-Hossein Mousavi</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <th>Deputy</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein-Ali_Montazeri" title="Hussein-Ali Montazeri">Hussein-Ali Montazeri</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <th><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Succeeded by</span></th> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khameini" title="Ali Khameini">Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Al-Hosseini Al-Khamenei</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center;">Personal details</th> </tr>
<tr> <th>Born</th> <td>24 September 1902<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khomein" title="Khomein">Khomein</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <th>Died</th> <td>3 June 1989 (aged 86)<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <th>Spouse(s)</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadijeh_Saqafi" title="Khadijeh Saqafi">Khadijeh Saqafi</a> <small>(m.1926 - will.1989)</small></td> </tr>
<tr> <th>Children</th> <td>Mostafa, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahra_Mostafavi" title="Zahra Mostafavi">Zahra</a>, Sadiqeh, Farideh & <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Khomeini" title="Ahmad Khomeini">Ahmad</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <th>Religion</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ayatollah" title="Grand Ayatollah">Grand Ayatollah</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyed</a> <b>Ayatollah As-Sayyid Ruhollah Mostafavi Musavi Khomeini</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa">روحاللّه مصطفوی موسوی خمینی</span>, <small>Persian pronunciation: </small><span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Persian" title="Wikipedia:IPA for Persian">[ruːholˈlɑːhe muːsæˈviːje xomeiˈniː]</a></span>, 24 September 1902<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-birth1_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-birth1-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-site_of_Islamic_Revolution_Leader_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-site_of_Islamic_Revolution_Leader-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> – 3 June 1989) was an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> religious leader and politician, and leader of the 1979 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> which saw the overthrow of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Shah</a> of Iran. Following the revolution and a national referendum, Khomeini became the country's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a>—a position created in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran">constitution</a> as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation—until his death.<br />
Khomeini was a <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja" title="Marja">marja</a></i> ("source of emulation", also known as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ayatollah" title="Grand Ayatollah">Grand Ayatollah</a>) in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, but is most famous for his political role. In his writings and preachings he expanded the Shi'a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usuli" title="Usuli">Usuli</a> theory of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurists" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists">velayat-e faqih</a></i>, the "guardianship of the jurisconsult (clerical authority)" to include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> political rule by the Islamic jurists.<br />
He is the author of more than 40 books mainly on Mysticism and Islamic jurisprudence most of which were written before revolution. After his death, a book of poetry was published under his name<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup>. He was arrested in 1963 for 10 months<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> and banished in 1964 for near 15 years for his speeches against the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulation_%28treaty%29" title="Capitulation (treaty)">Capitulation (treaty)</a> approved by the Shah regime<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup>. In the Muslim world abroad he was described as the "virtual face in Western popular culture of Islam,"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nasr_6-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-nasr-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> known for his support of the hostage takers during the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_hostage_crisis" title="Iranian hostage crisis">Iranian hostage crisis</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> and his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatw%C4%81" title="Fatwā">fatwa</a> calling for the death of British citizen <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Sayyid Salman Rushdie</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TIME_1979_9-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-TIME_1979-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Khomeini has been referred to as a "charismatic leader of immense popularity,"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EofI_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-EofI-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> considered a "champion of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a>" by Shia scholars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nasr_6-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-nasr-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Khomeini is officially known as <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamah_%28Shi%27a_doctrine%29" title="Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)">Imam</a> Khomeini</b> inside Iran<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> and amongst his followers internationally, and <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> Khomeini</b> amongst others.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Political_aspects"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Political aspects</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Early_political_activity"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Early political activity</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Background"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Opposition_to_the_White_Revolution"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Opposition to the White Revolution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Opposition_to_capitulation"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Opposition to capitulation</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Literature.2C_poetry_and_philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Literature, poetry and philosophy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Life_in_exile"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Life in exile</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Supreme_leader_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Supreme leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Return_to_Iran"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Return to Iran</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Establishment_of_new_government"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Establishment of new government</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Islamic_constitution"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Islamic constitution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Hostage_crisis"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Hostage crisis</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Relationship_with_Islamic_and_non-aligned_countries"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Relationship with Islamic and non-aligned countries</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Iran-Iraq_War"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">Iran-Iraq War</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Rushdie_fatwa"><span class="tocnumber">5.7</span> <span class="toctext">Rushdie fatwa</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Life_under_Khomeini"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Life under Khomeini</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Emigration_and_economy"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Emigration and economy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Suppression_of_enemies_and_opposition"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Suppression of enemies and opposition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Minority_religions"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Minority religions</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Death_and_funeral"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Death and funeral</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Successorship"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Successorship</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Political_thought_and_legacy"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Political thought and legacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Appearance_and_habits"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Appearance and habits</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Mystique"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Mystique</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Family_and_descendants"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Family and descendants</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Works"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#References"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 212px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="156" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86.JPG/210px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86.JPG" width="210" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Khomeini in youth (Second from right and fourth from left )</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%88.JPG"><img alt="خمینی با وضو.JPG" class="thumbimage" height="258" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%88.JPG/180px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%88.JPG" width="180" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%88.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div></div></div></div>The origin of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khomeini" title="Khomeini">Khomeini</a> family is from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Towards the end of the 18th century, the ancestors of Ruhollah Khomeini had migrated from their original home in Nishapur to the kingdom of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a> in northern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> whose <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawabs_of_Awadh" title="Nawabs of Awadh">rulers</a> were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia" title="Shia">Shia</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>; they settled in the small town of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintoor" title="Kintoor">Kintoor</a>, just outside of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">capital</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hamid_13-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-Hamid-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Iranian_14-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-Iranian-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Moin1999_16-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-Moin1999-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Ayatollah Khomeini's paternal grandfather, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Ahmad_Musavi_Hindi" title="Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi">Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi</a>, was born in Kintoor, he was a contemporary and relative of the famous scholar <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Mir_Hamid_Hussain_Musavi" title="Syed Mir Hamid Hussain Musavi">Syed Mir Hamid Hussain Musavi</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Iranian_14-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-Iranian-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Moin1999_16-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-Moin1999-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> He left Lucknow in 1830 on a pilgrimage to the tomb of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_Ali" title="Imam Ali">Imam Ali</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and never returned.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hamid_13-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-Hamid-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Moin1999_16-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-Moin1999-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> According to a statement attributed to Khomeini's elder brother, Seyed Morteza Pasandideh, Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi's point of departure was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from January 2011">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> Also in a letter to Ayatollah Yousuf Kashmiri, Ayatollah Khomeini confirms the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri" title="Kashmiri">Kashmiri</a> origins of his grandfather.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from January 2011">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> According to Moin this movement was to escape colonial rule of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in India.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-moin18_17-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-moin18-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> He visited Iran in 1834 and settled down in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khomein" title="Khomein">Khomein</a> in 1839.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Iranian_14-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-Iranian-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Although he stayed back and settled in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, he continued to be known as <i>Hindi</i>, even Ruhollah Khomeini used <i>Hindi</i> as pen name in some of his ghazals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hamid_13-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-Hamid-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Ruhollah began to study the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, Islam's holiest book, and elementary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> at age six.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rei311_18-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-rei311-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> The following year, he began to attend a local school, where he learned religion, "noheh khani" and other traditional subjects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-moin18_17-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-moin18-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Throughout his childhood, he would continue his religious education with the assistance of his relatives, including his mother's cousin, Ja'far,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-moin18_17-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-moin18-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> and his elder brother, Morteza Pasandideh.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mil85_19-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-mil85-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
After <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> arrangements were made for him to study at the Islamic seminary in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esfahan" title="Esfahan">Esfahan</a>, but he was attracted instead to the seminary in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arak,_Iran" title="Arak, Iran">Arak</a>. He was placed under the leadership of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Karim_Haeri_Yazdi" title="Abdul Karim Haeri Yazdi">Abdul Karim Haeri Yazdi</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1920, Khomeini moved to Arak and commenced his studies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> The following year, Ayatollah Haeri Yazdi transferred to the Islamic seminary at the holy city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>, southwest of Tehran, and invited his students to follow. Khomeini accepted the invitation, moved,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mil85_19-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-mil85-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> and took up residence at the Dar al-Shafa school in Qom.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> Khomeini's studies included Islamic law (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a></i>) and jurisprudence (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a></i>),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rei311_18-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-rei311-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> but by that time, Khomeini had also acquired an interest in poetry and philosophy (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">irfan</a></i>). So, upon arriving in Qom, Khomeini sought the guidance of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza" title="Mirza">Mirza</a> Ali Akbar Yazdi, a scholar of philosophy and mysticism. Yazdi died in 1924, but Khomeini would continue to pursue his interest in philosophy with two other teachers, Javad Aqa Maleki Tabrizi and Rafi'i Qazvini.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bru46_24-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-bru46-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> However, perhaps Khomeini's biggest influences were yet another teacher, Mirza Muhammad 'Ali Shahabadi,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> and a variety of historic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystics</a>, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" title="Mulla Sadra">Mulla Sadra</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bru46_24-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-bru46-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Ruhollah Khomeini was a lecturer at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> and Qum seminaries for decades before he was known in the political scene. He soon became a leading scholar of Shia Islam.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> He taught political philosophy,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> Islamic history and ethics. Several of his students (e.g. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morteza_Motahari" title="Morteza Motahari">Morteza Motahhari</a>) later became leading Islamic philosophers and also <i>marja.</i> As a scholar and teacher, Khomeini produced numerous writings on Islamic philosophy, law, and ethics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> He showed an exceptional interest in subjects like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">gnosticism</a> that not only were usually absent from the curriculum of seminaries but were often an object of hostility and suspicion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political aspects">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Political_aspects">Political aspects</span></h3>His seminary teaching often focused on the importance of religion to practical social and political issues of the day, and he worked against the outspoken advocacy of secularism in the 1940s. His first book, <i>Kashf al-Asrar</i> (Uncovering of Secrets)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> published in 1942, was a point-by-point refutation of <i>Asrar-e hazar salih</i> (Secrets of a Thousand Years), a tract written by a disciple of Iran's leading anti-clerical historian, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi">Ahmad Kasravi</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> In addition, he went from Qom to Tehran to listen to Ayatullah Hasan Mudarris- the leader of the opposition majority in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_of_Iran" title="Majlis of Iran">Iran's parliament</a> during 1920s. Khomeini became a marja in 1963, following the death of Grand Ayatollah <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Borujerdi" title="Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi">Seyyed Husayn Borujerdi</a>.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early political activity">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_political_activity">Early political activity</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:15khordad002.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="166" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/15khordad002.jpg/220px-15khordad002.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:15khordad002.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Khomeini's speeches against the Shah in Qom on 1963</div></div></div>Most Iranians had a deep respect for the Shi'a clergy or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulema" title="Ulema">Ulema</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> and tended to be religious, traditional, and alienated from the process of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> pursued by the Shah. In the late 19th century the clergy had shown themselves to be a powerful political force in Iran initiating the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_Protests" title="Tobacco Protests">Tobacco Protests</a> against a concession to a foreign (British) interest.<br />
At the age of 61, Khomeini found the arena of leadership open following the deaths of Ayatollah Sayyed Husayn Borujerdi (1961), the leading, although quiescent, Shi'ah religious leader; and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatollah_Abol-Ghasem_Kashani" title="Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani">Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani</a> (1962), an activist cleric. The clerical class had been on the defensive ever since the 1920s when the secular, anti-clerical modernizer <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> Pahlavi rose to power. Reza's son <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Reza_Shah" title="Muhammad Reza Shah">Muhammad Reza Shah</a>, instituted a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution</a>", which was a further challenge to the ulama.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opposition to the White Revolution">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Opposition_to_the_White_Revolution">Opposition to the White Revolution</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:15khordad003.jpg"><img alt="15khordad003.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="141" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/15khordad003.jpg/220px-15khordad003.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:15khordad003.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div></div></div></div>In January 1963, the Shah announced the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution</a>", a six-point programme of reform calling for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of the forests, the sale of state-owned enterprises to private interests, electoral changes to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfranchise" title="Enfranchise">enfranchise</a> women and allow non-Muslims to hold office, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit-sharing" title="Profit-sharing">profit-sharing</a> in industry, and a literacy campaign in the nation's schools. Some of these initiatives were regarded as dangerous, Westernizing trends by traditionalists, especially by the powerful and privileged Shi'a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulema" title="Ulema">ulama</a> (religious scholars).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> Ayatollah Khomeini summoned a meeting of the other senior marjas of Qom and persuaded them to decree a boycott of the referendum on the White Revolution. On 22 January 1963 Khomeini issued a strongly worded declaration denouncing the Shah and his plans. Two days later the Shah took an armored column to Qom, and delivered a speech harshly attacking the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulema" title="Ulema">ulama</a> as a class.<br />
Khomeini continued his denunciation of the Shah's programmes, issuing a manifesto that bore the signatures of eight other senior Iranian <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia" title="Shia">Shia</a> religious scholars. In it he listed the various ways in which the Shah had allegedly violated the constitution, condemned the spread of moral corruption in the country, and accused the Shah of submission to America and Israel. He also decreed that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> celebrations for the Iranian year 1342 (which fell on 21 March 1963) be canceled as a sign of protest against government policies.<br />
On the afternoon of 'Ashura (3 June 1963), Khomeini delivered a speech at the Feyziyeh <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah" title="Madrasah">madrasah</a> drawing parallels between the infamous tyrant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid</a> and the Shah, denouncing the Shah as a "wretched, miserable man," and warning him that if he did not change his ways the day would come when the people would offer up thanks for his departure from the country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
On 5 June 1963, (15 of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khordad" title="Khordad">Khordad</a>), two days after this public denunciation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, Khomeini was arrested. This sparked three days of major riots throughout Iran and led to the deaths of some 400. That event is now referred to as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_of_15_Khordad" title="Movement of 15 Khordad">Movement of 15 Khordad</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> Khomeini was kept under house arrest and released in August.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears from September 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opposition to capitulation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Opposition_to_capitulation">Opposition to capitulation</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="209" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2.JPG/220px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2.JPG" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Khomeini in prayer</div></div></div>On 26 October 1964, the day of the Shah's holiday celebrating '2,500 years of continuous monarchy,' Khomeini denounced both the Shah and the United States. This time it was in response to the "capitulations" or diplomatic immunity granted by the Shah to American military personnel in Iran.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Khomeini_39-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-Khomeini-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Shirley_1997_207_40-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-Shirley_1997_207-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> The famous "capitulation" law (or "status-of-forces agreement") would allow members of the U.S. armed forces in Iran to be tried in their own military courts. Khomeini was arrested in November 1964 and held for half a year. Upon his release, he was brought before Prime Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan-Ali_Mansur" title="Hassan-Ali Mansur">Hasan Ali Mansur</a>, who tried to convince Khomeini that he should apologize and drop his opposition to the government. Khomeini refused. In fury, Mansur slapped Khomeini's face.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Unknown_Ayatullah_Khomeini_41-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-The_Unknown_Ayatullah_Khomeini-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Two weeks later, Mansur was assassinated on his way to parliament. Four members of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadayan-e_Islam" title="Fadayan-e Islam">Fadayan-e Islam</a> were later executed for the murder.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literature, poetry and philosophy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Literature.2C_poetry_and_philosophy">Literature, poetry and philosophy</span></h2>Khomeini studied <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Philosophy" title="Greek Philosophy">Greek Philosophy</a> and was influenced by both the philosophy of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, whom he regarded as the founder of logic,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_42-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-autogenerated2-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, whose views "in the field of divinity" he regarded as "grave and solid".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> Among Islamic philosophers, Khomeini was mainly influenced by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" title="Mulla Sadra">Mulla Sadra</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_42-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-autogenerated2-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Apart from philosophy, Khomeini was also interested in literature and poetry. His poetry collection was released after his death. Beginning in his adolescent years, Khomeini composed mystic, political and social poetry. His poetry works were published in three collections <i>The Confidant,</i> <i>The Decanter of Love and Turning Point</i> and <i>Divan</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> Some of his poems are seen as criticizing spirituality and religion, such as one firstly dedicated to a commander in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-Iraq_war" title="Iran-Iraq war">Iran-Iraq war</a> but later published by his son as a memorial to him. He claims the controversial "<i>I am the Truth</i>" of the Persian mystic <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hallaj" title="Al-Hallaj">Manṣūr al-Ḥallāj</a> and uses the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi" title="Sufi">Ṣūfī</a> terminology of wine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="The text in the vicinity of this tag needs clarification or removal of jargon from September 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Life in exile">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Life_in_exile">Life in exile</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="163" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87.JPG/220px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87.JPG" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Khomeini at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="190" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82.jpg/220px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Khomeini at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>)</div></div></div>Khomeini spent more than 14 years in exile, mostly in the holy Shia city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Initially he was sent to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> on 4 November 1964 where he stayed in the city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> for less than a year. He was hosted by a colonel in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Military" title="Turkish Military">Turkish Military</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> named Ali Cetiner in his own residence, who could not find another accommodation alternative for his stay at the time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> Later in October 1965 he was allowed to move to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf, Iraq</a>, where he stayed until being forced to leave in 1978, after then-Vice President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> told him that it's better to leave (the two countries would fight a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-Iraq_War" title="Iran-Iraq War">bitter eight year war</a> 1980–1988 only a year after the two reached power in 1979) after which he went to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neauphle-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Neauphle-le-Château">Neauphle-le-Château</a> , suburb of Paris, France on a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_visa" title="Tourist visa">tourist visa</a>, apparently not seeking <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_asylum" title="Political asylum">political asylum</a>, where he stayed for four months. According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_de_Marenches" title="Alexandre de Marenches">Alexandre de Marenches</a>, chief of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_de_Documentation_Ext%C3%A9rieure_et_de_Contre-Espionnage" title="Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage">External Documentation and Counter-Espionnage Service</a> (now known as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGSE" title="DGSE">DGSE</a>), the shah declined that France expel Khomeini for fear that the cleric should move to Syria or Libya.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> Some sources report that president <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> sent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Poniatowski" title="Michel Poniatowski">Michel Poniatowski</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> to propose to the Shah the elimination of Khomeini.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
By the late 1960s, Khomeini was a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja" title="Marja">marja</a>-e taqlid (model for imitation) for "hundreds of thousands" of Shia, one of six or so models in the Shia world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
While in the 1940s Khomeini accepted the idea of a limited monarchy under the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Iranian Constitution of 1906">Iranian Constitution of 1906–1907</a> — as evidenced by his book Kashf al-Asrar — by the 1970s he rejected the idea.<br />
In early 1970, Khomeini gave a series of lectures in Najaf on Islamic government, later published as a book titled variously <i>Islamic Government</i> or <i>Islamic Government: Authority of the Jurist</i> (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokumat-e_Islami_:_Velayat-e_faqih_%28book_by_Khomeini%29" title="Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)">Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih</a></i>).<br />
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokumat-e_Islami_:_Velayat-e_faqih_%28book_by_Khomeini%29" title="Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)">Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)</a></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="239" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7.JPG/220px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7.JPG" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Khomeini and other clerics in Najaf</div></div></div>This was his most famous and influential work, and laid out his ideas on governance (at that time):<br />
<ul><li>That the laws of society should be made up only of the laws of God (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></i>), which cover "all human affairs" and "provide instruction and establish norms" for every "topic" in "human life."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Since <i>Shariah,</i> or Islamic law, is the proper law, those holding government posts should have knowledge of <i>Sharia.</i> Since Islamic jurists or faqih have studied and are the most knowledgeable in <i>Sharia,</i> the country's ruler should be a <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faqih" title="Faqih">faqih</a></i> who "surpasses all others in knowledge" of Islamic law and justice,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> (known as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja_al-taqlid" title="Marja al-taqlid">marja'</a>), as well as having intelligence and administrative ability. Rule by monarchs and/or assemblies of "those claiming to be representatives of the majority of the people" (i.e. elected parliaments and legislatures) has been proclaimed "wrong" by Islam.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>This system of clerical rule is necessary to prevent injustice, corruption, oppression by the powerful over the poor and weak, innovation and deviation of Islam and Sharia law; and also to destroy anti-Islamic influence and conspiracies by non-Muslim foreign powers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>A modified form of this <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurists" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists">wilayat al-faqih</a> system was adopted after Khomeini and his followers took power, and Khomeini was the Islamic Republic's first "Guardian" or <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader" title="Supreme Leader">Supreme Leader</a></i>.<br />
In the meantime, however, Khomeini was careful not to publicize his ideas for clerical rule outside of his Islamic network of opposition to the Shah which he worked to build and strengthen over the next decade.<br />
In Iran, a number of actions of the shah including his repression of opponents began to build opposition to his regime.<br />
<div class="rellink">Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution#1970s:_Pre-revolutionary_conditions_and_events_inside_Iran" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution#1970s: Pre-revolutionary conditions and events inside Iran</a></div>Cassette copies of his lectures fiercely denouncing the Shah as (for example) "... the Jewish agent, the American serpent whose head must be smashed with a stone",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> became common items in the markets of Iran,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> helped to demythologize the power and dignity of the Shah and his reign. Aware of the importance of broadening his base, Khomeini reached out to Islamic reformist and secular enemies of the Shah, despite his long-term ideological incompatibility with them.<br />
After the 1977 death of Dr. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a> (an Islamic reformist and political revolutionary author/academic/philosopher who greatly popularized the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a> among young educated Iranians), Khomeini became the most influential leader of the opposition to the Shah. Adding to his mystique was the circulation among Iranians in the 1970s of an old Shia saying attributed to the Imam Musa al-Kadhem. Prior to his death in 799, al-Kadhem was said to have prophesied that "<i>A man will come out from Qom and he will summon people to the right path</i>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> In late 1978, a rumour swept the country that Khomeini's face could be seen in the full moon. Millions of people were said to have seen it and the event was celebrated in thousands of mosques.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> He was perceived by many Iranians as the spiritual, if not political, leader of revolt. As protest grew so did his profile and importance. Although thousands of kilometers away from Iran in Paris, Khomeini set the course of the revolution, urging Iranians not to compromise and ordering work stoppages against the regime.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> During the last few months of his exile, Khomeini received a constant stream of reporters, supporters, and notables, eager to hear the spiritual leader of the revolution.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Supreme leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Supreme_leader_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran">Supreme leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Return to Iran">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Return_to_Iran">Return to Iran</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imam_Khomeini_in_Mehrabad.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="329" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Imam_Khomeini_in_Mehrabad.jpg/250px-Imam_Khomeini_in_Mehrabad.jpg" width="250" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imam_Khomeini_in_Mehrabad.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Arrival of Khomeini on 1 February 1979. When asked about his feelings of returning from exile in the plane, he replied <i>Hich ehsasi nadaram</i>; "I feel nothing".</div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></div>Khomeini had refused to return to Iran until the Shah left. On 17 January 1979, the Shah did leave the country (ostensibly "on vacation"), never to return. Two weeks later, on Thursday, 1 February 1979, Khomeini returned in triumph to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, welcomed by a joyous crowd of up to five million people,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> estimated in at least six million by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News" title="ABC News">ABC News</a> reporter <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jennings" title="Peter Jennings">Peter Jennings</a>, who was reporting the event from Tehran.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
On the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a> flight on his way to Iran, Khomeini was asked by Jennings: "What do you feel in returning to Iran?" Khomeini answered in a cynical tone: "<i>Hichi!</i>" (Nothing!).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> This statement was considered reflective of his mystical or puritanical belief that <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_the_world_in_Islam#Dar_al-Islam" title="Divisions of the world in Islam">Dar al-Islam</a></i>, rather than the motherland, was what mattered, and also a warning to Iranians who hoped he would be a "mainstream nationalist leader" that they were in for disappointment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> To others, it was a reflection of a unfeeling leader incapable or unconcerned with understanding the thoughts, beliefs, or the needs of the Iranian populace.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="163" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85.JPG/220px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85.JPG" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Khomeini and people</div></div></div>Khomeini adamantly opposed the provisional government of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapour_Bakhtiar" title="Shapour Bakhtiar">Shapour Bakhtiar</a>, promising ""I shall kick their teeth in. I appoint the government. I appoint the government by support of this nation."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> On 11 February [(Bahman 22)], Khomeini appointed his own competing interim prime minister, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a>, demanding, "since I have appointed him, he must be obeyed." It was "God's government," he warned, disobedience against him or Bazargain was considered a "revolt against God."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Establishment of new government">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Establishment_of_new_government">Establishment of new government</span></h3>As Khomeini's movement gained momentum, soldiers began to defect to his side and Khomeini declared jihad on soldiers who did not surrender.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> On 11 February, as revolt spread and armories were taken over, the military declared neutrality and the Bakhtiar regime collapsed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> On March 30 and 31 1979, a referendum to replace the monarchy with an Islamic Republic passed with 98% voting in favour of the replacement,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Britannica_70-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-Britannica-70"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> but controversially the referendum was posed as a single question: "should the monarchy be abolished in favour of an Islamic Government?"<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Islamic constitution">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Islamic_constitution">Islamic constitution</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="272" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3.JPG/220px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3.JPG" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Khomeini posed in prayer</div></div></div>Although revolutionaries were now in charge and Khomeini was their leader, several secular and religious groups were unaware of Khomeini's plan for Islamic government by <i>wilayat al-faqih,</i> which involved rule by a marja' Islamic cleric.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup> This provisional constitution for the Islamic Republic did not include the post of supreme Islamic clerical ruler.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Khomeini and his supporters worked to suppress some former allies and rewrote the proposed constitution. Some newspapers were closed, and those protesting the closings were attacked.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> Opposition groups such as the National Democratic Front and Muslim People's Republican Party were attacked and finally banned.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-75"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> Through popular support and with charges of questionable balloting, Khomeini supporters gained an overwhelming majority of the seats of the Assembly of Experts<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> which revised the proposed constitution. The newly proposed constitution included an Islamic jurist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> of the country, and a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Guardians" title="Council of Guardians">Council of Guardians</a> to veto un-Islamic legislation and screen candidates for office, disqualifying those found un-Islamic.<br />
In November 1979, the new constitution of the Islamic Republic was adopted by national referendum.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-77"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> Khomeini himself became instituted as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> (supreme jurist ruler), and officially became known as the <i>"Leader of the Revolution."</i> On 4 February 1980, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolhassan_Banisadr" title="Abolhassan Banisadr">Abolhassan Banisadr</a> was elected as the first president of Iran.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hostage crisis">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Hostage_crisis">Hostage crisis</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1.JPG"><img alt="خمینی و تکبیر.JPG" class="thumbimage" height="242" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1.JPG/170px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1.JPG" width="170" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div></div></div></div>On 22 October 1979 the United States admitted the exiled and ailing Shah into the country for cancer treatment. In Iran there was an immediate outcry with both Khomeini and leftist groups demanding the Shah's return to Iran for trial and execution. Revolutionaries were reminded of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ajax" title="Operation Ajax">Operation Ajax</a>, 26 years earlier when the Shah fled abroad while American CIA and British intelligence organized a coup d'état to overthrow his nationalist opponent.<br />
On 4 November, Islamist students calling themselves <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Student_Followers_of_the_Imam%27s_Line" title="Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line">Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line</a>, organized by members of the revolutionary guard and under orders from Khomeni, took control of the American Embassy in Tehran, holding 52 embassy staff hostage for 444 days – an event known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a>. In 2005, when <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmedinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmedinejad">Mahmoud Ahmedinejad</a> became president, several of the hostages identified him as one of their captors, although he denied it. In America, the hostage-taking was seen as a flagrant violation of international law and aroused intense anger and anti-Iranian sentiments.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-newstatesman.com_78-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-newstatesman.com-78"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup> In Iran the takeover was immensely popular and earned the support of Khomeini under the slogan "America can't do a damn thing against us."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> The seizure helped to advance the cause of theocratic government and outflank politicians and groups who emphasized stability and normalized relations with other countries. Khomeini is reported to have told his president: "This action has many benefits ... this has united our people. Our opponents do not dare act against us. We can put the constitution to the people's vote without difficulty, and carry out presidential and parliamentary elections."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_81-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-autogenerated1-81"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> The new theocratic constitution was successfully passed by referendum a month after the hostage crisis began. The effect was the splitting of the opposition into two groups – radicals supporting the hostage taking, and the moderates who opposed it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_81-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-autogenerated1-81"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-82"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> On 23 February 1980, Khomeini proclaimed Iran's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis" title="Majlis">Majlis</a> would decide the fate of the American embassy hostages, and demanded that the United States hand over the Shah for trial in Iran for crimes against the nation. Although the Shah died a few months later, during the summer, the crisis continued. In Iran, supporters of Khomeini named the embassy a "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Espionage" title="Den of Espionage">Den of Espionage</a>", publicizing details regarding armaments, espionage equipment and many volumes of official and classified documents which they found there.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Relationship with Islamic and non-aligned countries">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Relationship_with_Islamic_and_non-aligned_countries">Relationship with Islamic and non-aligned countries</span></h3>Khomeini believed in Muslim unity and solidarity and the export of Islamic revolution throughout the world. "Establishing the Islamic state world-wide belong to the great goals of the revolution."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-83"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> He declared the birth week of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> (the week between 12th to 17th of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi%27_al-awwal" title="Rabi' al-awwal">Rabi' al-awwal</a>) as the <i>Unity week</i>. Then he declared the last Friday of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Day_of_Quds" title="International Day of Quds">International Day of Quds</a> in 1981.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Iran-Iraq War">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Iran-Iraq_War">Iran-Iraq War</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></div>Shortly after assuming power, Khomeini began calling for Islamic revolutions across the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_world" title="Islamic world">Muslim world</a>, including Iran's Arab neighbor Iraq,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> the one large state besides Iran with a Shia majority population. At the same time <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>'s secular Arab nationalist <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baath_Party" title="Baath Party">Ba'athist</a> leader, was eager to take advantage of Iran's weakened military and (what he assumed was) revolutionary chaos, and in particular to occupy Iran's adjacent oil-rich province of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan</a>, and, of course, to undermine Iranian Islamic revolutionary attempts to incite the Shi'a majority of his country.<br />
In September 1980 Iraq launched a full scale invasion of Iran, starting what would become the eight-year-long <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> (September 1980 – August 1988). A combination of fierce resistance by Iranians and military incompetence by Iraqi forces soon stalled the Iraqi advance and by early 1982 Iran regained almost all the territory lost to the invasion. The invasion rallied Iranians behind the new regime, enhancing Khomeini's stature and allowed him to consolidate and stabilize his leadership. After this reversal, Khomeini refused an Iraqi offer of a truce, instead demanding reparation and the toppling of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> from power.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-87"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-88"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> That was proved to be a huge mistake, because if Khomeini have accepted the truce, Iran could have taken a large territory in Iraq, then occupied by the Iranian Army. Instead he chose to continue the war which ended with a crippled Iranian economy, casualties of 500,000 to a million lives, and no gain of Iraqi territory.<br />
Although Iran's population and economy were three times the size of Iraq's, the latter was aided by neighboring Persian Gulf Arab states, as well as the Soviet Bloc and Western countries. The Persian Gulf Arabs and the West wanted to be sure the Islamic revolution did not spread across the Persian Gulf while the Soviet Union was concerned about the potential threat posed to its rule in central Asia to the north. Although, Iran had large amounts of ammunition provided by America during the Shah's era, and also America illegally smuggled arms to Iran during the 80s despite Khomeini's anti-Western policy (sse <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-Contra_affair" title="Iran-Contra affair">Iran-Contra affair</a>).<br />
The war continued for another six years, its costs mounting. 1988 saw deadly month-long Iraqi missile attacks on Tehran, mounting economic problems, the demoralization of Iranian troops, attacks by the American Navy on Iranian ships and oil rigs in the Persian Gulf, and the recapture by Iraq of the Faw peninsula. In July of that year, Khomeini, in his words, "drank the cup of poison" and accepted a truce mediated by the United Nations. Despite the high cost of the war – 450,000 to 950,000 Iranian casualties and USD $300 billion<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup> – Khomeini insisted that extending the war into Iraq in an attempt to overthrow Saddam had not been a mistake. In a 'Letter to Clergy' he wrote: '... we do not repent, nor are we sorry for even a single moment for our performance during the war. Have we forgotten that we fought to fulfill our religious duty and that the result is a marginal issue?'<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rushdie fatwa">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Rushdie_fatwa">Rushdie fatwa</span></h3>In early 1989, Khomeini issued a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> calling for the assassination of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>, an India-born British author. Khomeini issued a Religious Verdict (Fatwa) that claimed that Rushdie's assassination was allowed for Muslims to partake because of his alleged <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> in his novel, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a></i>, published in 1988. Rushdie's book contains passages that many Muslims – including Ayatollah Khomeini – considered offensive to Islam and the prophet, but the fatwa has also been attacked for violating the rules of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> by not allowing the accused an opportunity to defend himself, and because "even the most rigorous and extreme of the classical jurist only require a Muslim to kill anyone who insults the Prophet in his hearing and in his presence."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Though Rushdie publicly apologised, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses_controversy" title="The Satanic Verses controversy">the fatwa</a> was not revoked. Khomeini explained,<br />
<blockquote> Even if Salman Rushdie repents and becomes the most pious man of all time, it is incumbent on every Muslim to employ everything he has got, his life and wealth, to send him to Hell.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-92"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
</blockquote>Rushdie himself was not killed but <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitoshi_Igarashi" title="Hitoshi Igarashi">Hitoshi Igarashi</a>, the Japanese translator of the book <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses_controversy" title="The Satanic Verses controversy">The Satanic Verses</a></i>, was murdered and two other translators of the book survived murder attempts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-93"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Life under Khomeini">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Life_under_Khomeini">Life under Khomeini</span></h2>In a speech given to a huge crowd after returning to Iran from exile 1 February 1979, Khomeini made a variety of promises to Iranians for his coming Islamic regime: A popularly elected government that would represent the people of Iran and with which the clergy would not interfere. He promised that "no one should remain homeless in this country," and that Iranians would have free telephone, heating, electricity, bus services and free oil at their doorstep.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-94"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Under Khomeini's rule, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> (Islamic law) was introduced, with the Islamic dress code enforced for both men and women by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guards" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guards">Islamic Revolutionary Guards</a> and other Islamic groups<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-95"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup> Women were required to cover their hair, and men were not allowed to wear shorts. Alcoholic drinks, most Western movies, the practice of men and women swimming or sunbathing together were banned.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_96-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-ReferenceA-96"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup> The Iranian educational curriculum was Islamized at all levels with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Cultural_Revolution" title="Islamic Cultural Revolution">Islamic Cultural Revolution</a>; the "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Islamization_of_Universities" title="Committee for Islamization of Universities">Committee for Islamization of Universities</a>"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup> carried this out thoroughly. The broadcasting of any music other than martial or religious on Iranian radio and television was banned by Khomeini on July 1979.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_96-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-ReferenceA-96"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup> The ban lasted 10 years (approximately the rest of his life).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-98"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Emigration and economy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Emigration_and_economy">Emigration and economy</span></h3>Khomeini is said to have stressed "the spiritual over the material".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sorenson_99-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-Sorenson-99"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-100"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup> Six months after his first speech he expressed exasperation with complaints about the sharp drop in Iran's standard of living: 'I cannot believe that the purpose of all these sacrifices was to have less expensive melons'<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-101"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup> On another occasion emphasizing the importance of martyrdom over material prosperity: "Could anyone wish his child to be martyred to obtain a good house? This is not the issue. The issue is another world."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-102"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup> He is also reportedly famous for answering a question about his economic policies by declaring that 'economics is for donkeys'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-103"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup> This low opinion of economics is said to be "one factor explaining the inchoate performance of the Iranian economy since the revolution."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sorenson_99-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-Sorenson-99"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup> Another factor was the long war with Iraq, the cost of which led to government debt and inflation, eroding personal incomes, and unprecedented unemployment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-104"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
While Iran became more strict Islamically under Khomeini, absolute poverty rose by nearly 45% during the first 6 years of his rule.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-105"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup> Emigration from Iran also developed, reportedly for the first time in the country's history.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-106"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup> Since the revolution, an estimated "two to four million entrepreneurs, professionals, technicians, and skilled craftspeople (and their capital)" have emigrated to other countries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-107"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-108"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Suppression of enemies and opposition">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Suppression_of_enemies_and_opposition">Suppression of enemies and opposition</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg"><img alt="روح خدا خمینی.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="257" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg/170px-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg" width="170" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div></div></div></div>Opposition to the religious rule of the clergy or Islamic government in general was often met with harsh punishments. In a talk at the Fayzieah School in Qom, 30 August 1979, Khomeini warned opponents: "Those who are trying to bring corruption and destruction to our country in the name of democracy will be oppressed. They are worse than <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Bani-Ghorizeh</a> Jews, and they must be hanged. We will oppress them by God's order and God's call to prayer."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-109"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The Shah <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> and his family left Iran and escaped harm, but hundreds of former members of the overthrown monarchy and military met their end in firing squads, with critics complaining of "secrecy, vagueness of the charges, the absence of defense lawyers or juries", or the opportunity of the accused "to defend themselves."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-110"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></a></sup> In later years these were followed in larger numbers by the erstwhile revolutionary allies of Khomeini's movement—Marxists and socialists, mostly university students—who opposed the theocratic regime.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-111"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_massacre_of_Iranian_prisoners" title="1988 massacre of Iranian prisoners">1988 massacre of Iranian prisoners</a>, following the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin of Iran</a> operation Forough-e Javidan against the Islamic Republic, Khomeini issued an order to judicial officials to judge every Iranian political prisoner and kill those who would not repent anti-regime activities. Estimates of the number executed vary from 1,400<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-112"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></a></sup> to 30,000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-113"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-114"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-115"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Although many hoped the revolution would bring freedom of speech and press, this was not to be. In defending forced closing of opposition newspapers and attacks on opposition protesters by club-wielding vigilantes, Khomeini explained, 'The club of the pen and the club of the tongue is the worst of clubs, whose corruption is a 100 times greater than other clubs.'<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-116"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Minority religions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Minority_religions">Minority religions</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Bahá'ís">Persecution of Bahá'ís</a></div>Life for religious minorities was mixed under Khomeini. Non-Muslim religious minorities no longer had equal rights. Senior government posts were reserved for Muslims. Schools set up by Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians had to be run by Muslim principals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-117"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></a></sup> Compensation for death paid to the family of a non-Muslim was (by law) less than if the victim was a Muslim. Conversion to Islam was encouraged by entitling converts to inherit the entire share of their parents (or even uncle's) estate if their siblings (or cousins) remain non-Muslim.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-118"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></a></sup> Iran's non-Muslim population has fallen dramatically. For example, the Jewish population in Iran dropped from 80,000 to 30,000 in the first two decades of the revolution.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-119"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
However, four of the 270 seats in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_of_Iran" title="Majlis of Iran">parliament</a> were reserved for three non-Islamic minority religions, under the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Islamic constitution</a> that Khomeini oversaw. Khomeini also called for unity between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims (Sunni Muslims are the largest religious minority in Iran).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-120"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Prerevolutionary statements by Khomeini had been antagonistic towards Jews, but shortly after his return from exile in 1979, he issued a fatwa ordering that Jews and other minorities (except <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'ís</a>) be treated well.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-121"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-121"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-122"><span>[</span>123<span>]</span></a></sup> In power, Khomeini distinguished between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> as a secular political party that employs Jewish symbols and ideals and Judaism as the religion of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-123"><span>[</span>124<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Unlike the other non-Muslims in Iran, the 300,000 members of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a>, were actively harassed. "Some 200 of whom have been executed and the rest forced to convert or subjected to the most horrendous disabilities."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-124"><span>[</span>125<span>]</span></a></sup> Starting in late 1979 the new government systematically targeted the leadership of the Bahá'í community by focusing on the Bahá'í <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_Assembly#National_Spiritual_Assemblies" title="Spiritual Assembly">National Spiritual Assembly</a> (NSA) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_Assembly#Local_Spiritual_Assemblies" title="Spiritual Assembly">Local Spiritual Assemblies</a> (LSAs); prominent members of NSAs and LSAs were either killed or disappeared.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ihrdc_125-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-ihrdc-125"><span>[</span>126<span>]</span></a></sup> Like most conservative Muslims, Khomeini believed Bahá'í to be apostates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-126"><span>[</span>127<span>]</span></a></sup> He claimed they were a political rather than a religious movement,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-127"><span>[</span>128<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-128"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-128"><span>[</span>129<span>]</span></a></sup> declaring:<br />
<blockquote class="templatequote"> <div>the Baha'is are not a sect but a party, which was previously supported by Britain and now the United States. The Baha'is are also spies just like the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudeh" title="Tudeh">Tudeh</a> [Communist Party].<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-129"><span>[</span>130<span>]</span></a></sup></div></blockquote><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Death and funeral">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</span></h2><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khomeini" title="Mausoleum of Khomeini">Mausoleum of Khomeini</a></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khomeini-shrine.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Khomeini-shrine.JPG/220px-Khomeini-shrine.JPG" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khomeini-shrine.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khomeini" title="Mausoleum of Khomeini">Mausoleum of Khomeini</a> in Tehran</div></div></div>After eleven days in a hospital, Khomeini died at the age of 86. He was succeeded by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>. Iranians poured out into the cities and streets to mourn Khomeini's death in a "completely spontaneous and unorchestrated outpouring of grief."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-130"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-130"><span>[</span>131<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<blockquote class="templatequote"> <div>Despite the hundred-degree heat, crushing mobs created an impassable sea of black for miles as they wailed, chanted and rhythmically beat themselves in anguish ... As the hours passed, fire trucks had to be brought in to spray water on the crowd to provide relief from the heat, while helicopters were flown in to ferry the eight killed and more than four hundred injured .<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-131"><span>[</span>132<span>]</span></a></sup></div></blockquote>3,5 million people attended his funeral.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-132"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-132"><span>[</span>133<span>]</span></a></sup> Iranian officials aborted Khomeini's first funeral, after a large crowd stormed the funeral procession, nearly destroying Khomeini's wooden coffin in order to get a last glimpse of his body. At one point, Khomeini's body almost fell to the ground, as the crowd attempted to grab pieces of the death shroud. The second funeral was held under much tighter security. Khomeini's casket was made of steel, and heavily armed security personnel surrounded it. In accordance with Islamic tradition, the casket was only to carry the body to the burial site. In 1995, his son <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Khomeini" title="Ahmad Khomeini">Ahmad Khomeini</a> was buried next to him. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khomeini" title="Mausoleum of Khomeini">Khomeini's grave</a> is now housed within a larger mausoleum complex.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Successorship">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Successorship">Successorship</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 242px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="178" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85.JPG/240px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85.JPG" width="240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Khomeini welcomed by the Iranian people when he returned to Iran after 14 years (on 1 February 1979)</div></div></div>Grand Ayatollah <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossein_Montazeri" title="Hossein Montazeri">Hossein Montazeri</a>, a former student of Khomeini and a major figure of the Revolution, was chosen by Khomeini to be his successor as Supreme Leader and approved as such by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a> in 1985.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-133"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-133"><span>[</span>134<span>]</span></a></sup> The principle of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurists" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists">velayat-e faqih</a></i> and the Islamic constitution called for the Supreme Leader to be a <i>marja</i> (a grand ayatollah), and of the dozen or so grand ayatollahs living in 1981 only Montazeri qualified as a potential Leader (this was either because only he accepted totally Khomeini's concept of rule by Islamic jurists,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-134"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-134"><span>[</span>135<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-135"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-135"><span>[</span>136<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may rely on an unreliable source from January 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">unreliable source?</a></i>]</sup> or, as at least one other source stated, because only Montazeri had the "political credentials" Khomeini found suitable for his successor).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-136"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-136"><span>[</span>137<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1989 Montazeri began to call for liberalization, freedom for political parties. Following the execution of thousands of political prisoners by the Islamic government, Montazeri told Khomeini 'your prisons are far worse than those of the Shah and his SAVAK.'<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-137"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-137"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup> After a letter of his complaints was leaked to Europe and broadcast on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, a furious Khomeini ousted him from his position as official successor.<br />
To deal with the disqualification of the only suitable <i>marja</i>, Khomeini called for an 'Assembly for Revising the Constitution' to be convened. An amendment was made to Iran's constitution removing the requirement that the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader" title="Supreme Leader">Supreme Leader</a> be a Marja<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-138"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-138"><span>[</span>139<span>]</span></a></sup> and this allowed <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamanei" title="Ali Khamanei">Ali Khamanei</a>, the new favoured jurist who had suitable revolutionary credentials but lacked scholarly ones and who was not a Grand Ayatollah, to be designated as successor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-139"><span>[</span>140<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-140"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-140"><span>[</span>141<span>]</span></a></sup> Ayatollah Khamene'i was elected Supreme Leader by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a> on 4 June 1989. Grand Ayatollah <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossein_Montazeri" title="Hossein Montazeri">Hossein Montazeri</a> continued his criticism of the regime and in 1997 was put under house arrest for questioning what he regarded to be an unaccountable rule exercised by the supreme leader.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-141"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-141"><span>[</span>142<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-142"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-142"><span>[</span>143<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-143"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-143"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Political thought and legacy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Political_thought_and_legacy">Political thought and legacy</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_thought_and_legacy_of_Khomeini" title="Political thought and legacy of Khomeini">Political thought and legacy of Khomeini</a></div><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_political_Islam_in_Iran" title="History of political Islam in Iran">History of political Islam in Iran</a></div><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="38" /></td> <td class="mbox-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="wikisource:Author:Ruhollah Khomeini">Author:Ruhollah Khomeini</a></b></i></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 162px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%87.jpg"><img alt="خمینی در مصاحبه.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="238" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%87.jpg/160px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%87.jpg" width="160" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%87.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div></div></div></div>According to at least one scholar, politics in the Islamic Republic of Iran "are largely defined by attempts to claim Khomeini's legacy" and that "staying faithful to his ideology has been the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litmus_test" title="Litmus test">litmus test</a> for all political activity" there.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-144"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-144"><span>[</span>145<span>]</span></a></sup> Throughout his many writings and speeches, Khomeini's views on governance evolved. Originally declaring rule by monarchs or others permissible so long as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> law was followed<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-145"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-145"><span>[</span>146<span>]</span></a></sup> Khomeini later adamantly opposed monarchy, arguing that only rule by a leading Islamic jurist (a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja_al-taqlid" title="Marja al-taqlid">marja'</a>), would insure Sharia was properly followed (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurists" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists">wilayat al-faqih</a>),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-146"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-146"><span>[</span>147<span>]</span></a></sup> before finally insisting the ruling jurist need not be a leading one and Sharia rule could be overruled by that jurist if necessary to serve the interests of Islam and the "divine government" of the Islamic state.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-147"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-147"><span>[</span>148<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Khomeini's concept of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurists" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a> (ولایت فقیه, <i>velayat-e faqih</i>) did not win the support of the leading Iranian Shi'i clergy of the time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Roy-p173_148-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-Roy-p173-148"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup> Towards the 1979 Revolution, many clerics gradually became disillusioned with the rule of the Shah, although none came around to supporting Khomeini's vision of a theocratic Islamic Republic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Roy-p173_148-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-Roy-p173-148"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
There is much debate to as whether Khomeini's ideas are or are not compatible with democracy and whether he intended the Islamic Republic to be a democratic republic. According to the state-run <i>Aftab News</i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-149"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-149"><span>[</span>150<span>]</span></a></sup> both ultraconservative (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Taghi_Mesbah_Yazdi" title="Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi">Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi</a>) and reformist opponents of the regime (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Ganji" title="Akbar Ganji">Akbar Ganji</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdolkarim_Soroush" title="Abdolkarim Soroush">Abdolkarim Soroush</a>) believe he did not, while regime officials and supporters like Ali Khamenei,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-150"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-150"><span>[</span>151<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortaza_Motahhari" title="Mortaza Motahhari">Mortaza Motahhari</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-151"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-151"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup> believe Khomeini intended the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a> to be democratic and that it is so.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-152"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-152"><span>[</span>153<span>]</span></a></sup> Khomeini himself also made statements at different times indicating both support and opposition to democracy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-153"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-153"><span>[</span>154<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
One scholar, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaul_Bakhash" title="Shaul Bakhash">Shaul Bakhash</a>, explains this disagreement as coming from Khomeini's belief that the huge turnout of Iranians in anti-Shah demonstrations during the revolution constituted a 'referendum' in favor of an Islamic republic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-154"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-154"><span>[</span>155<span>]</span></a></sup> Khomeini also wrote that since Muslims must support a government based on Islamic law, Sharia-based government will always have more popular support in Muslim countries than any government based on elected representatives.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-155"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-155"><span>[</span>156<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Khomeini offered himself as a "champion of Islamic revival" and unity, emphasizing issues Muslims agreed upon – the fight against Zionism and imperialism – and downplaying Shia issues that would divide Shia from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-156"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-156"><span>[</span>157<span>]</span></a></sup> Khomeini strongly opposed close relations with either <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> nations, believing the Islamic world should be its own bloc, or rather converge into a single unified power.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-157"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-157"><span>[</span>158<span>]</span></a></sup> He viewed Western culture as being inherently decadent and a corrupting influence upon the youth. The Islamic Republic banned or discouraged popular Western fashions, music, cinema, and literature.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-158"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-158"><span>[</span>159<span>]</span></a></sup> In the Western world it is said "his glowering visage became the virtual face of Islam in Western popular culture" and "inculcated fear and distrust towards Islam,"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-159"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-159"><span>[</span>160<span>]</span></a></sup> making the word 'Ayatollah' "a synonym for a dangerous madman ... in popular parlance."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-160"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-160"><span>[</span>161<span>]</span></a></sup> This has particularly been the case in the United States where some Iranians complained that even at universities they felt the need to hide their Iranian identity for fear of physical attack.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-newstatesman.com_78-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-newstatesman.com-78"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> There Khomeini and the Islamic Republic are remembered for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">American embassy hostage taking</a> and accused of sponsoring hostage-taking and terrorist attacks,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-161"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-161"><span>[</span>162<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-162"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-162"><span>[</span>163<span>]</span></a></sup> and which continues to apply economic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" title="Sanctions against Iran">sanctions against Iran</a>.<br />
Before taking power Khomeini expressed support for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>. "We would like to act according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. We would like to be free. We would like independence."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-163"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-163"><span>[</span>164<span>]</span></a></sup> However once in power Khomeini took a firm line against dissent, warning opponents of theocracy for example: "I repeat for the last time: abstain from holding meetings, from blathering, from publishing protests. Otherwise I will break your teeth."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-164"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-164"><span>[</span>165<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Many of Khomeini's political and religious ideas were considered to be progressive and reformist by leftist intellectuals and activists prior to the Revolution. However, once in power his ideas often clashed with those of modernist or secular Iranian intellectuals. This conflict came to a head during the writing of the Islamic constitution when many newspapers were closed by the government. Khomeini angrily told the intellectuals:<br />
<blockquote> Yes, we are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionaries</a>, and you are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">enlightened</a> intellectuals: You intellectuals do not want us to go back 1400 years. You, who want <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_%28political%29" title="Freedom (political)">freedom</a>, freedom for everything, the freedom of parties, you who want all the freedoms, you intellectuals: freedom that will corrupt our youth, freedom that will pave the way for the oppressor, freedom that will drag our nation to the bottom.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-165"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-165"><span>[</span>166<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
</blockquote><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 212px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.JPG"><img alt="احمد و خمینی.JPG" class="thumbimage" height="156" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.JPG/210px-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.JPG" width="210" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div></div></div></div>In contrast to his alienation from Iranian intellectuals, and "in an utter departure from all other Islamist movements," Khomeini embraced international revolution and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> solidarity, giving it "precedence over Muslim fraternity. From the time Khomeini's supporters gained control of the media until his death, the Iranian media "devoted extensive coverage to non-Muslim revolutionary movements (from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandinista" title="Sandinista">Sandinistas</a> to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a>) and downplayed the role of the Islamic movements considered conservative, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideen#Afghanistan" title="Mujahideen">Afghan mujahidin</a>."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-166"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-166"><span>[</span>167<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Khomeini's legacy to the economy of the Islamic Republic has been concern for the <i>mustazafin</i>, but not always results. During the 1990s the <i>mustazafin</i> and disabled war veterans rioted on several occasions, protesting the demolition of their shantytowns and rising food prices, etc.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-167"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-167"><span>[</span>168<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may rely on an unreliable source from January 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">unreliable source?</a></i>]</sup> Khomeini's disdain for the science of economics ("economics is for donkeys") is said to have been "mirrored" by the populist redistribution policies of Iran's current president, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>, who allegedly wears "his contempt for economic orthodoxy as a badge of honour", and has overseen sluggish growth and rising inflation and unemployment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-168"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-168"><span>[</span>169<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In 1963, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini wrote a book in which he stated that there is no religious restriction on corrective surgery for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsexuality_in_Iran" title="Transsexuality in Iran">transgendered individuals</a>. At the time Khomeini was a radical, anti-Shah revolutionary and his fatwas did not carry any weight with the Imperial government, which did not have any specific policies regarding transsexual individuals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-169"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-169"><span>[</span>170<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Appearance and habits">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Appearance_and_habits">Appearance and habits</span></h2>Khomeini was described as "slim," but athletic and "heavily boned." He was known for his punctuality:<br />
<blockquote> He's so punctual that if he doesn't turn up for lunch at exactly ten past everyone will get worried, because his work is regulated in such a way that he turned up for lunch at exactly that time every day. He goes to bed exactly on time. He eats exactly on time. And he wakes up exactly on time. He changes his cloak every time he comes back from the mosque.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-170"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-170"><span>[</span>171<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
</blockquote>Khomeini was also known for his aloofness and austere demeanor. He is said to have had "variously inspired admiration, awe, and fear from those around him."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-171"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-171"><span>[</span>172<span>]</span></a></sup> His practice of moving "through the halls of the madresehs never smiling at anybody or anything; his practice of ignoring his audience while he taught, contributed to his charisma."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-172"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-172"><span>[</span>173<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Khomeini adhered to traditional beliefs of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Islamic hygienical jurisprudence</a> holding that things like urine, excrement, blood, wine etc. and also non-Muslims were some of eleven ritualistically "impure" things that physical contact with which while wet required ritual washing or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a> before prayer or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">salah</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-173"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-173"><span>[</span>174<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-174"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-174"><span>[</span>175<span>]</span></a></sup> He is reported to have refused to eat or drink in a restaurant unless he knew for sure the waiter was a Muslim.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-175"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-175"><span>[</span>176<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mystique">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Mystique">Mystique</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9_%D9%88_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.JPG"><img alt="کودک و خمینی.JPG" class="thumbimage" height="239" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9_%D9%88_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.JPG/220px-%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9_%D9%88_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.JPG" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9_%D9%88_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div></div></div></div>Khomeini was noted by many for his mystique. Before the revolution he benefited from the widespread circulation of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> attributed to the Imam <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a> who is said to have prophesied shortly before his death in 799 that<br />
<blockquote> 'A man will come out from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a> and he will summon people to the right path. There will rally to him people resembling pieces of iron, not to be shaken by violent winds, unsparing and relying on God.'<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-176"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-176"><span>[</span>177<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
</blockquote>Khomeini was the first and only Iranian cleric to be addressed as "Imam", a title hitherto reserved in Iran for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamah_%28Shi%27a_twelver_doctrine%29" title="Imamah (Shi'a twelver doctrine)">twelve infallible leaders</a> of the early Shi'a.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-177"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-177"><span>[</span>178<span>]</span></a></sup> He was also associated with the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Mahdi</a></i> or 12th Imam of Shia belief in a number of ways. One of his titles was <i>Na'eb-e Imam</i> (Deputy to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Imam" title="Twelfth Imam">Twelfth Imam</a>). His enemies were often attacked as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">taghut</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mofsed-e-filarz" title="Mofsed-e-filarz">Mofsed-e-filarz</a></i> (corrupters of the earth), religious terms used for enemies of the Twelfth Imam. Many of the officials of the overthrown Shah's government executed by Revolutionary Courts were convicted of "fighting against the Twelfth Imam". When a deputy in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_of_Iran" title="Majlis of Iran">majlis</a> asked Khomeini if he was the 'promised Mahdi', Khomeini did not answer, "astutely" neither confirming nor denying the title.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-178"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-178"><span>[</span>179<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Before the revolution, in late 1978, a rumour swept the country that Khomeini's face could be seen in the full moon.<br />
<blockquote> Tears of joy were shed and huge quantities of sweets and fruits were consumed as millions of people jumped for joy, shouting 'I've seen the Imam in the moon.' The event was celebrated in thousands of mosques with mullahs reminding the faithful that a sure sign of the coming of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> was that the sun would rise in the West. Khomeini, representing the sun, was now in France and his face was shining in the moon like a sun. People were ready to swear on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> that they had seen Khomeini's face in the moon. Even the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudeh_Party" title="Tudeh Party">Tudeh Party</a> [the party of "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Socialism" title="Scientific Socialism">Scientific Socialism</a>"] shared in the [enthusiasm]. Its paper <i>Navid</i> wrote: 'Our toiling masses, fighting against world-devouring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> headed by the blood-sucking United States, have seen the face of their beloved Imam and leader, Khomeini the Breaker of Idols, in the moon. A few pipsqueaks cannot deny what a whole nation has seen with its own eyes.'<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-179"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-179"><span>[</span>180<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
</blockquote>As the revolution gained momentum, even some non-supporters exhibited awe, called him "magnificently clear-minded, single-minded and unswerving."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-180"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-180"><span>[</span>181<span>]</span></a></sup> His image was as "absolute, wise, and indispensable leader of the nation"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-181"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-181"><span>[</span>182<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<blockquote> The Imam, it was generally believed, had shown by his uncanny sweep to power, that he knew how to act in ways which others could not begin to understand. His timing was extraordinary, and his insight into the motivation of others, those around him as well as his enemies, could not be explained as ordinary knowledge. This emergent belief in Khomeini as a divinely guided figure was carefully fostered by the clerics who supported him and spoke up for him in front of the people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-182"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-182"><span>[</span>183<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
</blockquote><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 237px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%A8%DA%86%D9%87_%D9%88_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.JPG"><img alt="بچه و خمینی.JPG" class="thumbimage" height="157" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%D8%A8%DA%86%D9%87_%D9%88_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.JPG/235px-%D8%A8%DA%86%D9%87_%D9%88_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.JPG" width="235" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%A8%DA%86%D9%87_%D9%88_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div></div></div></div>Even many <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularist" title="Secularist">secularists</a> who firmly disapproved of his policies were said to feel the power of his "messianic" appeal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-183"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-183"><span>[</span>184<span>]</span></a></sup> Comparing him to a father figure who retains the enduring loyalty even of children he disapproves of, journalist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afshin_Molavi" title="Afshin Molavi">Afshin Molavi</a> writes of the defenses of Khomeini he's "heard in the most unlikely settings":<br />
<blockquote> A whiskey-drinking professor told an American journalist that Khomeini brought pride back to Iranians. A women's rights activist told me that Khomeini was not the problem; it was his conservative allies who had directed him wrongly. A nationalist war veteran, who held Iran's ruling clerics in contempt, carried with him a picture of 'the Imam'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-184"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-184"><span>[</span>185<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
</blockquote>Another journalist tells the story of listening to bitter criticism of the regime by an Iranian who tells her of his wish for his son to leave the country and who "repeatedly" makes the point "that life had been better" under the Shah, but after hearing that the 85+-year-old Imam might be dying, turns "ashen faced" and speechless, pronouncing 'this is terrible for my country.'<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-185"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-185"><span>[</span>186<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Family and descendants">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Family_and_descendants">Family and descendants</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="180" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7.JPG/250px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7.JPG" width="250" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Khomeini with son (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Khomeini" title="Ahmad Khomeini">Ahmad</a>) and grandsons (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Khomeini" title="Hassan Khomeini">Hassan</a> and Yaser)</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 232px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Family_life.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="166" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Family_life.jpg/230px-Family_life.jpg" width="230" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Family_life.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Khomeini with grandson and granddaughter.</div></div></div>In 1929,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-site_of_Islamic_Revolution_Leader_2-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-site_of_Islamic_Revolution_Leader-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Khomeini married <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadijeh_Saqafi" title="Khadijeh Saqafi">Khadijeh Saqafi</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_186-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-autogenerated3-186"><span>[</span>187<span>]</span></a></sup> the 16 year old daughter of a cleric in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>. By all accounts their marriage was harmonious and happy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_186-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-autogenerated3-186"><span>[</span>187<span>]</span></a></sup> She died in 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-187"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-187"><span>[</span>188<span>]</span></a></sup> They had seven children, though only five survived infancy. His daughters all married into either merchant or clerical families, and both his sons entered into religious life. Mustafa, the elder son, died in 1977 while in exile in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> with his father and was rumored by supporters of his father to have been murdered by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-188"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-188"><span>[</span>189<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Khomeini" title="Ahmad Khomeini">Ahmad Khomeini</a>, who died in 1995 at the age of 49, was also rumoured to be a victim of foul play, but at the hands of Islamic regime.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-189"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-189"><span>[</span>190<span>]</span></a></sup> Perhaps his "most prominent daughter",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eshraghi_190-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-eshraghi-190"><span>[</span>191<span>]</span></a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahra_Mostafavi" title="Zahra Mostafavi">Zahra Mostafavi</a>, is a professor at the University of Tehran, and still alive.<br />
Of Khomeini's fifteen grandchildren the most notable include:<br />
<ul><li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahra_Eshraghi" title="Zahra Eshraghi">Zahra Eshraghi</a></b>, granddaughter, married to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Khatami" title="Mohammad Reza Khatami">Mohammad Reza Khatami</a>, head of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Iran_Participation_Front" title="Islamic Iran Participation Front">Islamic Iran Participation Front</a>, the main <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_reform_movement" title="Iranian reform movement">reformist</a> party in the country, and is considered a pro-reform character herself.</li>
<li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Khomeini" title="Hassan Khomeini">Hassan Khomeini</a></b>, Khomeini's elder grandson <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayid" title="Sayid">Sayid</a> Hasan Khomeini, son of the Seyyed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Khomeini" title="Ahmad Khomeini">Ahmad Khomeini</a>, is a cleric and the trustee of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khomeini" title="Mausoleum of Khomeini">Mausoleum of Khomeini</a> and also has shown support for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_reform_movement" title="Iranian reform movement">reform movement</a> in Iran,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FinTimesDe_191-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-FinTimesDe-191"><span>[</span>192<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-Hossein_Mousavi" title="Mir-Hossein Mousavi">Mir-Hossein Mousavi</a>'s call to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Iranian_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian election protests">cancel</a> the 2009 election results.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eshraghi_190-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-eshraghi-190"><span>[</span>191<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husain_Khomeini" title="Husain Khomeini">Husain Khomeini</a></b>, (Sayid Husain Khomeini) Khomeini's other grandson, son of Sayid Mustafa Khomeini, is a mid-level cleric who is strongly against the system of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic" title="Islamic Republic">Islamic Republic</a>. In 2003 he was quoted as saying:</li>
</ul><dl><dd> <blockquote> Iranians need freedom now, and if they can only achieve it with American interference I think they would welcome it. As an Iranian, I would welcome it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-192"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-192"><span>[</span>193<span>]</span></a></sup>
</blockquote></dd><dd>In that same year Husain Khomeini visited the United States, where he met figures such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Pahlavi_II" title="Reza Pahlavi II">Reza Pahlavi II</a>, the son of the last Shah. Later that year, Husain returned to Iran after receiving an urgent message from his grandmother. According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ledeen" title="Michael Ledeen">Michael Ledeen</a>, quoting "family sources", he was blackmailed into returning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-193"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-193"><span>[</span>194<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2006, he called for an American invasion and overthrow of the Islamic Republic, telling Al-Arabiyah television station viewers, "If you were a prisoner, what would you do? I want someone to break the prison [doors open].".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-194"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-194"><span>[</span>195<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl><ul><li>Another of Khomeini's grandchildren, <b>Ali Eshraghi</b>, was disqualified from the 2008 parliamentary elections on grounds of being insufficiently loyal to the principles of the Islamic revolution, but later reinstated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-195"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-195"><span>[</span>196<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
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width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Seyyed Mir Hamed Hossein Musavi</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Din Ali Shah Musavi</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Seyyed Ahmad Musavi<br />
(c. 1810–c. 1880)</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Seyyed Mostafa Musavi<br />
(<i>b</i>.1862-<i>d</i>.1902)</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Hajar Ahmadi</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Seyyed Morteza Pasandideh<br />
(<i>b</i>.1896-<i>d</i>.1996)</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;"><b><strong class="selflink">Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini</strong></b><br />
(<i>b</i>.1900-<i>d</i>.1989)</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadijeh_Saqafi" title="Khadijeh Saqafi">Ghods-Iran Saqafi</a><br />
(<i>b</i>.1913-<i>d</i>.2009)</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Khomeini" title="Ahmad Khomeini">Seyyed Ahmad Khomeini</a><br />
(<i>b</i>.1945-<i>d</i>.1994)</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Farideh Mostafavi<br />
<i>b</i>.1943</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Sa'eedeh Mostafavi<br />
(died infancy)</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Sadiqeh Mostafavi<br />
<i>b</i>.1941</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Latifeh Mostafavi<br />
(died infancy)</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahra_Mostafavi" title="Zahra Mostafavi">Zahra Mostafavi</a><br />
<i>b</i>.1940</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Seyyed Mostafa Khomeini<br />
(<i>b</i>.1930-<i>d</i>.1977)</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Karim_Haeri_Yazdi" title="Abdul Karim Haeri Yazdi">Abdul Karim Ha'eri Yazdi</a><br />
(<i>b</i>.1859-<i>d</i>.1936)</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Mohammad Hassan A'arabi</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Mahmoud Boroujerdi</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black; border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Morteza Ha'eri Yazdi<br />
(<i>b</i>.1905-<i>d</i>.1985)</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Fatemeh Tabtab'i</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black; border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Masih Boroujerdi</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Leili Boroujerdi</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Ma'asoumeh Ha'eri Yazdi<br />
<i>b</i>.1937</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Seyyed Ali Khomeini</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Seyyed Yaser Khomeini</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Khomeini" title="Hassan Khomeini">Seyyed Hassan Khomeini</a><br />
<i>b</i>.1972</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Fereshteh A'arabi</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Maryam Khomeini<br />
<i>b</i>.1962</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husain_Khomeini" title="Husain Khomeini">Seyyed Hosein Khomeini</a><br />
<i>b</i>.1961</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Neda Bojnourdi<br />
<i>b</i>. 1975</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black; border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Seyyed Mehdi Khomeini</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Seyyed Ali Khomeini</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Seyyed Mohammad Khomeini</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Seyyed Ahmad Khomeini</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Narges Khomeini</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Fereshteh Khomeini</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Shahab al-Din Eshraqi<br />
(<i>b</i>.1923-<i>d</i>.1981)</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black; border-right: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Morteza Eshraqi</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Ali Eshraqi</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Mohammad Taqi Eshraqi</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Na'eemeh Eshraqi</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Nafiseh Eshraqi</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;">Atefeh Eshraqi</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahra_Eshraghi" title="Zahra Eshraghi">Zahra Eshraghi</a><br />
<i>b</i>.1964</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Khatami" title="Mohammad Reza Khatami">Mohammad Reza Khatami</a><br />
<i>b</i>.1959</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> <div style="height: 2em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> <div style="height: 1em; width: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
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<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Works">Works</span></h2>Khomeini was a prolific writer (200 of his books are online<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-196"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-196"><span>[</span>197<span>]</span></a></sup>) who authored <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">commentaries</a> on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usul_al-fiqh" title="Usul al-fiqh">the roots of Islamic law</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Islamic traditions</a>. He also released books about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">philosophy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">gnosticism</a>, poetry, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, government and politics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-197"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_note-197"><span>[</span>198<span>]</span></a></sup> Some of his books:<br />
<ul><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Government:_Governance_of_the_Jurist" title="Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist">Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih</a></i> (Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist)</li>
<li><i><a class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/fortyhadith/" rel="nofollow">Forty Hadith</a></i> (Forty Traditions)</li>
<li><i><a class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/adab/" rel="nofollow">Adab as Salat</a></i> (The Disciplines of Prayers)</li>
<li><i><a class="external text" href="http://al-islam.org/al-tawhid/default.asp?url=greater_jihad.htm" rel="nofollow">Jihade Akbar</a></i> (The Greater Struggle)</li>
<li><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir-ol-vasyleh" title="Tahrir-ol-vasyleh">Tahrir-ol-vasyleh</a></i></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><div class="noprint tright portal" style="border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 85%; line-height: 110%; max-width: 175px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg"><img alt="Quill and ink.svg" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/28px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" width="28" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry portal</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Islamic_studies_scholars" title="List of Islamic studies scholars">List of Islamic studies scholars</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Family_tree_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Template:Family tree of Ruhollah Khomeini">Family tree of Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Islamic fundamentalism in Iran</a></li>
<li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_Revolution" title="Islam and Revolution">Islam and Revolution</a></i></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-birth1-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-birth1_0-0">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#CITEREFDeFronzo2007">DeFronzo 2007</a>, p. 286. "born 22 September 1902..."</li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#CITEREFKarsh2007">Karsh 2007</a>, p. 220. "Born on 22 September 1902</li>
<li id="cite_note-site_of_Islamic_Revolution_Leader-2">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-site_of_Islamic_Revolution_Leader_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-site_of_Islamic_Revolution_Leader_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.imam-khomeini.com/ShowItem.aspx?id=11463&cat=11462&lang=fa" rel="nofollow">site of Islamic Revolution Leader</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ghadeer.org/imam_rah/imam2.html" rel="nofollow">Farsi content. List of Khomeini's books</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://jamaran.ir/fa/4934/%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85/%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_15_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_" rel="nofollow">Farsi content. The website for political studies</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.irdc.ir/fa/content/5441/default.aspx" rel="nofollow">Farsi content. Webpage of the documents center for the Islamic Revolution</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-nasr-6">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-nasr_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-nasr_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Nasr, Vali, <i>The Shia Revival,</i> Norton, (2006), p.138</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Monday, Jan. 07, 1980 (1980-01-07). <a class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923854,00.html" rel="nofollow">"The Mystic Who Lit The Fires of Hatred. 7 January 1980"</a>. Time.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Mystic+Who+Lit+The+Fires+of+Hatred.+7+January+1980&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Monday%2C+Jan.+07%2C+1980&rft.au=Monday%2C+Jan.+07%2C+1980&rft.date=1980-01-07&rft.pub=Time.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C923854%2C00.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> Marzorati, Gerald, "Salman Rushdie: Fiction's Embattled Infidel". Named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Man of the Year</a> in 1979 by American newsmagazine <i>TIME</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-TIME_1979-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-TIME_1979_9-0">^</a></b> TIME. "TIME Person of the Year 1979: Ayatullah Khomeini." 7 January 1980. Accessed 22 November 2008 at <a class="external free" href="http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/personoftheyear/archive/stories/1979.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/personoftheyear/archive/stories/1979.html</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-EofI-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-EofI_10-0">^</a></b> Arjomand, S.A. "Khumayni." <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.</i> Brill, 2008.</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> Moin , <i>Khomeini</i>, (2001), p.201</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/khomeini_ayatollah.shtml" rel="nofollow">"''BBC'': Historic Figures: Ayatollah Khomeini (1900–1989)"</a>. Bbc.co.uk. 1989-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%27%26%2339%3BBBC%27%26%2339%3B%3A+Historic+Figures%3A+Ayatollah+Khomeini+%281900%E2%80%931989%29&rft.atitle=&rft.date=1989-06-04&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fkhomeini_ayatollah.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Hamid-13">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-Hamid_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-Hamid_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-Hamid_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> Ruhollah Khomeini's brief biography by Hamid Algar</li>
<li id="cite_note-Iranian-14">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-Iranian_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-Iranian_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-Iranian_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.iranian.com/Books/1999/June/Khomeini/index.html" rel="nofollow">From Khomein, <i>A biography of the Ayatollah</i></a>, June 14, 1999, The Iranian</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=rNrMilgHKKEC&pg=PA199&lpg=PA199&dq=Seyyed+Ahmad+Musavi+Hindi&source=bl&ots=Sp3QTqX2Id&sig=jPhXf-pkhPqgHuRiYOrbHtEwQNE&hl=en&ei=ZdA6TLPRN4KClAeS-L3SBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CCkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Seyyed%20Ahmad%20Musavi%20Hindi&f=false" rel="nofollow">The Columbia world dictionary of Islamism</a> By Olivier Roy, Antoine Sfeir</li>
<li id="cite_note-Moin1999-16">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-Moin1999_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-Moin1999_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-Moin1999_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=B-ihPNR4iaoC&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=Seyyed+Ahmad+Musavi+Hindi&source=bl&ots=gA204zovZh&sig=U-hfoPBFyUW2eRJTMfTjSH7FsC8&hl=en&ei=w9Q6TKikEYP6lwfw79XVBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=Seyyed%20Ahmad%20Musavi%20Hindi&f=false" rel="nofollow">Khomeini: life of the Ayatollah, Volume 1999</a> By Baqer Moin</li>
<li id="cite_note-moin18-17">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-moin18_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-moin18_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-moin18_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin 2000</a>, p. 18</li>
<li id="cite_note-rei311-18">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-rei311_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-rei311_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#CITEREFReich1990">Reich 1990</a>, p. 311</li>
<li id="cite_note-mil85-19">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-mil85_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-mil85_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#CITEREFMilani1994">Milani 1994</a>, p. 85</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin 2000</a>, p. 22</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#CITEREFBrumberg2001">Brumberg 2001</a>, p. 45. "By 1920, the year Khomeini moved to Arak..."</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin 2000</a>, p. 28. "Khomeini's madraseh in Qom was known as the Dar al-Shafa..."</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin 2000</a>, p. 42</li>
<li id="cite_note-bru46-24">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-bru46_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-bru46_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#CITEREFBrumberg2001">Brumberg 2001</a>, p. 46</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#CITEREFR.C4.81hnam.C4.811994">Rāhnamā 1994</a>, pp. 70–1</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/khomeini_ayatollah.shtml" rel="nofollow">"BBC – History – Ayatollah Khomeini (1900–1989)"</a>. Bbc.co.uk. 1989-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+Ayatollah+Khomeini+%281900%E2%80%931989%29&rft.atitle=&rft.date=1989-06-04&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fkhomeini_ayatollah.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.irib.ir/Occasions/hejrate%20imam-Kuwait/imam.en.HTM" rel="nofollow">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since March 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Encyclopædia Britannica. <a class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045329/Ruhollah-Khomeini" rel="nofollow">"Ruhollah Khomeini – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. Britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ruhollah+Khomeini+%E2%80%93+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Encyclop%26aelig%3Bdia+Britannica&rft.au=Encyclop%26aelig%3Bdia+Britannica&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9045329%2FRuhollah-Khomeini&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.irib.ir/Occasions/imam%20khomeini/ImamKhomeini-en.HTM" rel="nofollow">[2]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since March 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/khomeini_works.html#answer_kashf_al-asrar" rel="nofollow">"Kashf al-Asrar"</a>. Gemsofislamism.tripod.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Kashf+al-Asrar&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Gemsofislamism.tripod.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgemsofislamism.tripod.com%2Fkhomeini_works.html%23answer_kashf_al-asrar&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> Moin, Baqer, <i>Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah</i> (2001), p.60)</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/ruhollah-musavi-khomeini-ayatollah/" rel="nofollow">"Encyclopedia of World Biography on Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini, Ayatullah"</a>. Bookrags.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Biography+on+Ruhollah+Musavi+Khomeini%2C+Ayatullah&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Bookrags.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fbiography%2Fruhollah-musavi-khomeini-ayatollah%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> Fischer, Michael M.J., <i>Iran, From Religious Dispute to Revolution</i>,<br />
Michael M.J. Fischer, Harvard University Press, 1980 p.31</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/ruhollah-musavi-khomeini-ayatollah/" rel="nofollow">"Encyclopedia of World Biography on Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini, Ayatollah"</a>. Bookrags.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Biography+on+Ruhollah+Musavi+Khomeini%2C+Ayatollah&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Bookrags.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fbiography%2Fruhollah-musavi-khomeini-ayatollah%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/mehistorydatabase/arabisraeliwars.htm#white%20revolution" rel="nofollow">[3]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since March 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/history/rkhomeini/ayatollah_khomeini.php" rel="nofollow">[4]</a>, Moin, <i>Khomeini,</i> (2000), p. 104.</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> Moin, <i>Khomeini,</i> (2000), p. 112.</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> "A History of Iran" by Michael Axworthy</li>
<li id="cite_note-Khomeini-39"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-Khomeini_39-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.irib.ir/worldservice/imam/speech/16.htm" rel="nofollow">Khomeini's speech against capitalism</a>, IRIB World Service.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Shirley_1997_207-40"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-Shirley_1997_207_40-0">^</a></b> Shirley, <i>Know Thine Enemy</i> (1997), p. 207.</li>
<li id="cite_note-The_Unknown_Ayatullah_Khomeini-41"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-The_Unknown_Ayatullah_Khomeini_41-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Monday, Jul. 16, 1979 (1979-07-16). <a class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920508-5,00.html" rel="nofollow">"The Unknown Ayatullah Khomeini – TIME"</a>. Time.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Ayatullah+Khomeini+%E2%80%93+TIME&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Monday%2C+Jul.+16%2C+1979&rft.au=Monday%2C+Jul.+16%2C+1979&rft.date=1979-07-16&rft.pub=Time.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C920508-5%2C00.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-42">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-autogenerated2_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-autogenerated2_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?print=4250" rel="nofollow">"Philosophy as Viewed by Ruhollah Khomeini"</a>. Imamreza.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Philosophy+as+Viewed+by+Ruhollah+Khomeini&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Imamreza.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imamreza.net%2Feng%2Fimamreza.php%3Fprint%3D4250&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> Kashful-Asrar, p. 33 by Ruhollah Khomeini (</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.irib.ir/Ouriran/imam/writing/html/en/page9.htm" rel="nofollow">[5]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since March 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-45">^</a></b> Michael Fischer, Mehdi Abedi(2002). <i>Debating Muslims</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. p. <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=J5RGlpx0j8sC&pg=PA451&dq=Khomeini%2Bpoetry&as_brr=3&ei=MPKjSd_lMaDkzQT43KGKBA&hl=fr#PPA452,M1" rel="nofollow">452</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Sciolino, Elaine (2000-08-27). <a class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E0D9153EF934A1575BC0A9669C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=all" rel="nofollow">"nyt.com The People's Shah"</a>. New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=nyt.com+The+People%27s+Shah&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Sciolino&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft.au=Sciolino%2C%26%2332%3BElaine&rft.date=2000-08-27&rft.pub=New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9E06E0D9153EF934A1575BC0A9669C8B63%26sec%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> Christine Ockrent et Alexandre de Marenches, <i>Dans le secret des princes</i>, Stock, 1986, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/223401879X">ISBN 2-234-01879-X</a>, p. 254</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> Christine Ockrent et Alexandre de Marenches, <i>Dans le secret des princes</i>, Stock, 1986, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/223401879X">ISBN 2-234-01879-X</a>, p. 156, Ms Ockrent to Mr de Marenches: "[...] for instance, the mission of Mr Poniatowski to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> to propose to the Shah to eliminate Khomeini, then a refugee in France".</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> Mottahedeh, Roy, <i>The Mantle of the Prophet : Religion and Politics in Iran</i>, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.246</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <i>Islam and Revolution</i> (1981), pp. 29–30.</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <i>Islam and Revolution</i> (1981), p. 59.</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <i>Islam and Revolution</i>, (1981), p.31, 56</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> <i>Islam and Revolution</i> (1981), p.54.</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> Khomeini on a cassette tape [source: Gozideh Payam-ha Imam Khomeini (Selections of Imam Khomeini's Messages), Tehran, 1979, (Taheri, <i>The Spirit of Allah,</i> (1985), p.193)</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-55">^</a></b> Parviz Sabeti, head of SAVAK's 'anti-subversion unit', believed the number of cassettes "exceeded 100,000." (Taheri, <i>The Spirit of Allah,</i> (1985), p.193)</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> Mackay, <i>Iranians</i> (1996), p.277; source: Quoted in Fouad Ajami, <i>The Vanished Imam: Musa al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon</i> (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986), p.25</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-57">^</a></b> Taheri, <i>The Spirit of Allah</i>, p.238, see also Harney, <i>The Priest</i> (1998)</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-58">^</a></b> Harney, <i>The Priest</i> (1998), p.?</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-59">^</a></b> Moin, <i>Khomeini,</i> (2000), p.203</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-60">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/1/newsid_2521000/2521003.stm" rel="nofollow"><i>On This Day, 1 February. 1979: Exiled Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran</i></a>. BBC News</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+This+Day%2C+1+February.+1979%3A+Exiled+Ayatollah+Khomeini+returns+to+Iran&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Ffebruary%2F1%2Fnewsid_2521000%2F2521003.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-61">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">17 februari 2008. <a class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPpB-r5mMCI" rel="nofollow">"Hichi !!!"</a>. Youtube.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Hichi+%21%21%21&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=17+februari+2008&rft.au=17+februari+2008&rft.pub=Youtube.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DZPpB-r5mMCI&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-62">^</a></b> Moin, <i>Khomeini,</i> (2001), p.199</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-63">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=T7QYk48OPqYC&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=khomeini+hichi&source=bl&ots=ovSc2_vuGa&sig=2pRleCJlLLNoeg4-FSjC0NMqwk8&hl=en&ei=C1P4S-rbIYy8NozpxPcP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCsQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=khomeini%20hichi&f=false" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?id=T7QYk48OPqYC&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=khomeini+hichi&source=bl&ots=ovSc2_vuGa&sig=2pRleCJlLLNoeg4-FSjC0NMqwk8&hl=en&ei=C1P4S-rbIYy8NozpxPcP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCsQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=khomeini%20hichi&f=false</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-64">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Zrpmm4120OUC&pg=PA206&lpg=PA206&dq=%22economics+is+for+donkeys%22+khomeini&source=web&ots=b_7a0AQJiF&sig=H1TReBjJt9K9LZjItsnjFCPBFQs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#v=onepage&q=%22economics%20is%20for%20donkeys%22%20khomeini&f=false" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?id=Zrpmm4120OUC&pg=PA206&lpg=PA206&dq=%22economics+is+for+donkeys%22+khomeini&source=web&ots=b_7a0AQJiF&sig=H1TReBjJt9K9LZjItsnjFCPBFQs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#v=onepage&q=%22economics%20is%20for%20donkeys%22%20khomeini&f=false</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-65">^</a></b> Taheri, <i>The Spirit of Allah,</i> (1985), p.241</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-66">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.aviny.com/News/82/11/12/03.aspx" rel="nofollow">"امروز در آینه تاریخ"</a>. Aviny.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Aviny.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviny.com%2FNews%2F82%2F11%2F12%2F03.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-67">^</a></b> Moin <i>Khomeini,</i> (2000), p.204</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-68">^</a></b> Moin, <i>Khomeini</i>, (2000), p.205-6</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-69">^</a></b> Moin, <i>Khomeini</i>, (2000), p.206</li>
<li id="cite_note-Britannica-70"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-Britannica_70-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-32981" rel="nofollow">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-71">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/269799.stm" rel="nofollow">"World: Middle East Analysis: The forces for change"</a>. BBC News. 1999-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=World%3A+Middle+East+Analysis%3A+The+forces+for+change&rft.atitle=&rft.date=1999-02-02&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F269799.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-72">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=1QlPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22constitution+of+iran%22+%22gave+his+approval+publicly+to+that+draft%22&dq=%22constitution+of+iran%22+%22gave+his+approval+publicly+to+that+draft%22&hl=en&ei=vWeOTbaaM8z3gAff3eXEDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA&safe=active" rel="nofollow">Schirazi, Asghar, <i>The Constitution of Iran</i></a>, (Tauris, 1997) p.22-3</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-73">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/khomeini_promises_kept.html#Islamic_Clerics" rel="nofollow">"Khomeini's REVERSALS of Promises"</a>. Gemsofislamism.tripod.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Khomeini%27s+REVERSALS+of+Promises&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Gemsofislamism.tripod.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgemsofislamism.tripod.com%2Fkhomeini_promises_kept.html%23Islamic_Clerics&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-74">^</a></b> Moin <i>Khomeini</i>, (2000), p.219</li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-75">^</a></b> Bakhash, Shaul, <i>The Reign of the Ayatollahs,</i> p.68-9</li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-76">^</a></b> Schirazi, <i>Constitution of Iran</i> Tauris, 1997 p.22-3</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-77">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/iran.htm" rel="nofollow">"Omar Sial: A Guide to the Legal System of the Islamic Republic of Iran"</a>. Nyulawglobal.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Omar+Sial%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Legal+System+of+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Nyulawglobal.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyulawglobal.org%2Fglobalex%2Firan.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-newstatesman.com-78">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-newstatesman.com_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-newstatesman.com_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/asia/2008/09/iran-ahmadinejad-government" rel="nofollow">""Inside Iran", Maziar Bahari, Published 11 September 2008"</a>. Newstatesman.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%22Inside+Iran%22%2C+Maziar+Bahari%2C+Published+11+September+2008&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Newstatesman.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fasia%2F2008%2F09%2Firan-ahmadinejad-government&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-79">^</a></b> Bowden, Mark, <i>Guests of the Ayatollah</i>, Atlantic Monthly Press, (2006)</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-80">^</a></b> p.105, <i>Reading Lolita in Tehran : a Memoir in Books</i> by Azar Nafisi</li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-81">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-autogenerated1_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-autogenerated1_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Moin, <i>Khomeini,</i> (2000), p.228</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-82">^</a></b> Example of anti-theocratic support for the hostage crisis in Nafisi, Azar, <i>Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books</i>, Random House, 2003, p.105-6, 112</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-83">^</a></b> (<i>Resalat</i>, 25.3.1988) (quoted on p.69, <i>The Constitution of Iran</i> by Asghar Schirazi, Tauris, 1997</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-84">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/iran-s-unfinished-crisis" rel="nofollow">"Iran's unfinished crisis Nazenin Ansari, 16–09–2009"</a>. Opendemocracy.net. 2009-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+unfinished+crisis+Nazenin+Ansari%2C+16%E2%80%9309%E2%80%932009&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2009-09-18&rft.pub=Opendemocracy.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Farticle%2Firan-s-unfinished-crisis&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-85">^</a></b> 1980 April 8 – Broadcast call by Khomeini for the pious of Iraq to overthrow Saddam and his regime. Al-Dawa al-Islamiya party in Iraqi is the hoped for catalyst to start rebellion. From: Mackey, <i>The Iranians</i>, (1996), p.317</li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-86">^</a></b> Wright, <i>In the Name of God,</i> (1989), p.126</li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-87">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Smith, William E. (1982-06-14). <a class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,950688,00.html" rel="nofollow">"Time Magazine"</a>. Time.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft.au=Smith%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam+E.&rft.date=1982-06-14&rft.pub=Time.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C950688%2C00.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-88">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">John Pike. <a class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1985/SRE.htm" rel="nofollow">"The Iran–Iraq War: Strategy of Stalemate"</a>. Globalsecurity.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Iran%E2%80%93Iraq+War%3A+Strategy+of+Stalemate&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=John+Pike&rft.au=John+Pike&rft.pub=Globalsecurity.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Flibrary%2Freport%2F1985%2FSRE.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-89">^</a></b> (estimate by Iranian officials) Moin, <i>Khomeini</i>, (2000), p.252</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-90">^</a></b> Moin, <i>Khomeini,</i> (2000), p.285</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-91">^</a></b> Bernard Lewis's comment on Rushdie fatwa in <i>The Crisis of Islam</i> (2003) by Bernard Lewis, p.141-2</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-92">^</a></b> Moin, <i>Khomeini</i>, (2000), p.284</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-93">^</a></b> "<a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20020602193856/http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/04/18/specials/rushdie-translator.html" rel="nofollow">Japanese Translator of Rushdie Book Found Slain</a>", WEISMAN, Steven R. www.nytimes.com, 13 July 1991.</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-94">^</a></b> Moin, Baqer, <i>Khomeini</i>, (2000), p. 258)</li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-95">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">John Pike. <a class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/iran/basij.htm" rel="nofollow">"Gobal Security, Intelligence: Niruyeh Moghavemat Basij – Mobilisation Resistance Force"</a>. Globalsecurity.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Gobal+Security%2C+Intelligence%3A+Niruyeh+Moghavemat+Basij+%E2%80%93+Mobilisation+Resistance+Force&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=John+Pike&rft.au=John+Pike&rft.pub=Globalsecurity.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fintell%2Fworld%2Firan%2Fbasij.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-96">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-ReferenceA_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-ReferenceA_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> "Khomeini bans broadcast music", <i>New York Times</i>, 24 July 1979</li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-97">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071230042759/http://www.iranculture.org/en/about/tarikh.php" rel="nofollow">"Secretariat of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution. Brief history of the SCCR"</a>. Iranculture.org. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.iranculture.org/en/about/tarikh.php" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on December 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Secretariat+of+the+Supreme+Council+of+the+Cultural+Revolution.+Brief+history+of+the+SCCR&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Iranculture.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071230042759%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranculture.org%2Fen%2Fabout%2Ftarikh.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-98">^</a></b> The ban started with the revolution and lasted 10 years. <a class="external text" href="http://www.iranian.com/History/2001/September/BBC/" rel="nofollow">Hossein Shahidi. 'BBC Persian Service 60 years on.'</a> The Iranian. 24 September 2001</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sorenson-99">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-Sorenson_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-Sorenson_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book">Sorenson, David S (2007-12-24). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=Zrpmm4120OUC&pg=PA206&lpg=PA206&dq=%22economics+is+for+donkeys%22+khomeini" rel="nofollow"><i>An Introduction to the Modern Middle East, By David S. Sorenson</i></a>. Books.google.com. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813343990" title="Special:BookSources/9780813343990">9780813343990</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Modern+Middle+East%2C+By+David+S.+Sorenson&rft.aulast=Sorenson%2C+David+S&rft.au=Sorenson%2C+David+S&rft.date=2007-12-24&rft.pub=Books.google.com&rft.isbn=9780813343990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DZrpmm4120OUC%26pg%3DPA206%26lpg%3DPA206%26dq%3D%2522economics%2Bis%2Bfor%2Bdonkeys%2522%2Bkhomeini&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-100">^</a></b> (Brumberg, <i>Reinventing Khomeini</i> (2001), p.125)</li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-101">^</a></b> (Khomeini July 1979) [quoted in <i>The Government of God</i> p.111. "see the FBIS for typical broadcasts, especially GBIS-MEA-79-L30, 5 July 1979 v.5 n.130, reporting broadcasts of the National Voice of Iran.]</li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-102">^</a></b> (Brumberg, <i>Reinventing Khomeini</i> (2001), p.125)(p.124-5 source: 'Khomeini to the Craftsmen' broadcast on Teheran Domestic Service 13 December 1979, FBIS-MEA-79-242)</li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-103">^</a></b> Nasr, Vali, <i>The Shia Revival</i>, (2006), p.134</li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-104">^</a></b> Moin, Baqer, <i>Khomeini</i>, (2000), p.267</li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-105">^</a></b> Based on the government's own Planning and Budget Organization statistics, from: Jahangir Amuzegar, 'The Iranian Economy before and after the Revolution,' <i>Middle East Journal</i> 46, n.3 (summer 1992): 421)</li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-106">^</a></b> Ebadi, Shirin, <i>Iran Awakening : A Memoir of Revolution and Hope</i> by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House, 2006, p.78-9</li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-107">^</a></b> However, a significant degree of this can attributed to Iranians fleeing during the war.<a class="external text" href="http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC04.php?CID=23" rel="nofollow"><i>Iran's Economic Morass: Mismanagement and Decline under the Islamic Republic</i></a> <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0944029671">ISBN 0-944029-67-1</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-108">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Harrison, Frances (2007-01-08). <a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6240287.stm" rel="nofollow">"Huge cost of Iranian brain drain By Frances Harrison"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Huge+cost+of+Iranian+brain+drain+By+Frances+Harrison&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft.au=Harrison%2C%26%2332%3BFrances&rft.date=2007-01-08&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F6240287.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-109">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.iranian.com/Opinion/2003/August/Khomeini/" rel="nofollow">"Democracy? I meant theocracy By Dr. Jalal Matini, ''The Iranian'', 5 August 2003"</a>. Iranian.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Democracy%3F+I+meant+theocracy+By+Dr.+Jalal+Matini%2C+%27%26%2339%3BThe+Iranian%27%26%2339%3B%2C+5+August+2003&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Iranian.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranian.com%2FOpinion%2F2003%2FAugust%2FKhomeini%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-110">^</a></b> Bakhash, <i>The Reign of the Ayatollahs</i> (1984), p.61</li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-111">^</a></b> Bakhash, <i>The Reign of the Ayatollahs,</i> (1984), p.111</li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-112">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.holycrime.com/Images/Listof1367Massacre.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Massacre 1988 (Pdf)"</a> (PDF)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Massacre+1988+%28Pdf%29&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holycrime.com%2FImages%2FListof1367Massacre.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-113">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.iranfocus.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=160" rel="nofollow">"Memories of a slaughter in Iran"</a>. Iranfocus.com. 2004-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Memories+of+a+slaughter+in+Iran&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2004-09-05&rft.pub=Iranfocus.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranfocus.com%2Fmodules%2Fnews%2Farticle.php%3Fstoryid%3D160&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-114">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Lamb, Christina (2001-02-04). <a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/02/04/wiran04.xml" rel="nofollow">"Khomeini fatwa 'led to killing of 30,000 in Iran'"</a>. London: Telegraph.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Khomeini+fatwa+%27led+to+killing+of+30%2C000+in+Iran%27&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft.au=Lamb%2C%26%2332%3BChristina&rft.date=2001-02-04&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Telegraph.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2001%2F02%2F04%2Fwiran04.xml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-115">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.daneshjooyan.org/english/article/130403a.html" rel="nofollow"><i>The Millimeter Revolution</i> By ELIZABETH RUBIN</a> .</li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-116">^</a></b> Bakhash, <i>The Reign of the Ayatollahs</i> (1984), p.146</li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-117">^</a></b> Wright, <i>The Last Great Revolution,</i> (2000), p.210</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-118">^</a></b> Wright, <i>The Last Great Revolution,</i> (2000), p.216</li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-119">^</a></b> Wright, <i>The Last Great Revolution,</i> (2000), p.207</li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-120">^</a></b> "4% belong to the Sunni branch", <a class="external free" href="http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/people/index.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/people/index.html</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-121"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-121">^</a></b> Wright, <i>Last Revolution</i> (2000), p.207</li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-122">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sephardicstudies.org/iran.html" rel="nofollow">"IRAN: Life of Jews Living in Iran"</a>. Sephardicstudies.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=IRAN%3A+Life+of+Jews+Living+in+Iran&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Sephardicstudies.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sephardicstudies.org%2Firan.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-123">^</a></b> R. Khomeini 'The Report Card on Jews Differs from That on the Zionists,' <i>Ettelaat</i>, 11 May 1979]</li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-124">^</a></b> <i>Turban for the Crown : The Islamic Revolution in Iran</i>, by Said Amir Arjomand, Oxford University Press, 1988, p.169</li>
<li id="cite_note-ihrdc-125"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-ihrdc_125-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/pdfs/Reports/bahai_report.pdf" rel="nofollow">"A Faith Denied: The Persecution of the Baha'is of Iran"</a> (PDF). Iran Human Rights Documentation Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-10-06</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Faith+Denied%3A+The+Persecution+of+the+Baha%27is+of+Iran&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Iran+Human+Rights+Documentation+Center&rft.au=Iran+Human+Rights+Documentation+Center&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Iran+Human+Rights+Documentation+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranhrdc.org%2Fenglish%2Fpdfs%2FReports%2Fbahai_report.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-126">^</a></b> for example issuing a fatwa stating: <blockquote> It is not acceptable that a tributary [non-Muslim who pays tribute] changes his religion to another religion not recognized by the followers of the previous religion. For example, from the Jews who become Bahai's nothing is accepted except Islam or execution. from Poll Tax, 8. Tributary conditions, (13), <i>Tahrir al-Vasileh,</i> volume 2, pp. 497–507, Quoted in <i>A Clarification of Questions : An Unabridged Translation of Resaleh Towzih al-Masael</i> by Ayatollah Syed Ruhollah Moosavi Khomeini, Westview Press/ Boulder and London, c1984, p.432<br />
</blockquote></li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-127">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" id="CITEREFCockroft1979">Cockroft, James (1979-02-23). <i>Seven Days</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=&rft.jtitle=Seven+Days&rft.aulast=Cockroft&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Cockroft%2C%26%2332%3BJames&rft.date=1979-02-23&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-128">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">"U.S. Jews Hold Talks With Khomeini Aide on Outlook for Rights". <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 1979-02-13.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+Jews+Hold+Talks+With+Khomeini+Aide+on+Outlook+for+Rights&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNew+York+Times%7CThe+New+York+Times%5D%5D&rft.date=1979-02-13&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-129">^</a></b> <i>Kayhan International</i>, May 30, 1983; see also Firuz Kazemzadeh, 'The Terror Facing the Baha'is' <i>New York Review of Books</i>, 1982, 29 (8): 43–44.]</li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-130">^</a></b> Moin, <i>Khomeini</i> (2000), p.312</li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-131">^</a></b> <i>In the Name of God : The Khomeini Decade</i> by Robin Wright, (1989), p.204</li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-132">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Germany-to-Jamaica/Iranians.html" rel="nofollow">"Iranians - Introduction, Location, Language, Folklore, Religion, Major holidays, Rites of passage, Relationships, Living conditions"</a>. Everyculture.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Iranians+-+Introduction%2C+Location%2C+Language%2C+Folklore%2C+Religion%2C+Major+holidays%2C+Rites+of+passage%2C+Relationships%2C+Living+conditions&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Everyculture.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.everyculture.com%2Fwc%2FGermany-to-Jamaica%2FIranians.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-133">^</a></b> Mackey, <i>Iranians</i>, (1998), p.353</li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-134">^</a></b> Roy, Olivier, <i>The Failure of Political Islam</i>, translated by Carol Volk Harvard University Press, 1994, p.173-4. Quoted in <a class="external text" href="http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/khomeini_promises_kept.html#ref_58d" rel="nofollow">The Islamic Republic Will Be Run By the Most Learned Jurist</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-135">^</a></b> Mackay, Iranians, (1998), p.353</li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-136">^</a></b> Moin, <i>Khomeini</i>, (2000), p.293</li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-137">^</a></b> Ahmad Khomeini's letter, in Resalat, cited in The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution, rev. ed. by Shaul Bakhash, p.282</li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-138">^</a></b> Roy, Olivier, <i>The Failure of Political Islam,</i> translated by Carol Volk Harvard University Press, 1994, p.173-4</li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-139">^</a></b> Moin, <i>Khomeini</i> (2000) p.293</li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-140">^</a></b> Mackey, Sandra<i>The Iranians</i> (1996), p.353</li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-141">^</a></b> Profile: Iran's dissident ayatollah <a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2699541.stm" rel="nofollow">BBC NEWS</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-142">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.irvl.net/Translation%20of%20Ayatollah%20Khomeini%27s%20Letter%20Dismissing%20Montazeri.htm" rel="nofollow">[6]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since March 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-143">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/iran/leader_khamenei.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/iran/leader_khamenei.html</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-144"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-144">^</a></b> <i>The New Republic</i> <a class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=4e1625b7-77b2-4e48-b912-55838bd983d3" rel="nofollow">"Khamenei vs. Khomeini"</a> by Ali Reza Eshraghi, 20 August 2009. Retrieved 20-August-2009.</li>
<li id="cite_note-145"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-145">^</a></b> 1942 book/pamphet <i>Kashf al-Asrar</i> quoted in <i>Islam and Revolution</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-146"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-146">^</a></b> 1970 book <i>Hukumat Islamiyyah</i> or Islamic Government, quoted in <i>Islam and Revolution</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-147"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-147">^</a></b> Hamid Algar, 'Development of the Concept of velayat-i faqih since the Islamic Revolution in Iran,' paper presented at London Conference on <i>wilayat al-faqih</i>, in June, 1988] [p.135-8] Also <i>Ressalat</i>, Tehran, 7 January 1988. Quoted in "The Rule of the Religious Jurist in Iran," by Abdulaziz Sachedina, from p.135-6 of <i>Iran at the Crossroads</i>, Edited by John Esposito and R.K. Ramazani, Palgrave, 2001. Quoted in <a class="external text" href="http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/khomeini_promises_kept.html#Laws_in_Islam" rel="nofollow">Khomeini on how Laws in Iran will strictly adhere to God's perfect and unchanging divine law</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-Roy-p173-148">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-Roy-p173_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-Roy-p173_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <i>The Failure of Political Islam</i> by Olivier Roy, translated by Carol Volk Harvard University Press, 1994, p.173-4 quoted in <a class="external text" href="http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/khomeini_promises_kept.html#footnote_58d" rel="nofollow">"the vilayat-i faqih thesis was rejected by almost the entire dozen grand ayatollahs living in 1981"</a> ]</li>
<li id="cite_note-149"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-149">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.aftabnews.ir/vdcdzn0ytj05s.html" rel="nofollow">Ganji, Sorush and Mesbah Yazdi</a>(Persian)</li>
<li id="cite_note-150"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-150">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.parstech.org/detail.php?id=1313" rel="nofollow">The principles of Islamic republic from viewpoint of Imam Khomeini in the speeches of the leader</a>(Persian)</li>
<li id="cite_note-151"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-151">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.motahari.org/asaar/books/downlowd/32/book.zip" rel="nofollow">About Islamic republic</a>(Persian)</li>
<li id="cite_note-152"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-152">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://jis.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/1/14?ck=nck" rel="nofollow">"Ayatollah Khomeini and the Contemporary Debate on Freedom"</a>. Jis.oxfordjournals.org. 2006-07-21. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjis%2Fetl042" rel="nofollow">10.1093/jis/etl042</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ayatollah+Khomeini+and+the+Contemporary+Debate+on+Freedom&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2006-07-21&rft.pub=Jis.oxfordjournals.org&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fjis%2Fetl042&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjis.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F18%2F1%2F14%3Fck%3Dnck&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-153"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-153">^</a></b> "Democracy? I meant theocracy", by Dr. Jalal Matini, Translation & Introduction by Farhad Mafie, 5 August 2003, <i>The Iranian</i>, <a class="external free" href="http://www.iranian.com/Opinion/2003/August/Khomeini/" rel="nofollow">http://www.iranian.com/Opinion/2003/August/Khomeini/</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-154">^</a></b> Bakhash, <i>The Reign of the Ayatollahs</i> (1984), p.73</li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-155">^</a></b> Khomeini, <i>Islam and Revolution,</i> (1982), p.56</li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-156">^</a></b> Nasr, Vali, <i>The Shia Revival</i> Norton, (2006), p.137</li>
<li id="cite_note-157"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-157">^</a></b> <i>Bayan</i>, No.4 (1990), p.8)</li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-158">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4543720.stm" rel="nofollow">"Iran president bans Western music"</a>. BBC News. 2005-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Iran+president+bans+Western+music&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2005-12-19&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F4543720.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-159">^</a></b> Nasr, Vali <i>The Shia Revival</i>, Norton, 2006, p.138</li>
<li id="cite_note-160"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-160">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-1103/i.html" rel="nofollow">"A Revolution Misunderstood. Charlotte Wiedemann"</a>. Qantara.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Revolution+Misunderstood.+Charlotte+Wiedemann&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Qantara.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara.de%2Fwebcom%2Fshow_article.php%2F_c-476%2F_nr-1103%2Fi.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-161"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-161">^</a></b> Wright, <i>Sacred Rage</i>, (2001), p.28, 33,</li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-162">^</a></b> for example the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombing" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombing">1983 Beirut barracks bombing</a> see:<i>Hizb'allah in Lebanon : The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis</i> Magnus Ranstorp, Department of International Relations University of St. Andrews St. Martins Press, New York, 1997, p.54, 117</li>
<li id="cite_note-163"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-163">^</a></b> <i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sahifeh_Nour&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sahifeh Nour (page does not exist)">Sahifeh Nour</a></i> (Vol.2 Page 242)</li>
<li id="cite_note-164"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-164">^</a></b> in Qom, Iran, 22 October 1979, quoted in, <i>The Shah and the Ayatollah : Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution</i> by Fereydoun Hoveyda, Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2003, p.88</li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-165">^</a></b> p.47, Wright. source: Speech at Feyziyeh Theological School, 24 August 1979; reproduced in Rubin, Barry and Judith Colp Rubin, <i>Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East: A Documentary Reader</i>, Oxford University Press, 2002, p.34</li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-166">^</a></b> Roy, <i>The Failure of Political Islam</i>. 1994, p.175</li>
<li id="cite_note-167"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-167">^</a></b> In March 1992, disabled war veterans protested against the mismanagement of the Foundation of the Disinherited. January and May 1992. In January 1992 a Tehran mob attacked grocery stores in protest against rise in subsidized milk prices. In May 1992 there were protest by squatters against demolition of shantytowns in Mashhad. Government buildings were set alight. (Mackey, Sandra, <i>The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the soul of a nation</i>, Dutton, c1996. p.361, 362, 366). Quoted in <a class="external text" href="http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/khomeini_promises_kept.html#Class_Division" rel="nofollow">Class Division and Poverty Will Not Be Tolerated</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-168"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-168">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/economy/2008/09/iran-economic-ahmadinejad" rel="nofollow">""Economics is for donkeys" Robert Tait. 11 September 2008"</a>. Newstatesman.com. 2008-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%22Economics+is+for+donkeys%22+Robert+Tait.+11+September+2008&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2008-09-11&rft.pub=Newstatesman.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Feconomy%2F2008%2F09%2Firan-economic-ahmadinejad&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-169"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-169">^</a></b> Robert Tait, <a class="external text" href="http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/07/28/iran_transsexuals/print.html" rel="nofollow">A fatwa for transsexuals</a>, and <a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1536658,00.html" rel="nofollow">a similar article</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Gives details on Molkara's plea.</li>
<li id="cite_note-170"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-170">^</a></b> According to a daughter quoted in <i>In the Name of God</i> by Robin Wright c1989, p.45</li>
<li id="cite_note-171"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-171">^</a></b> Brumberg, <i>Reinventing Khomeini</i>, (2001), p.53</li>
<li id="cite_note-172"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-172">^</a></b> Mackay, <i>Iranians</i> (198?) p.224</li>
<li id="cite_note-173"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-173">^</a></b> fatwa #83 from <i>A Clarification of Questions : An Unabridged Translation of</i> Resaleh Towzih al-Masael, <i>by Ayatollah Syed Ruhollah Moosavi Khomeini, Translated by J. Borujerdi, with a Foreword by Michael M. J. Fischer and Mehdi Abedi, Westview Press/ Boulder and London c1984, p.48.</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-174"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-174">^</a></b> Mottahedeh, Roy, <i>The Mantle of the Prophet : Religion and Politics in Iran</i>, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.383</li>
<li id="cite_note-175"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-175">^</a></b> Personal communications from Dr. Mansur Farhang, a biographer and supporter of Khomeini who was the former Iranian representative at the United Nations, with Ervand Abrahamian. Quoted in Abrahamian, Ervand, <i>Khomeinism : Essays on the Islamic Republic</i> University of California Press, (1993)</li>
<li id="cite_note-176"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-176">^</a></b> (Mackay <i>Iranians</i>, p.277. Source: Quoted in Fouad Ajami, <i>The Vanished Imam: Musa al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon</i> (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986), p.25</li>
<li id="cite_note-177"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-177">^</a></b> Moin, <i>Khomeini</i> (2000), p.201</li>
<li id="cite_note-178"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-178">^</a></b> Nasr, Vali, <i>The Shia Revival</i>, Norton, (2006), p.131</li>
<li id="cite_note-179"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-179">^</a></b> source: Navid n.28] [Taheri, The Spirit of Allah, p.238</li>
<li id="cite_note-180"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-180">^</a></b> Harney, <i>The Priest and the King</i> (1998) p.173-4</li>
<li id="cite_note-181"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-181">^</a></b> Benard/Khalilzad "The Government of God", 1984, p.121</li>
<li id="cite_note-182"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-182">^</a></b> Moin <i>Khomeini, (2000), p.297</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-183"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-183">^</a></b> Wright, <i>In the Name of God</i>, (1989) (p.21-22)</li>
<li id="cite_note-184"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-184">^</a></b> Molavi, <i>The Soul of Iran</i>, (2005), p.256</li>
<li id="cite_note-185"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-185">^</a></b> <i>In the Name of God : The Khomeini Decade</i> by Robin Wright c1989, p.21-22</li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-186">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-autogenerated3_186-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-autogenerated3_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Taheri, <i>The Spirit of Allah</i> (1985), p. 90-1</li>
<li id="cite_note-187"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-187">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5ikwGcpqo0p2JwanEHkViYsOE0s2QD9739J480" rel="nofollow">Wife of founder of Iran's Islamic republic dies. 23 March 2009</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since March 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-188"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-188">^</a></b> Moin, <i>Khomeini</i>, (2001), 184–5</li>
<li id="cite_note-189"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-189">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Fisk, Robert (1995-06-05). <a class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-the-revolution-shame-about-reality-1585085.html" rel="nofollow">"Love the revolution, shame about reality"</a>. London: Independent.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Love+the+revolution%2C+shame+about+reality&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Fisk%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.date=1995-06-05&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Independent.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Flove-the-revolution-shame-about-reality-1585085.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-eshraghi-190">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-eshraghi_190-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-eshraghi_190-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=4e1625b7-77b2-4e48-b912-55838bd983d3" rel="nofollow">"Khamenei vs. Khomeini" by Ali Reza Eshraghi</a>, 20 August 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2009.</li>
<li id="cite_note-FinTimesDe-191"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-FinTimesDe_191-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ftd.de/karriere_management/business_english/:Business-English-Grandchildren-of-the-revolution/481985.html" rel="nofollow">Grandchildren of the revolution. By von Najmeh Bozorgmehr and Roula Khalaf 04.03.2009</a>. Retrieved 23-August-2009.</li>
<li id="cite_note-192"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-192">^</a></b> "Make Iran Next, Says Ayatollah's Grandson", Jamie Wilson, 10 August 2003, <i>The Observer</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-193"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-193">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Ledeen, Michael A. (2004-01-06). <a class="external text" href="http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.19680,filter.all/pub_detail.asp" rel="nofollow">"Veiled Threats Lure Ayatollah's Grandson Home By Michael A. Ledeen, 6 January 2004"</a>. Aei.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Veiled+Threats+Lure+Ayatollah%27s+Grandson+Home+By+Michael+A.+Ledeen%2C+6+January+2004&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Ledeen&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Ledeen%2C%26%2332%3BMichael+A.&rft.date=2004-01-06&rft.pub=Aei.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fpublications%2FpubID.19680%2Cfilter.all%2Fpub_detail.asp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-194"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-194">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">By PHILIP SHERWELL Published: 12:01AM BST 18 Jun 2006 (2006-06-18). <a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/06/18/wiran18.xml" rel="nofollow">"Ayatollah's grandson calls for US overthrow of Iran, By PHILIP SHERWELL 19 June 2006"</a>. London: Telegraph.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ayatollah%27s+grandson+calls+for+US+overthrow+of+Iran%2C+By+PHILIP+SHERWELL+19+June+2006&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=By+PHILIP+SHERWELL+Published%3A+12%3A01AM+BST+18+Jun+2006&rft.au=By+PHILIP+SHERWELL+Published%3A+12%3A01AM+BST+18+Jun+2006&rft.date=2006-06-18&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Telegraph.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2006%2F06%2F18%2Fwiran18.xml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-195"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-195">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7243383.stm" rel="nofollow">"Khomeini grandson returns to poll, 13 February 2008"</a>. BBC News. 2008-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Khomeini+grandson+returns+to+poll%2C+13+February+2008&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2008-02-13&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7243383.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-196"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-196">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/104312.stm" rel="nofollow">"World: Middle East Ayatollah Khomeini on the Web"</a>. BBC News. 1998-06-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=World%3A+Middle+East+Ayatollah+Khomeini+on+the+Web&rft.atitle=&rft.date=1998-06-01&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F104312.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-197"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini#cite_ref-197">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=2037" rel="nofollow">"The Works and Declarations of Imam Khomeini"</a>. Imamreza.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Works+and+Declarations+of+Imam+Khomeini&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Imamreza.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imamreza.net%2Feng%2Fimamreza.php%3Fid%3D2037&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
</ol></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2><div class="references-small"> <ul><li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFBrumberg2001">Brumberg, Daniel (2001). <i>Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226077586" title="Special:BookSources/0226077586">0226077586</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinventing+Khomeini%3A+The+Struggle+for+Reform+in+Iran&rft.aulast=Brumberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Brumberg%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.isbn=0226077586&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFDaniel2001">Daniel, Elton L. (2001). <i>The History of Iran</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313307318" title="Special:BookSources/0313307318">0313307318</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Iran&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Elton+L.&rft.au=Daniel%2C%26%2332%3BElton+L.&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.isbn=0313307318&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFDeFronzo2007">DeFronzo, James (2007). <i>Revolutions And Revolutionary Movements</i>. Westview Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813343542" title="Special:BookSources/0813343542">0813343542</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutions+And+Revolutionary+Movements&rft.aulast=DeFronzo&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=DeFronzo%2C%26%2332%3BJames&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.isbn=0813343542&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFKarsh2007">Karsh, Efraim (2007). <i>Islamic Imperialism: A History</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300122632" title="Special:BookSources/0300122632">0300122632</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Imperialism%3A+A+History&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Efraim&rft.au=Karsh%2C%26%2332%3BEfraim&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.isbn=0300122632&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFKhomeiniAlgar2002">Khomeini, Ruhollah; Algar, Hamid (2002). <i>Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist</i>. Alhoda UK. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9643354997" title="Special:BookSources/9643354997">9643354997</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Government%3A+Governance+of+the+Jurist&rft.aulast=Khomeini&rft.aufirst=Ruhollah&rft.au=Khomeini%2C%26%2332%3BRuhollah&rft.au=Algar%2C%26%2332%3BHamid&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Alhoda+UK&rft.isbn=9643354997&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFKeddie2003">Keddie, Nikkie R. (2003). <i>Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300098561" title="Special:BookSources/0300098561">0300098561</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Iran%3A+Roots+and+Results+of+Revolution&rft.aulast=Keddie&rft.aufirst=Nikkie+R.&rft.au=Keddie%2C%26%2332%3BNikkie+R.&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.isbn=0300098561&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFMilani1994">Milani, Mohsen M. (1994). <i>The Making of Iran's Islamic Revolution: From Monarchy to Islamic Republic</i>. Westview Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813384761" title="Special:BookSources/0813384761">0813384761</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Iran%27s+Islamic+Revolution%3A+From+Monarchy+to+Islamic+Republic&rft.aulast=Milani&rft.aufirst=Mohsen+M.&rft.au=Milani%2C%26%2332%3BMohsen+M.&rft.date=1994&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.isbn=0813384761&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFMoin2000">Moin, Baqer (2000). <i>Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah</i>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312264909" title="Special:BookSources/0312264909">0312264909</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khomeini%3A+Life+of+the+Ayatollah&rft.aulast=Moin&rft.aufirst=Baqer&rft.au=Moin%2C%26%2332%3BBaqer&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.isbn=0312264909&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFR.C4.81hnam.C4.811994">Rāhnamā, 'Ali (1994). <i>Pioneers of Islamic Revival</i>. Macmillan. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1856492540" title="Special:BookSources/1856492540">1856492540</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneers+of+Islamic+Revival&rft.aulast=R%C4%81hnam%C4%81&rft.aufirst=%27Ali&rft.au=R%C4%81hnam%C4%81%2C%26%2332%3B%27Ali&rft.date=1994&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.isbn=1856492540&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFReich1990">Reich, Bernard (1990). <i>Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313262136" title="Special:BookSources/0313262136">0313262136</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Leaders+of+the+Contemporary+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Reich%2C%26%2332%3BBernard&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.isbn=0313262136&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0823944654&id=4Qt-zJ7V0v8C&dq=intitle:%22khomeini%22" rel="nofollow">Willett, Edward C. ;<i>Ayatollah Khomeini, 2004, Publisher:The Rosen Publishing Group, ISBN 0-8239-4465-4</i></a></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Bakhash, Shaul (1984). <i>The Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolution</i>. New York: Basic Books.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+the+Ayatollahs+%3A+Iran+and+the+Islamic+Revolution&rft.aulast=Bakhash%2C+Shaul&rft.au=Bakhash%2C+Shaul&rft.date=1984&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Harney, Desmond (1998). <i>The priest and the king : an eyewitness account of the Iranian revolution</i>. I.B. Tauris.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+priest+and+the+king+%3A+an+eyewitness+account+of+the+Iranian+revolution&rft.aulast=Harney%2C+Desmond&rft.au=Harney%2C+Desmond&rft.date=1998&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Khomeini, Ruhollah (1981). Algar, Hamid (translator and editor). ed. <i>Islam and Revolution : Writing and Declarations of Imam Khomeini</i>. Berkeley: Mizan Press.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Revolution+%3A+Writing+and+Declarations+of+Imam+Khomeini&rft.aulast=Khomeini%2C+Ruhollah&rft.au=Khomeini%2C+Ruhollah&rft.date=1981&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=Mizan+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Khomeini, Ruhollah (1980). <i>Sayings of the Ayatollah Khomeini : political, philosophical, social, and religious</i>. Bantam.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sayings+of+the+Ayatollah+Khomeini+%3A+political%2C+philosophical%2C+social%2C+and+religious&rft.aulast=Khomeini%2C+Ruhollah&rft.au=Khomeini%2C+Ruhollah&rft.date=1980&rft.pub=Bantam&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Mackey, Sandra (1996). <i>The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation</i>. Dutton. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0525940057" title="Special:BookSources/0525940057">0525940057</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iranians+%3A+Persia%2C+Islam+and+the+Soul+of+a+Nation&rft.aulast=Mackey%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Mackey%2C+Sandra&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.isbn=0525940057&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Molavi, Afshin (2005). <i>The Soul of Iran: a Nation's Journey to Freedom</i>. New York: Norton paperbacks.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+of+Iran%3A+a+Nation%27s+Journey+to+Freedom&rft.aulast=Molavi%2C+Afshin&rft.au=Molavi%2C+Afshin&rft.date=2005&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton+paperbacks&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Schirazi, Asghar (1997). <i>The Constitution of Iran</i>. New York: Tauris.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Iran&rft.aulast=Schirazi%2C+Asghar&rft.au=Schirazi%2C+Asghar&rft.date=1997&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Tauris&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Taheri, Amir (1985). <i>The Spirit of Allah</i>. Adler & Adler.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Allah&rft.aulast=Taheri%2C+Amir&rft.au=Taheri%2C+Amir&rft.date=1985&rft.pub=Adler+%26+Adler&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Wright, Robin (1989). <i>In the Name of God : The Khomeini Decade</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Name+of+God+%3A+The+Khomeini+Decade&rft.aulast=Wright%2C+Robin&rft.au=Wright%2C+Robin&rft.date=1989&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Wright, Robin (2000). <i>The Last Revolution</i>. New York: Knopf.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Revolution&rft.aulast=Wright%2C+Robin&rft.au=Wright%2C+Robin&rft.date=2000&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ruhollah_Khomeini"></span></li>
<li>Ansari, Hamid, <a class="external text" href="http://www.ghadeer.org/english/imam/n_o_a/html/fehrest.html;" rel="nofollow"><i>The Narrative of Awakening</i></a>, The Institute for Compilation and publication of the work of Imam Khomeini</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0802224652&id=XgoNAAAAIAAJ&dq=intitle:%22khomeini%22&q=intitle:%22khomeini%22&pgis=1" rel="nofollow">Lee, James; <i>The Final Word!: An American Refutes the Sayings of Ayatollah Khomeini</i>, 1984, Publisher:Philosophical Library, ISBN 0-8022-2465-2</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1412805163&id=sTFdNNQP4ewC&vq=Theologian&dq=intitle:%22Islamic+revolution%22" rel="nofollow">Dabashi, Hamid; <i>Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran</i>, 2006, Publisher:Transaction Publishers, ISBN 1-4128-0516-3</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0275978583&id=bxJgsRRtDsoC&dq=intitle:%22Islamic+revolution%22" rel="nofollow">Hoveyda,Fereydoun ; <i>The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution</i>, 2003, Publisher:Praeger/Greenwood, ISBN 0-275-97858-3</a></li>
</ul></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.rkhomeini.org/" rel="nofollow">Imam Khomeini's website in English</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/PressTVGlobalNews#p/u/13/22SoE4XTko4" rel="nofollow">Imam Khomeiny - Part I</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/PressTVGlobalNews#p/u/12/OIO7iwHW2Xg" rel="nofollow">Part II</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/PressTVGlobalNews#p/u/11/xj1EudHxJl0" rel="nofollow">Part III</a> (Free <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PressTV" title="PressTV">PressTV</a> documentary)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCZ-jmDbjmQ" rel="nofollow">Documentary about the life of Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iar_1OKOmc&feature=related" rel="nofollow">Documentary: The man who changed the world</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EA22431spOk&feature=fvst" rel="nofollow">Documentary: I knew Khomeini</a></li>
</ul><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="38" /></td> <td class="mbox-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works written by or about: <i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="s:Author:Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png" width="40" /></td> <td class="mbox-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a> has a collection of quotations related to: <i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="q:Special:Search/Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="commons:Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><dl><dt>Selected bibliography</dt>
</dl><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.wandea.org.pl/khomeini-pdf/hukumat-i-islami.pdf" rel="nofollow">Syed Ruhollah al-Moosavi al-Khomeini — Islamic Government (Hukumat-i Islami)</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.wandea.org.pl/khomeini-pdf/ruhullah-musavi-khomeini.pdf" rel="nofollow">Syed Ruhollah al-Moosavi al-Khomeini — The Last Will...</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/history/rkhomeini/books/women_position_khomeini.pdf" rel="nofollow">Extracted from speeches of Ayatollah Rouhollah Moosavi Khomeini</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://ghadeer.org/english/imam/imam-books/imambooks.html" rel="nofollow">Books by and or about Rouhollah Khomeini</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.kayhannews.ir/851020/12.htm" rel="nofollow">Famous letter of Ayatollah Khomeini to</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, dated 1 January 1989. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayhan" title="Kayhan">Kayhan</a> Daily</li>
</ul><table class="wikitable succession-box" style="clear: both; font-size: 95%; margin: 0.5em auto;"><tbody>
<tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices</th> </tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;"> <td align="center" rowspan="1" width="30%">Preceded by<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">New title</span></td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" width="40%"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a></b><br />
1979–1989</td> <td align="center" rowspan="1" width="30%">Succeeded by<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></span></td> </tr>
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title="Category:People from Markazi Province">People from Markazi Province</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-imperialism" title="Category:Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Iranian_poets" title="Category:Iranian poets">Iranian poets</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Iranian_exiles" title="Category:Iranian exiles">Iranian exiles</a></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-41970147366478609722011-08-13T19:42:00.001-04:002011-08-18T15:40:36.139-04:00The Satanic Verses<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="text-align: justify;"><i>The Satanic Verses</i></h1><div> </div><div id="siteSub" style="text-align: justify;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="dablink" style="text-align: justify;">This article is about the novel. For the verses known as "Satanic Verses", see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_Verses" title="Satanic Verses">Satanic Verses</a>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><table cellspacing="5" class="infobox" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 20em;"><tbody>
<tr> <th class="" colspan="2" style="background: inherit; font-size: 125%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">The Satanic Verses <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Satanic+Verses&rft.author=%5B%5BSalman+Rushdie%5D%5D&rft.date=1988&rft.pub=%5B%5BViking+Press%5D%5D&rft.pages=547+pp&rft_id=info:oclcnum/18558869"> </span></th> </tr>
<tr class=""> <td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1988_Salman_Rushdie_The_Satanic_Verses.jpg"><img alt="1988 Salman Rushdie The Satanic Verses.jpg" height="300" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c8/1988_Salman_Rushdie_The_Satanic_Verses.jpg" width="194" /></a><br />
<span>First edition cover</span></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="background: inherit; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Author(s)</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="background: inherit; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Country</th> <td class="">United Kingdom</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="background: inherit; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Language</th> <td class="">English</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="background: inherit; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Genre(s)</th> <td class=""><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Realism" title="Magic Realism">Magic Realism</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="background: inherit; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Publisher</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="background: inherit; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Publication date</th> <td class="">1988</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="background: inherit; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Media type</th> <td class="">Print (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">Hardback</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a>)</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="background: inherit; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Pages</th> <td class="">547 pp</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="background: inherit; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a></th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0670825379" title="Special:BookSources/0670825379">0670825379</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="background: inherit; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> Number</th> <td class=""><a class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/18558869" rel="nofollow">18558869</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="background: inherit; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></th> <td class="">823/.914</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="background: inherit; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification" title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Classification</a></th> <td class="">PR6068.U757 S27 1988</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="background: inherit; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Preceded by</th> <td class=""><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shame_%28novel%29" title="Shame (novel)">Shame</a></i></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="background: inherit; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Followed by</th> <td class=""><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haroun_and_the_Sea_of_Stories" title="Haroun and the Sea of Stories">Haroun and the Sea of Stories</a></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="thumb tright" style="text-align: justify;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 217px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rushdie2008.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="258" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rushdie2008.jpg/215px-Rushdie2008.jpg" width="215" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rushdie2008.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>, 2008</div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><b>The Satanic Verses</b></i> is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>'s fourth <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a>, first published in 1988 and inspired in part by the life of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. As with his previous books, Rushdie used <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_realism" title="Magical realism">magical realism</a> and relied on contemporary events and people to create his characters. The title refers to the so-called "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses" title="Satanic verses">satanic verses</a>", a group of alleged <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'anic</a> verses that allow intercessory prayers to be made to three <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraysh_%28tribe%29" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Pagan Meccan</a> goddesses: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%C4%81t" title="Allāt">Allāt</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzza" title="Uzza">Uzza</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C4%81t" title="Manāt">Manāt</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Erickson_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Erickson-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The part of the story that deals with the "satanic verses" was based on accounts from historians <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Waqidi" title="Al-Waqidi">al-Waqidi</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Erickson_0-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Erickson-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the book received positive reviews. It was a 1988 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a> Finalist (losing to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carey_%28novelist%29" title="Peter Carey (novelist)">Peter Carey</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_and_Lucinda" title="Oscar and Lucinda">Oscar and Lucinda</a></i>) and won the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Whitbread_Awards#Novel" title="1988 Whitbread Awards">1988 Whitbread Award</a> for novel of the year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Netton_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Netton-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>The Satanic Verses</i> sparked a major controversy when Muslims accused it of blasphemy and mocking their faith. The outrage among some Muslims resulted in a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatw%C4%81" title="Fatwā">fatwā</a></i> issued against Salman Rushdie by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a>, on February 14, 1989.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><table class="toc" id="toc" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#Plot"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Plot</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#Dream_sequences"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Dream sequences</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#Literary_criticism_and_analysis"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Literary criticism and analysis</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#Controversy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Controversy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Plot">Plot</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>The Satanic Verses</i> consists of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">frame narrative</a>, using elements of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_realism" title="Magical realism">magical realism</a>, interlaced with a series of sub-plots that are narrated as dream visions experienced by one of the protagonists. The frame narrative, like many other stories by Rushdie, involves Indian expatriates in contemporary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. The two protagonists, Gibreel Farishta and Saladin Chamcha, are both actors of Indian Muslim background. Farishta is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> superstar who specializes in playing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> deities. (The character is partly based on Indian film stars <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_Rao" title="Rama Rao">Rama Rao</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup>) Chamcha is an emigrant who has broken with his Indian identity and works as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceover" title="Voiceover">voiceover</a> artist in England.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">At the beginning of the novel, both are trapped in a hijacked plane during a flight from India to Britain. The plane explodes over the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, but the two are magically saved. In a miraculous transformation, Farishta takes on the personality of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">archangel</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gibreel</a>, and Chamcha that of a devil. Farishta's transformation can be read on a realistic level as the symptom of the protagonist's developing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>. Chamcha is arrested and passes through an ordeal of police abuse as a suspected illegal immigrant.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Both characters struggle to piece their lives back together. Farishta seeks and finds his lost love, the English mountaineer Allie Cone, but their relationship is overshadowed by his mental illness. Chamcha, having miraculously regained his human shape, wants to take revenge on Farishta for having forsaken him after their common fall from the hijacked plane. He does so by fostering Farishta's pathological jealousy and thus destroying his relationship with Allie. In another moment of crisis, Farishta realizes what Chamcha has done, but forgives him and even saves his life.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Both return to India. Farishta, still suffering from his illness, kills Allie in another outbreak of jealousy and then commits suicide. Chamcha, who has found not only forgiveness from Farishta but also reconciliation with his estranged father and his own Indian identity, decides to remain in India.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dream sequences">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Dream_sequences">Dream sequences</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Embedded in this story is a series of half-magic dream vision narratives, ascribed to the disturbed mind of Gibreel Farishta. They are linked together by many thematic details as well as by the common motifs of divine revelation, religious faith and fanaticism, and doubt.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">One of these sequences contains most of the elements that have been criticized as offensive to Muslims. It is a transformed re-narration of the life of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> (called "Mahound" or "the Messenger" in the novel) in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahilia</a>"). At its centre is the episode of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_Verses" title="Satanic Verses">Satanic Verses</a>, in which the prophet first proclaims a revelation in favour of the old <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> deities, but later renounces this as an error induced by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shaitan</a>. There are also two opponents of the "Messenger": a demonic <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathen" title="Heathen">heathen</a> priestess, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_bint_Utbah" title="Hind bint Utbah">Hind</a>, and an irreverent skeptic and satirical poet, Baal. When the prophet returns to the city in triumph, Baal goes into hiding in an underground brothel, where the prostitutes assume the identities of the prophet's wives. Also, one of the prophet's companions claims that he, doubting the "Messenger"'s authenticity, has subtly altered portions of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> as they were dictated to him.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">The second sequence tells the story of Ayesha, an Indian peasant girl who claims to be receiving revelations from the Archangel Gibreel. She entices all her village community to embark on a foot pilgrimage to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, claiming that they will be able to walk on foot across the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>. The pilgrimage ends in a catastrophic climax as the believers all walk into the water and disappear, amid disturbingly conflicting testimonies from observers about whether they just drowned or were in fact miraculously able to cross the sea.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">A third dream sequence presents the figure of a fanatic expatriate religious leader, the "Imam," set again in a late-20th-century setting. This figure is a transparent allusion to the life of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> in his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Parisian</a> exile, but it is also linked through various recurrent narrative motifs to the figure of the "Messenger".</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literary criticism and analysis">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Literary_criticism_and_analysis">Literary criticism and analysis</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Overall, the book received favourable reviews from literary critics.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from January 2011">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> In a 2003 volume of criticism of Rushdie's career, influential critic Harold Bloom named <i>The Satanic Verses</i> "Rushdie's largest aesthetic achievement".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bloom_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Bloom-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Timothy Brennan called the work "the most ambitious novel yet published to deal with the immigrant experience in Britain" that captures the immigrants dream-like disorientation and their process of "union-by-hybridization". The book is seen as "fundamentally a study in alienation."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Netton_1-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Netton-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Muhammd Mashuq ibn Ally wrote that "<i>The Satanic Verses</i> is about identity, alienation, rootlessness, brutality, compromise, and conformity. These concepts confront all migrants, disillusioned with both cultures: the one they are in and the one they join. Yet knowing they cannot live a life of anonymity, they mediate between them both. <i>The Satanic Verses</i> is a reflection of the author’s dilemmas." The work is an "albeit surreal, record of its own author's continuing identity crisis."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Netton_1-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Netton-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Ally said that the book reveals the author ultimately as "the victim of nineteenth-century British <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Netton_1-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Netton-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Rushdie himself spoke confirming this interpretation of his book, saying that it was not about Islam, "but about migration, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a>, divided selves, love, death, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Netton_1-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Netton-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> He has also said "It’s a novel which happened to contain a castigation of Western <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>. The tone is comic."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Netton_1-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Netton-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">After <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses_controversy" title="The Satanic Verses controversy">the <i>Satanic Verses</i> controversy</a> developed some scholars familiar with the book and the whole of Rushdie's work like M. D. Fletcher saw the reaction as ironic. Fletcher wrote "It is perhaps a relevant irony that some of the major expressions of hostility toward Rushdie came from those about whom and (in some sense) for whom he wrote."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fletcher_4-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Fletcher-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> He said the manifestations of the controversy in Britain "embodied an anger arising in part from the frustrations of the migrant experience and generally reflected failures of multicultural integration, both significant Rushdie themes. Clearly, Rushdie's interests centrally include explorations of how migration heightens one's awareness that perceptions of reality are relative and fragile, and of the nature of religious faith and revelation, not to mention the political manipulation of religion. Rushdie's own assumptions about the importance of literature, which parallel in some sense the literal value accorded the written word in Islamic tradition. But Rushdie seems to have assumed that diverse communities and cultures share some degree of common moral ground on the basis of which dialogue can be pieced together, and it is perhaps for this reason that he underestimated the implacable nature of the hostility evoked by <i>The Satanic Verses</i>, even though a major theme of that novel is the dangerous nature of closed, absolutist belief systems."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fletcher_4-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Fletcher-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Rushdie's influences have long been a point of interest to scholars examining his work. According to W. J. Weatherby, influences on <i>The Satanic Verses</i> were listed as Joyce, Calvino, Kafka, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Herbert" title="Frank Herbert">Frank Herbert</a>, Pynchon, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_Peake" title="Mervyn Peake">Mervyn Peake</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel Garcia Marquez</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._G._Ballard" title="J. G. Ballard">J. G. Ballard</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William Burroughs</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Chandrabhanu Pattanayak notes the influence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Heaven_and_Hell" title="The Marriage of Heaven and Hell">The Marriage of Heaven and Hell</a></i> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Mikhail Bulgakov</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i> (influences Rushdie admitted to).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fletcher_4-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Fletcher-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> M. Keith Booker likens the book to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnegans_Wake" title="Finnegans Wake">Finnegans Wake</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fletcher_4-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Fletcher-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Al-'Azm notes the influence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a>' works.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fletcher_4-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Fletcher-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Others have noted an influence of Indian classics such as the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="The Book of One Thousand and One Nights">Arabian Nights</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fletcher_4-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Fletcher-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Carter" title="Angela Carter">Angela Carter</a> writes that the novel contains "inventions such as the city of Jahilia, 'built entirely of sand,' that gives a nod to Calvino and a wink to Frank Herbert".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Srinivas Aravamudan’s analysis of <i>The Satanic Verses</i> was perceived by other scholars as hailing the book as a proof "demonstrating the compatibility of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">post-colonialism</a> in the one novel."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fletcher_4-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Fletcher-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Aravamudan himself stressed the satiric nature of the work and held that while it and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight%27s_Children" title="Midnight's Children">Midnight's Children</a></i> may appear to be more "comic epic", "clearly those works are highly satirical" in a similar vein of postmodern satire pioneered by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Heller" title="Joseph Heller">Joseph Heller</a> in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch-22" title="Catch-22">Catch-22</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fletcher_4-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Fletcher-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>The Satanic Verses</i> continued to exhibit Rushdie's penchant for organizing his work in terms of parallel stories. Within the book "there are major parallel stories, alternating dream and reality sequences, tied together by the recurring names of the characters in each; this provides intertexts within each novel which comment on the other stories."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fletcher_4-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Fletcher-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>The Satanic Verses</i> also exhibits Rushdie's common practice of using allusions in order to invoke connotative links. Within the book he referenced everything from mythology to "one-liners invoking recent popular culture" sometimes using several per page.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fletcher_4-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Fletcher-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Chapter VII was especially noted by for such usage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fletcher_4-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Fletcher-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controversy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Controversy">Controversy</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="text-align: justify;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses_controversy" title="The Satanic Verses controversy">The Satanic Verses controversy</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> community, however, the novel caused great <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses_controversy" title="The Satanic Verses controversy">controversy</a> for what many Muslims believed were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemous</a> references. As the controversy spread, the book was banned in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and burned in demonstrations in the United Kingdom. In mid-February 1989, following a violent riot against the book in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a> and a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> Muslim scholar, issued a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> calling on all good Muslims to kill Rushdie and his publishers, or to point him out to those who can kill him if they cannot themselves.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Following the <i>fatwa</i>, Rushdie was put under police protection by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_government" title="British government">British government</a>. Despite a conciliatory statement by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in 1998, and Rushdie's declaration that he would stop living in hiding, the Iranian state news agency reported in 2006 that the fatwa would remain in place permanently since fatwas can only be rescinded by the person who first issued them, and Khomeini had since died.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fatwacont_8-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-fatwacont-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">As of mid-2011, Rushdie has not been physically harmed, but others connected with the book have suffered violent attacks. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitoshi_Igarashi" title="Hitoshi Igarashi">Hitoshi Igarashi</a>, its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> translator, was stabbed to death on 11 July 1991; <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettore_Capriolo" title="Ettore Capriolo">Ettore Capriolo</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> translator, was seriously injured in a stabbing the same month; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Nygaard" title="William Nygaard">William Nygaard</a>, the publisher in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, barely survived an attempted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> in October 1993, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Nesin" title="Aziz Nesin">Aziz Nesin</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> translator, was the intended target in the events that led to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivas_massacre" title="Sivas massacre">Sivas massacre</a> on 2 July 1993 in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivas,_Turkey" title="Sivas, Turkey">Sivas, Turkey</a>, which resulted in the deaths of 37 people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Puddington_9-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_note-Puddington-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Individual purchasers of the book have not been harmed. However, the only nation with a predominantly Muslim population where the novel remains legal is Turkey.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="noprint tright portal" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0.5em 0pt 0.5em 0.5em; text-align: justify;"> <table style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 85%; line-height: 110%; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; max-width: 175px; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg"><img alt="Book collection.jpg" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/35px-Book_collection.jpg" width="35" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels portal</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_by_religion" title="Censorship by religion">Censorship by religion</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship in India</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_South_Asia" title="Censorship in South Asia">Censorship in South Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_versus_blasphemy" title="Freedom of speech versus blasphemy">Freedom of speech versus blasphemy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Webster_%28author%29" title="Richard Webster (author)">Richard Webster</a></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal; text-align: justify;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-Erickson-0">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Erickson_0-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Erickson_0-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book">John D. Erickson (1998). <i>Islam and Postcolonial Narrative</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Postcolonial+Narrative&rft.aulast=John+D.+Erickson&rft.au=John+D.+Erickson&rft.date=1998&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Netton-1">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Netton_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Netton_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Netton_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Netton_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Netton_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Netton_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book">Ian Richard Netton (1996). <i>Text and Trauma: An East-West Primer</i>. Richmond, UK: Routledge Curzon.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Text+and+Trauma%3A+An+East-West+Primer&rft.aulast=Ian+Richard+Netton&rft.au=Ian+Richard+Netton&rft.date=1996&rft.place=Richmond%2C+UK&rft.pub=Routledge+Curzon&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/%7Ebrians/anglophone/satanic_verses/intro.html" rel="nofollow">"Notes for Salman Rushdie: The Satanic Verses"</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_University" title="Washington State University">Washington State University</a>; 18 August 1996</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bloom-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Bloom_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Harold Bloom (2003). <i>Introduction to Bloom's Modern Critical Views: Salman Rushdie</i>. Chelsea House Publishers.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Bloom%27s+Modern+Critical+Views%3A+Salman+Rushdie&rft.aulast=Harold+Bloom&rft.au=Harold+Bloom&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Fletcher-4">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Fletcher_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Fletcher_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Fletcher_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Fletcher_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Fletcher_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Fletcher_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Fletcher_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Fletcher_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Fletcher_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Fletcher_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Fletcher_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book">M. D. Fletcher (1994). <i>Reading Rushdie: Perspectives on the Fiction of Salman Rushdie</i>. Rodopi B.V, Amsterdam.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Rushdie%3A+Perspectives+on+the+Fiction+of+Salman+Rushdie&rft.aulast=M.+D.+Fletcher&rft.au=M.+D.+Fletcher&rft.date=1994&rft.pub=Rodopi+B.V%2C+Amsterdam&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> Weatherby, W. J. <i>Salman Rushdie: Sentenced to Death</i>. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers Inc., 1990, p. 126.</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> Carter, Angela, in Appignanesi, Lisa and Maitland, Sara (eds). <i>The Rushdie File</i>. London: Fourth Estate, 1989, p. 11.</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/14/newsid_2541000/2541149.stm" rel="nofollow">"Ayatollah sentences author to death"</a>. BBC. 1989-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ayatollah+sentences+author+to+death&rft.atitle=&rft.date=1989-02-14&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Ffebruary%2F14%2Fnewsid_2541000%2F2541149.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-fatwacont-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-fatwacont_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.iranfocus.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=5768" rel="nofollow">"Iran says Rushdie fatwa still stands"</a>. Iran Focus. 2006-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-01-22</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Iran+says+Rushdie+fatwa+still+stands&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2006-02-14&rft.pub=Iran+Focus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranfocus.com%2Fmodules%2Fnews%2Farticle.php%3Fstoryid%3D5768&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Puddington-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#cite_ref-Puddington_9-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/fop/FOP2006cartoonessay.pdf" rel="nofollow">Freedom of Expression after the “Cartoon Wars”</a> By Arch Puddington, Freedom House, 2006</li>
</ol></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span class="citation book">Nicholas J. Karolides, Margaret Bald & Dawn B. Sova (1999). <i>100 Banned Books: Censorship Histories of World Literature</i>. New York: Checkmark Books. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4059-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4059-1">0-8160-4059-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Banned+Books%3A+Censorship+Histories+of+World+Literature&rft.aulast=Nicholas+J.+Karolides%2C+Margaret+Bald+%26+Dawn+B.+Sova&rft.au=Nicholas+J.+Karolides%2C+Margaret+Bald+%26+Dawn+B.+Sova&rft.date=1999&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.isbn=0-8160-4059-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Pipes, Daniel (2003 with a postscript by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Koenraad Elst</a>). <i>The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah, and the West (1990)</i>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7658-0996-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7658-0996-6">0-7658-0996-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rushdie+Affair%3A+The+Novel%2C+the+Ayatollah%2C+and+the+West+%281990%29&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Pipes%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&rft.date=2003++with+a+postscript+by+%5B%5BKoenraad+Elst%5D%5D&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.isbn=0-7658-0996-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation Journal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Elst, Koenraad</a> (June 1998). <a class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/article/395" rel="nofollow">"The Rushdie Rules"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Quarterly" title="Middle East Quarterly">Middle East Quarterly</a></i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Rushdie+Rules&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BMiddle+East+Quarterly%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Elst&rft.aufirst=Koenraad&rft.au=Elst%2C%26%2332%3BKoenraad&rft.date=June+1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2Farticle%2F395&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png" width="40" /></td> <td class="mbox-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a> has a collection of quotations related to: <i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Satanic_Verses" title="q:Special:Search/The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/%7Ebrians/anglophone/satanic_verses/" rel="nofollow">Notes on Salman Rushdie: The Satanic Verses</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://koenraadelst.voiceofdharma.com/articles/misc/rushdie.html" rel="nofollow">The Rusdhie's Affair Legacy</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Koenraad Elst</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.voi.org/books/foe/ch12.htm" rel="nofollow">Swords to sell a god</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Swarup" title="Ram Swarup">Ram Swarup</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://grlucas.net/1997/10/06/healthy-blasphemy-dissenting-discourses-in-rushdie-and-bulgakov/" rel="nofollow">Healthy Blasphemy: Dissenting Discourses in Rushdie and Bulgakov</a> - discusses the role of the artist in Rushdie's and Bulgakov's works</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" id="collapsibleTable0" style="background: transparent; color: inherit; width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses#" id="collapseButton0">hide</a>]</span><span style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><span style="white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: -.12em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rushdie" title="Template:Rushdie"><span style="background: none transparent; border: none; font-size: 100%;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="background: none transparent; border: none; font-size: 100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Rushdie" title="Template talk:Rushdie"><span style="background: none transparent; border: none; font-size: 100%;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style="background: none transparent; border: none; font-size: 100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Rushdie&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="background: none transparent; border: none; font-size: 100%;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Works_by_Salman_Rushdie" title="Category:Works by Salman Rushdie">Works</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a></span></th> </tr>
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<tr> <td class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Novels_by_Salman_Rushdie" title="Category:Novels by Salman Rushdie">Novels</a>:</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimus" title="Grimus">Grimus</a></i> (1975) <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight%27s_Children" title="Midnight's Children">Midnight's Children</a></i> (1981) <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shame_%28novel%29" title="Shame (novel)">Shame</a></i> (1983) <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <i><strong class="selflink">The Satanic Verses</strong></i> (1988) <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moor%27s_Last_Sigh" title="The Moor's Last Sigh">The Moor's Last Sigh</a></i> (1995) <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ground_Beneath_Her_Feet" title="The Ground Beneath Her Feet">The Ground Beneath Her Feet</a></i> (1999) <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fury_%28novel%29" title="Fury (novel)">Fury</a></i> (2001) <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_the_Clown" title="Shalimar the Clown">Shalimar the Clown</a></i> (2005) <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enchantress_of_Florence" title="The Enchantress of Florence">The Enchantress of Florence</a></i> (2008)</div></td> </tr>
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</td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_story_collections_by_Salman_Rushdie" title="Category:Short story collections by Salman Rushdie">Story collections</a>:</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East,_West" title="East, West">East, West</a></i> (1994)</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_by_Salman_Rushdie" title="Category:Books by Salman Rushdie">Non-fiction</a>:</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jaguar_Smile" title="The Jaguar Smile">The Jaguar Smile: A Nicaraguan Journey</a></i> (1987) <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_Homelands" title="Imaginary Homelands">Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism 1981–1991</a></i> (1992) <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <i>Homeless by Choice</i> (1992) <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <i>Step Across This Line: Collected Nonfiction 1992–2002</i> (2002)</div></td> </tr>
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</td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="navbox-group">Plays:</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><i>Haroun and the Sea of Stories</i> (with Tim Supple and David Tushingham) <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <i>Midnight's Children</i> (with Tim Supple and Simon Reade)</div></td> </tr>
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</td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="navbox-group">Children's books:</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haroun_and_the_Sea_of_Stories" title="Haroun and the Sea of Stories">Haroun and the Sea of Stories</a></i> (1990) <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_and_the_Fire_of_Life" title="Luka and the Fire of Life">Luka and the Fire of Life</a></i> (2010)</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="navbox-group">Anthology:</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> <div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><i>The Vintage Book of Indian Writing</i> (co-editor)</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
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<tr> <td class="" style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; padding-top: 0.4em;">Part of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Qur%27an" title="Category:Qur'an">a series</a> on the</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="" style="font-size: 145%; font-size: 200%; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.15em; padding-top: 0; padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></th> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0 0.4em;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quran_cover.jpg" title="Decorative Qur'an cover"><img alt="Decorative Qur'an cover" height="90" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Quran_cover.jpg/120px-Quran_cover.jpg" width="120" /></a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%27haf" title="Mus'haf">Mus'haf</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sura" title="Sura">Sura</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayah" title="Ayah">Ayah</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Central figures</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_%28son_of_Jacob%29" title="Joseph (son of Jacob)">Joseph</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David" title="King David">King David</a><br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomon" title="King Solomon">King Solomon</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_%28mother_of_Jesus%29" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran_reading" title="Quran reading">Quran reading</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb" title="Hizb">Hizb</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarteel" title="Tarteel">Tarteel</a><br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranic_guardian" title="Quranic guardian">Quranic guardian</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzil" title="Manzil">Manzil</a><br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qari%27" title="Qari'">Qari'</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juz%27" title="Juz'">Juz'</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruku%27" title="Ruku'">Ruku'</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Sujud</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translations</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_translations_of_the_Quran" title="List of translations of the Quran">List of translations</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_translations_of_the_Quran" title="English translations of the Quran">English translations</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Quran" title="History of the Quran">History</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccan_sura" title="Meccan sura">Meccan suras</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medinan_sura" title="Medinan sura">Medinan suras</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_related_to_Quranic_verses" title="List of people related to Quranic verses">Persons related to verses</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_in_the_Quran" title="Justice in the Quran">Justice</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbab_al-nuzul" title="Asbab al-nuzul">Asbab al-nuzul</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskh_%28tafsir%29" title="Naskh (tafsir)">Naskh</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_narratives_and_the_Quran" title="Biblical narratives and the Quran">Biblical narratives</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrif" title="Tahrif">Tahrif</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqatta%27at" title="Muqatta'at">Muqatta'at</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Esoteric interpretation</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran_and_Sunnah" title="Quran and Sunnah">Quran and Sunnah</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranic_literalism" title="Quranic literalism">Literalism</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" title="Quran and miracles">Miracles</a><br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran_and_science" title="Quran and science">Science</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_figures_in_the_Quran" title="Female figures in the Quran">Female figures</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-top: 0.2em;">Perspectives</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_view_of_the_Quran" title="Shia view of the Quran">Shia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Criticism</a><br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran_desecration" title="Quran desecration">Desecration</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surah_of_Wilaya_and_Nurayn" title="Surah of Wilaya and Nurayn">Surah of Wilaya and Nurayn</a><br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanazzulat" title="Tanazzulat">Tanazzulat</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Qisas Al-Anbiya</a><br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_the_Quran" title="House of the Quran">House of the Quran</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><span style="white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: -.12em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:QuranRelated" title="Template:QuranRelated"><span title="View this template">v</span></a> <span><b>·</b></span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:QuranRelated" title="Template talk:QuranRelated"><span title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span><b>·</b></span> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:QuranRelated&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>The <b>Satanic Verses</b> (also the Gharaniq indicent) was a purported incident where a small number of apparently <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan" title="Pagan">pagan</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayat" title="Ayat">verses</a> were temporarily included in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> by the Islamic prophet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, only to be later removed. Narratives derived from what scholars consider weak or doubtful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> involving these verses can be read in, among other places, the biographies of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Waqidi" title="Al-Waqidi">al-Wāqidī</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d" title="Ibn Sa'd">Ibn Sa'd</a> (who was a scribe of Waqidi), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">al-Tabarī</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a> (the last as reconstructed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Guillaume" title="Alfred Guillaume">Alfred Guillaume</a>).<br />
The expression 'Satanic Verses' was coined by the historian Sir <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Muir" title="William Muir">William Muir</a>.<br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#Basic_narrative"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Basic narrative</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#In_early_Islam"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">In early Islam</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#Transmission_of_the_narrative"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Transmission of the narrative</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#Views"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Views</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#Non-Muslim_scholars.27_views"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Non-Muslim scholars' views</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#Modern_Muslim_scholars.27_views"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Modern Muslim scholars' views</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#Related_traditions"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Related traditions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#Tabar.C4.AB.27s_account"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Tabarī's account</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#Commentators"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Commentators</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basic narrative">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Basic_narrative">Basic narrative</span></h2><div class="dablink">See the complete text of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#Tabar.C4.AB.27s_account">Tabarī's account</a> below</div>There are numerous accounts reporting the incident, which differ in the construction and detail of the narrative, but they may be broadly collated to produce a basic account.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoQ_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-EoQ-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The different versions of the story are all tracable to one single narrator Muhammad b. Ka'b, who was two generations removed from biographer Ibn Ishaq. In its essential form, the story reports that Muhammad longed to convert his kinsmen and neighbors of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. As he was reciting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Najm" title="An-Najm">Sūra an-Najm</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> considered a revelation by the angel <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Satan</a> tempted him to utter the following lines after <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayat" title="Ayat">verses</a> 19 and 20:<br />
<blockquote> Have ye thought upon <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%C4%81t" title="Allāt">Al-Lat</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%27Uzz%C4%81" title="Al-'Uzzā">Al-‘Uzzá</a><br />
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C4%81t" title="Manāt">Manāt</a>, the third, the other?<br />
These are the exalted <i>gharāniq</i>, whose intercession is hoped for.<br />
</blockquote>Allāt, al-'Uzzā and Manāt were three goddesses worshipped by the Meccans. Discerning the meaning of "<i>gharāniq</i>" is difficult as it is an <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapax_legomenon" title="Hapax legomenon">hapax legomenon</a></i>. Commentators wrote that it meant the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28bird%29" title="Crane (bird)">cranes</a>. The Arabic word does generally mean a "crane" - appearing in the singular as <i>ghirnīq, ghurnūq, ghirnawq</i> and <i>ghurnayq</i>, and the word has cousin forms in other words for birds, including "raven, crow" and "eagle".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The subtext to the event is that Muhammad was backing away from his otherwise uncompromising <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> by saying that these goddesses were real and their intercession effective. The Meccans were overjoyed to hear this and joined Muhammad in ritual prostration at the end of the <i>sūrah</i>. The Muslim refugees who had fled to Abyssinia heard of the end of persecution and started to return home. Islamic tradition holds that Gabriel chastised Muhammad for adulterating the revelation, at which point <sup>[<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/022.qmt.html#022.052" rel="nofollow">22:52</a>]</sup> is revealed to comfort him,<br />
<blockquote> Never sent We a messenger or a prophet before thee but when He recited (the message) Satan proposed (opposition) in respect of that which he recited thereof. But Allah abolisheth that which Satan proposeth. Then Allah establisheth His revelations. Allah is Knower, Wise.<br />
</blockquote>Muhammad took back his words and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitna_%28word%29" title="Fitna (word)">persecution</a> by the Meccans resumed. Verses <sup>[<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/053.qmt.html#053.021" rel="nofollow">53:21</a>]</sup> were given, in which the goddesses are belittled. The passage in question, from 53:19, reads:<br />
<blockquote> Have ye thought upon Al-Lat and Al-'Uzza<br />
And Manat, the third, the other?<br />
Are yours the males and His the females?<br />
That indeed were an unfair division!<br />
They are but names which ye have named, ye and your fathers, for which Allah hath revealed no warrant. They follow but a guess and that which (they) themselves desire. And now the guidance from their Lord hath come unto them.<br />
</blockquote><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In early Islam">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="In_early_Islam">In early Islam</span></h2>The Satanic Verses incident is reported in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a> and the sira-maghazi literature dating from the first two centuries of Islam, and is reported in the respective tafsīr corpuses transmitted from almost every Qur'anic commentator of note in the first two centuries of the hijra. It seems to have constituted a standard element in the memory of the early Muslim community about the life of Muhammad.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoQ_0-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-EoQ-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The earliest biography of Muhammad, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a> (761-767) is lost but his collection of traditions survives mainly in two sources: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a> (833) and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> (915). The story appears in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a>, who includes Ibn Ishaq in the chain of transmission, but not in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d" title="Ibn Sa'd">Ibn Sa'd</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Waqidi" title="Al-Waqidi">Al-Waqidi</a>, two other early biographers of Muhammad relate the story.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoQM_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-EoQM-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Scholars such as Uri Rubin and Shahab Ahmed and Guillaume hold that the report was in Ibn Ishaq, while <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alford_T._Welch" title="Alford T. Welch">Alford T. Welch</a> holds the report has not been presumably present in the Ibn Ishaq.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoB_4-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-EoB-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transmission of the narrative">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Transmission_of_the_narrative">Transmission of the narrative</span></h3>Due to its defective chain of narration, the tradition of the Satanic Verses never made it into any of the canonical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> compilations (though see below for possible truncated versions of the incident that did).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoB_4-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-EoB-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> The reference and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> about the Verses appear in early histories.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> In addition to appearing in Tabarī's <i>Tafsīr</i>, it is used in the tafsīrs of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqatil_ibn_Sulayman" title="Muqatil ibn Sulayman">Muqātil</a>, ‘Abdu r-Razzāq and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> as well as the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskh_%28exegesis%29" title="Naskh (exegesis)">naskh</a></i> of Abu Ja‘far an-Nahhās, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbab_al-nuzul" title="Asbab al-nuzul">asbāb</a> collection of Wāhidī and even the late-medieval <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyuti" title="Suyuti">as-Suyūtī's</a> compilation <i>al-Durr al-Manthūr fil-Tafsīr bil-Mathūr</i>.<br />
Objections to the incident were raised as early as the fourth Islamic century, such as in the work of an-Nahhās and continued to be raised throughout later generations by scholars such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-‘Arabi</a> (d. 1157), <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Razi" title="Al-Razi">Fakhr ad-Din Razi</a> (1220) as well as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurtubi" title="Qurtubi">al-Qurtubi</a> (1285). The most comprehensive argument presented against the factuality of the incident came in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi_Iyad" title="Qadi Iyad">Qadi Iyad</a>'s <i>ash-Shifa‘</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoQ_0-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-EoQ-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The incident was discounted on two main bases. The first was that the incident contradicted the doctrine of <i>isma‘</i>, divine protection of Muhammad from mistakes. The second was that the descriptions of the chain of transmission extant since that period are not complete and sound (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahih" title="Sahih">sahih</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoQ_0-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-EoQ-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> points out in his commentary that the various <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad">isnads</a> available to him by which the story was transmitted were almost all <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mursal_%28hadith%29" title="Mursal (hadith)">mursal</a>, or without a companion of Muhammad in their chain.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Rubin" title="Uri Rubin">Uri Rubin</a> asserts that there exists a complete version of the isnad continuing to ibn ‘Abbās, but this only survives in a few sources. He claims that the name of ibn ‘Abbās was part of the original isnad, and was removed so that the incident could be deprived of its sahih isnad and discredited.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoB-256_9-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-EoB-256-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Imam <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a> commenting on Surah 22:52 in his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir_al-Kabir_%28al-Razi%29" title="Tafsir al-Kabir (al-Razi)">Tafsir al-Kabir</a> stated that the “people of verification” declared the story as an outright fabrication, citing supporting arguments from the Qur’an, Sunnah and reason. He then reported that the preeminent <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">Muhaddith</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khuzaymah" title="Ibn Khuzaymah">Ibn Khuzaymah</a> said: “it is an invention of the heretics” when once asked about it. Al-Razi also recorded that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">al-Bayhaqi</a> stated that the narration of the story was unreliable because its narrators were of questionable integrity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Those scholars who acknowledged the historicity of the incident apparently had a different method for the assessment of reports than that which has become standard Islamic methodology. For example, Ibn Taymiyya took the position that since tafsir and sira-maghazi reports were commonly transmitted by incomplete isnads, these reports should not be assessed according to the completeness of the chains but rather on the basis of recurrent transmission of common meaning between reports.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoQ_0-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-EoQ-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Al-Qurtubi (<i>al-Jāmi' li ahkām al-Qur'ān</i>) dismisses all these variants in favor of the explanation that once <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sura_53" title="Sura 53">Sūra al-Najm</a> was safely revealed the basic events of the incident (or rumors of them) "were now permitted to occur to identify those of his followers who would accept Muhammad's explanation of the blasphemous imposture" (<i>JSS</i> 15, pp. 254–255).<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Views">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Views">Views</span></h2>The verses are seen as problematic to many Muslims as they are "profoundly heretical because, by allowing for the intercession of the three pagan female deities, they eroded the authority and omnipotence of Allah. But they also hold... damaging implications in regard to the revelation as a whole, for Muhammad’s revelation appears to have been based on his desire to soften the threat to the deities of the people."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Different responses have developed concerning the account.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Non-Muslim scholars' views">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Non-Muslim_scholars.27_views">Non-Muslim scholars' views</span></h3>Since William Muir the historicity of this episode has been largely accepted by orientalists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Montgomery_Watt" title="William Montgomery Watt">William Montgomery Watt</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Guillaume" title="Alfred Guillaume">Alfred Guillaume</a> claims that stories of the event were true based upon the implausibility of Muslims fabricating a story so unflattering to their prophet: "Muhammad must have publicly recited the satanic verses as part of the Qur'ān; it is unthinkable that the story could have been invented by Muslims, or foisted upon them by non-Muslims."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> This argument resembles the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criterion_of_embarrassment" title="Criterion of embarrassment">criterion of embarrassment</a>, an analytical tool used in assessing the historicity of Biblical accounts of Jesus, which holds that material that would seem to be "embarrassing" to scriptural figures such as Jesus but is nevertheless included in the canon is likely to be true.<br />
Regarding the argument of implausibility of Muslims fabricating the story, Shahab Ahmed in the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Qur%27an" title="Encyclopedia of the Qur'an">Encyclopedia of the Qur'an</a></i> states that "the widespread acceptance of the incident by early Muslims suggests, however, that they did not view the incident as inauspicious and that they would presumably not have, on this basis at least, been adverse to inventing it."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoQ_0-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-EoQ-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alford_T._Welch" title="Alford T. Welch">Alford T. Welch</a>, in the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a></i>, argues that this reason alone would be insufficient to assert its authenticity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-W-EOI_14-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-W-EOI-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> He says that the story in its present form is certainly a later, exegetical fabrication despite the fact that there could be some historical basis for the story. Welch states that the story falsely claims that the chapter 53:1-20 and the end of the chapter are a unity, that the date for the verse 22:52 is later than 53:21-7, and almost certainly belongs to the Medinan period. Further several details in the setting of the story such as the mosque, the sajda do not belong to the Meccan phase of Muhammad's career.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> Welch also points out that the story was not mentioned in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a>'s biography of Muhammad. He says that the above analysis does not rule out "the possibility of some historical kernel behind the story." One such possibility, Welch says, is that the story is of a historical telescoping nature: "that a situation that was known by Muhammad's contemporaries to have lasted for a long period of time later came to be encapsulated in a story that restricts his acceptance of intercession through these goddesses to a brief period of time and places the responsibility for this departure from a strict monotheism on Satan."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-W-EOI_14-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-W-EOI-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Burton_%28Islam_scholar%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="John Burton (Islam scholar) (page does not exist)">John Burton</a> argued for its fictitiousness based upon a demonstration of its actual utility to certain elements of the Muslim community – namely, those legal exegetes seeking an "occasion of revelation" for eradicative modes of abrogation. Burton supports his theory by the fact that Tabari does not discuss the story in his exegesis of the verse 53:20, but rather in 22:52. Burton further notes that different versions of the story are all tracable to one single narrator Muhammad b. Ka'b, two generations removed from Ibn Ishaq, but not contemporary with the event.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> G.R. Hawting writes that the satanic verses incident would not serve to justify or exemplify a theory that God reveals something and later replaces it himself with another true revelation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Burton, in his rejection of the authenticity of the story, sided with L. Caetani, who wrote that the story was to be rejected not only on the basis of <i>isnad</i>, but because "had these hadiths even a degree of historical basis, Muhammad's reported conduct on this occasion would have given the lie to the whole of his previous prophetic activity."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Rodinson" title="Maxime Rodinson">Maxime Rodinson</a> finds that it may reasonably be accepted as true "because the makers of Muslim tradition would never have invented a story with such damaging implications for the revelation as a whole."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> He writes the following on the genesis of the verses: "Obviously Muhammad's unconscious had suggested to him a formula which provided a practical road to unanimity." Rodinson writes that this concession, however, diminished the threat of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiyamah" title="Qiyamah">Last Judgment</a> by enabling the daughters of Allah to intercede for sinners and save them from eternal damnation. Further, it diminished Muhammad's own authority by giving the priests of Uzza, Manat, and Allat the ability to pronounce oracles contradicting his message. Disparagement from Christians and Jews who pointed out that he was reverting to his pagan beginnings and rebelliousness and indignation from among his own followers influenced him to go back on his revelation. However, in doing so he denounced the gods of Mecca as lesser spirits or mere names, cast off everything related to the traditional religion as the work of pagans and unbelievers, and consigned the Meccan's pious ancestors and relatives to Hell. This was the final break with the Quraysh.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a> states that rather than having damaging implications, the story is a cautionary tale the point of which is "not to malign God but to point up the frailty of human beings," and that even a prophet may be mislead by shaytan — though ultimately shaytan is unsuccessful.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Since <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wansbrough" title="John Wansbrough">John Wansbrough</a>'s contributions to the field in the early 1970s, though, scholars have become much more attentive to the emergent nature of early Islam, and less willing to accept back-projected claims of continuity:<br />
<blockquote> To those who see the tradition as constantly evolving and supplying answers to question that it itself has raised, the argument that there would be no reason to develop and transmit material which seems derogatory of the Prophet or of Islam is too simple. For one thing, ideas about what is derogatory may change over time. We know that the doctrine of the Prophet's infallibility and impeccability (the doctrine regarding his <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismah" title="Ismah">'isma</a></i>) emerged only slowly. For another, material which we now find in the biography of the Prophet originated in various circumstances to meet various needs and one has to understand why material exists before one can make a judgment about its basis in fact... <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
</blockquote>In Rubin's recent contribution to the debate, questions of historicity are completely eschewed in favor of an examination of internal textual dynamics and what they reveal about early medieval Islam. Rubin claims to have located the genesis of many prophetic traditions and that they show an early Muslim desire to prove to other scriptuaries "that Muhammad did indeed belong to the same exclusive predestined chain of prophets in whom the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew" title="Jew">Jews</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian" title="Christian">Christians</a> believed. He alleges that the Muslims had to establish the story of Muhammad's life on the same literary patterns as were used in the <i>vitae</i> of the other prophets".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> The incident of the Satanic Verses, according to him, conforms to the common theme of persecution followed by isolation of the prophet-figure.<br />
As the story was adapted to include Qur'ānic material (Q.22:50, Q.53, Q.17:73-74) the idea of satanic temptation was claimed to have been added, heightening its inherent drama as well as incorporating additional biblical motifs (cf. the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation of Christ</a>). Rubin gives his attention to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">narratological</a> exigencies which may have shaped early <i>sīra</i> material as opposed to the more commonly considered ones of dogma, sect, or political/<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_Dynasties" title="List of Muslim Dynasties">dynastic</a> faction. Given the consensus that "the most archaic layer of the biography, [is] that of the stories of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qass" title="Qass">kussās</a></i> [i.e. popular story-tellers]" (<i>Sīra</i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">EI</a>²</i>), this may prove a fruitful line of inquiry.<br />
Although there could be some historical basis for the story, in its present form it is certainly a later, exegetical fabrication. <i>Sūra</i> LIII, 1-20 and the end of the <i>sūra</i> are not a unity, as is claimed by the story; XXII, 52, is later than LIII, 21-7, and is almost certainly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medinan</a> (see Bell, <i>Trans.</i>, 316, 322); and several details of the story- the mosque, the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">sajda</a></i>, and others not mentioned in the short summary above- do not belong to a Meccan setting.<br />
<dl><dd><i>Kur'ān</i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a> (EI)²</i></dd></dl>Rubin also claimed that the supposed temporary control taken by Satan over Muhammad made such traditions unacceptable to early hadith compilers, which he believed to be a unique case in which a group of traditions are rejected only after being subject to Qur'anic models, and as a direct result of this adjustment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoB_4-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-EoB-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern Muslim scholars' views">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_Muslim_scholars.27_views">Modern Muslim scholars' views</span></h3>Almost all modern Muslim scholars have rejected the story. Proposed arguments against the historicity of the incident can be found in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a>'s article “Masʾalat al-gharānīq wa-tafsīr al-āyāt”, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Haykal" title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal">Muhammad Husayn Haykal</a>'s "Hayat Muhammad", <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>'s "Fi Zilal al-Quran", <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Ala_Maududi" title="Abul Ala Maududi">Abul Ala Maududi</a>'s "Tafhim al-Quran" and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a>'s "Nasb al-majānīq li-nasf al-gharānīq".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoQ_0-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-EoQ-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Haykal points out the many forms and versions of the story and their inconsistencies and argues that "the contextual flow of Surah 'al Najm' does not allow at all the inclusion of such verses as the story claims". Haykal quotes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a> who pointed out that the "Arabs have nowhere described their gods in such terms as 'al gharaniq'. Neither in their poetry nor in their speeches or traditions do we find their gods or goddesses described in such terms. Rather, the word 'al ghurnuq' or 'al gharniq' was the name of a black or white water bird, sometimes given figuratively to the handsome blond youth." Lastly, Haykal argues that the story is inconsistent with Muhammad's personal life and is completely against the spirit of the Islamic message.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqa_Mahdi_Puya" title="Aqa Mahdi Puya">Aqa Mahdi Puya</a> has said that these fake verses were shouted out by the Meccans to make it look like it was the prophet Muhammad who said it, he writes:<br />
<blockquote> Some pagans and hypocrites planned secretly to recite words praising idolatry alongside the recitation of the Holy Prophet, while he was praying, in such a way that the people would think as if they were recited by him. Once when the Holy Prophet was reciting verses 19 and 20 of Najm one of the pagans recited: "Tilkal gharani-ul ula wa inna shafa-atahuma laturja"-(These are the lofty (idols), verily their intercession is sought after.) As soon as this was recited the conspirators shouted in delight to make the people believe that it was the Holy Prophet who said these words. Here, the Quran is stating the general pattern the enemies of the messengers of Allah followed when they were positively convinced that the people were paying attention to the teachings of the messengers of Allah and sincerely believing in them. They would mix their false doctrines with the original teachings so as to make the divine message a bundle of contradictions. This kind of satanic insertions are referred to in thus verse, and it is supported by Ha Mim: 26. It is sheer blasphemy to say that satanic forces can influence the messengers of Allah.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
</blockquote>This entire matter was a mere footnote to the back-and-forth of religious debate, and was rekindled only when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>'s 1988 novel, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a></i>, made headline news. The novel contains some fictionalized allusions to Islamic history, which provoked both controversy and outrage. Muslims around the world protested the book's publishing, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>'s <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> issued a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> sentencing Rushdie to death, saying that the book blasphemed Muhammad and his wives.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Related traditions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Related_traditions">Related traditions</span></h2>Several related traditions exist, some adapted to Qur'ānic material, some not. One version, appearing in Tabarī's <i>Tafsīr</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> and attributed to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urwah_ibn_Zubayr" title="Urwah ibn Zubayr">Urwah ibn Zubayr</a> (d. 713), preserves the basic narrative but with no mention of satanic temptation. Muhammad is persecuted by the Meccans after attacking their idols, during which time a group of Muslims seeks refuge in Abyssinia. After the cessation of this first round of persecution (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitna" title="Fitna">fitna</a></i>) they return home, but soon a second round begins. No compelling reason is provided for the caesura of persecution, though, unlike in the incident of the satanic verses, where it is the (temporary) fruit of Muhammad's accommodation to Meccan polytheism. Another version attributed to 'Urwa has only one round of <i>fitna</i>, which begins after Muhammad has converted the entire population of Mecca, so that the Muslims are too numerous to perform ritual prostration (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">sūjud</a></i>) all together. This somewhat parallels the Muslims and <i>mushrikūn</i> prostrating themselves together after Muhammad's first, allegedly satanically infected, recitation of <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sura_53" title="Sura 53">Sūra al-Najm</a></i>, in which the efficacy of the three pagan goddesses is acknowledged (Rubin, pp. 157–158).<br />
The image of Muslims and pagans prostrating themselves together in prayer in turn links the story of the satanic verses to very abbreviated <i>sūjud al-Qur'ān</i> (i.e. prostration when reciting the Qur'ān) traditions found in the authoritative <i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mussanaf&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Mussanaf (page does not exist)">mussanaf</a></i> <i>hadīth</i> collections, including the Sunni canonical ones of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bukhari" title="Al-Bukhari">Bukhāri</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirmidhi" title="Tirmidhi">Tirmidhī</a>. Rubin claims that apparently "the allusion to the participation of the <i>mushrikūn</i> emphasises how overwhelming and intense the effect of this <i>sūra</i> was on those attending. The traditions actually state that all cognizant creatures took part in it, humans as well as jinns.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Rubin further argues that this is inherently illogical without the Satanic Verses in the recitation, given that in the accepted version of verses Q.53:19-23, the pagans' goddesses are attacked. The majority of traditions relating to prostration at the end of <i>Sūra al-Najm</i> solve this by either removing all mention of the <i>mushrikūn</i>, or else transforming the attempt of an old Meccan to participate (who, instead of bowing to the ground instead puts dirt to his forehead proclaiming "This is sufficient for me") into an act of mockery. Some traditions even describe his eventual comeuppance, saying he is later killed at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">battle of Badr</a>. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/019.sbt.html" rel="nofollow">[2]</a> Thus, according to Rubin, "the story of the single polytheist who raised a handful of dirt to his forehead… [in]… attempt of an old disabled man to participate in Muhammad's <i>sūjud</i>… in… a sarcastic act of an enemy of Muhammad wishing to dishonor the Islamic prayer". And "traditions which originally related the dramatic story of temptation became a sterilized anecdote providing prophetic precedent for a ritual practice".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tabarī's account">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Tabar.C4.AB.27s_account">Tabarī's account</span></h2>An extensive account of the incident is found in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">al-Tabāri's</a> history, the <i>Ta'rīkh</i> (Vol. I):<br />
<table class="cquote" style="background-color: honeydew; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: none; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; margin: auto; width: auto;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 35px; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px 10px; text-align: left;" valign="top" width="20">“</td> <td style="padding: 4px 10px;" valign="top">The prophet was eager for the welfare of his people, desiring to win them to him by any means he could. It has been reported that he longed for a way to win them, and part of what he did to that end is what Ibn Humayd told me, from Salama, from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Muhammad ibn Ishaq</a>, from Yazīd ibn Ziyād al-Madanī, from Muhammad ibn Ka'b al-Qurazī: When the prophet saw his people turning away from him, and was tormented by their distancing themselves from what he had brought to them from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">God</a>, he longed in himself for something to come to him from God which would draw him close to them. With his love for his people and his eagerness for them, it would gladden him if some of the hard things he had found in dealing with them could be alleviated. He pondered this in himself, longed for it, and desired it.<br />
Then God sent down the revelation. 'By the star when it sets! Your companion has not erred or gone astray, and does not speak from mere fancy…' [Q.53:1] When he reached God's words, "Have you seen al-Lāt and al-'Uzzā and Manāt, the third, the other?' [Q.53:19-20] Satan cast upon his tongue, because of what he had pondered in himself and longed to bring to his people, 'These are the high-flying cranes and their intercession is to be hoped for.'<br />
When <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraysh_%28tribe%29" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraysh</a> heard that, they rejoiced. What he had said about their gods pleased and delighted them, and they gave ear to him. The Believers trusted in their prophet with respect to what he brought them from their Lord: they did not suspect any slip, delusion or error. When he came to the prostration and finished the chapter, he prostrated and the Muslims followed their prophet in it, having faith in what he brought them and obeying his command. Those <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirk_%28polytheism%29" title="Shirk (polytheism)">mushrikūn</a></i> of Quraysh and others who were in the mosque also prostrated on account of what they had heard him say about their gods. In the whole mosque there was no believer or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">kāfir</a> who did not prostrate. Only al-Walīd bin al-Mughīra, who was an aged <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">shaykh</a> and could not make prostration, scooped up in his hand some of the soil from the valley of Mecca [and pressed it to his forehead]. Then everybody dispersed from the mosque.<br />
Quraysh went out and were delighted by what they had heard of the way in which he spoke of their gods. They were saying, 'Muhammad has referred to our gods most favourably. In what he has recited he said that they are "high-flying <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28bird%29" title="Crane (bird)">cranes</a> who intercession is to be hoped for".'<br />
Those followers of the Prophet who had emigrated to the land of Abyssinia heard about the affair of the prostration, and it was reported to them that Quraysh had accepted Islam. Some men among them decided to return while others remained behind.<br />
Gabriel came to the Prophet and said, O Muhammad, what have you done! You have recited to the people something which I have not brought you from God, and you have spoken what He did not say to you.'<br />
At that the Prophet was mightily saddened and greatly feared God. But God, of His mercy, sent him a revelation, comforting him and diminishing the magnitude of what had happened. God told him that there had never been a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet#Islam" title="Prophet">previous prophet or apostle</a> who had longed just as Muhammad had longed, and desired just as Muhammad had desired, but that Satan had cast into his longing just as he had cast onto the tongue of Muhammad. But God abrogates what Satan has cast, and puts His verses in proper order. That is, 'you are just like other prophets and apostles.'<br />
And God revealed: 'We never sent any apostle or prophet before you but that, when he longed, Satan cast into his longing. But God <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskh_%28exegesis%29" title="Naskh (exegesis)">abrogates</a> what Satan casts in, and then God puts His verses in proper order, for God is all-knowing and wise.' [Q.22:52]<br />
So God drove out the sadness from His prophet and gave him security against what he feared. He abrogated what Satan had cast upon his tongue in referring to their gods: 'They are the high-flying cranes whose intercession is accepted [ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a> ]'. [replacing those words with] the words of God when Allāt, al-'Uzzā and Manāt the third, the other are mentioned: 'Should you have males and He females [as offspring]! That, indeed, would be an unfair division. They are only names which you and your fathers have given them'… as far as 'As many as are the angels in heaven, their intercession shall be of no avail unless after God has permitted it to whom He pleases and accepts' [Q.53:21-26]- meaning, how can the intercession of their gods be of any avail with Him?<br />
When there had come from God the words which abrogated what Satan had cast on to the tongue of His prophet, Quraysh said, 'Muhammad has gone back on what he said about the status of our gods relative to God, changed it and brought something else', for the two phrases which Satan had cast on to the tongue of the Prophet had found a place in the mouth of every polytheist. They, therefore, increased in their evil and in their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitna_%28word%29" title="Fitna (word)">oppression</a> of everyone among them who had accepted Islam and followed the Prophet.<br />
The band of the Prophet's followers who had left the land of Abyssinia on account of the report that the people of Mecca had accepted Islam when they prostrated together with the Prophet drew near. But when they approached Mecca they heard that the talk about the acceptance of Islam by the people of Mecca was wrong. Therefore, they only entered Mecca in secret or after having obtained a promise of protection.<br />
Among those of them who came to Mecca at that time and remained there until emigrating to Medina and taking part in the battle of Badr alongside Muhammad there was, from the family of 'Abd Shams b. Abd Manāf b. Qussayy, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">'Uthmān b. 'Affān</a> together with his wife <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruqayyah_bint_Muhammad" title="Ruqayyah bint Muhammad">Ruqayya</a> the daughter of the Prophet. Abū Hudhayfa b. 'Utba with his wife Shal bint Suhayl, and another group with them, numbering together 33 men.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
</td> <td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 35px; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px 10px; text-align: right;" valign="bottom" width="20">”</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>However in the introduction of his book he states:<br />
<table class="cquote" style="background-color: honeydew; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: none; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; margin: auto; width: auto;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 35px; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px 10px; text-align: left;" valign="top" width="20">“</td> <td style="padding: 4px 10px;" valign="top">Let him who examines this book of mine know that I have relied, as regards everything I mention therein which I stipulate to be described by me, solely upon what has been transmitted to me by way of reports which I cite therein and traditions which I ascribe to their narrators, to the exclusion of what may be apprehended by rational argument or deduced by the human mind, except in very few cases. This is because knowledge of the reports of men of the past and of contemporaneous views of men of the present do not reach the one who has not witnessed them nor lived in their times except through the accounts of reporters and the transmission of transmitters, to the exclusion of rational deduction and mental inference. Hence, if I mention in this book a report about some men of the past, which the reader of listener finds objectionable or worthy of censure because he can see no aspect of truth nor any factual substance therein, let him know that this is not to be attributed to us but to those who transmitted it to us and we have merely passed this on as it has been passed on to us.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 35px; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px 10px; text-align: right;" valign="bottom" width="20">”</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_of_Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_%28Nakhla%29" title="Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Nakhla)">Demolition of al-Uzza</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_of_Sa%27d_ibn_Zaid_al-Ashhali" title="Raid of Sa'd ibn Zaid al-Ashhali">Demolition of Manat</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Qur%27an" title="Criticism of the Qur'an">Criticism of the Qur'an</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sira" title="Sira">Sira</a></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2><div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-EoQ-0">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-EoQ_0-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-EoQ_0-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-EoQ_0-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-EoQ_0-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-EoQ_0-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-EoQ_0-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-EoQ_0-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAhmed2008">Ahmed, Shahab (2008), <a class="external text" href="http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=q3_SIM-00372" rel="nofollow">"Satanic Verses"</a>, in Dammen McAuliffe, Jane, <i>Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</i>, Georgetown University, Washington DC: Brill, 14 August 2008</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Satanic+Verses&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Shahab&rft.au=Ahmed%2C%26%2332%3BShahab&rft.date=2008&rft.place=Georgetown+University%2C+Washington+DC&rft.pub=Brill&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> (<a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Holy_Qur%27an/An-Najm" title="wikisource:The Holy Qur'an/An-Najm">Q.53</a>)</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMilitarevKogan2005">Militarev, Alexander; Kogan, Leonid (2005), <i>Semitic Etymological Dictionary 2: Animal Names</i>, Alter Orient und Altes Testament, <b>278/2</b>, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, pp. 131–132, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-934628-57-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-934628-57-5">3-934628-57-5</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semitic+Etymological+Dictionary+2%3A+Animal+Names&rft.aulast=Militarev&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Militarev%2C%26%2332%3BAlexander&rft.au=Kogan%2C%26%2332%3BLeonid&rft.date=2005&rft.series=Alter+Orient+und+Altes+Testament&rft.volume=278%2F2&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B131%E2%80%93132&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pub=Ugarit-Verlag&rft.isbn=3-934628-57-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-EoQM-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-EoQM_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRubin">Rubin, Uri, <a class="external text" href="http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=q3_COM-00126" rel="nofollow">"Muḥammad"</a>, in Dammen McAuliffe, Jane, <i>Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</i>, Georgetown University, Washington DC: Brill, 14 August 2008</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Uri&rft.au=Rubin%2C%26%2332%3BUri&rft.place=Georgetown+University%2C+Washington+DC&rft.pub=Brill&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-EoB-4">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-EoB_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-EoB_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-EoB_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRubin1997">Rubin, Uri (1997), <i>The eye of the beholder : the life of Muḥammad as viewed by the early Muslims : a textual analysis</i>, Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press (published 1995), p. 161, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/087850110X" title="Special:BookSources/087850110X">087850110X</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+eye+of+the+beholder+%3A+the+life+of+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+as+viewed+by+the+early+Muslims+%3A+a+textual+analysis&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Uri&rft.au=Rubin%2C%26%2332%3BUri&rft.date=1997&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B161&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Darwin+Press&rft.isbn=087850110X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFibn_Is.E1.B8.A5.C4.81q_ibn_Yas.C4.81rIbn_Hish.C4.81m"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">ibn Isḥāq ibn Yasār, Muḥammad</a>; Ibn Hishām, ʻAbd al-Malik, <i>Sīrat Rasūl Allāh</i></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C4%ABrat+Ras%C5%ABl+All%C4%81h&rft.aulast=ibn+Is%E1%B8%A5%C4%81q+ibn+Yas%C4%81r&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft.au=ibn+Is%E1%B8%A5%C4%81q+ibn+Yas%C4%81r%2C%26%2332%3BMu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft.au=Ibn+Hish%C4%81m%2C%26%2332%3B%CA%BBAbd+al-Malik&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="citation" id="CITEREF.E1.B9.ACabar.C4.AB">Ṭabarī, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">Ṭabarī</a>, <i>Tārīkh ar-Rusul wal-Mulūk</i></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C4%81r%C4%ABkh+ar-Rusul+wal-Mul%C5%ABk&rft.aulast=%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=%5B%5BMuhammad+ibn+Jarir+al-Tabari%7C%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%5D%5D&rft.au=%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%2C%26%2332%3B%5B%5BMuhammad+ibn+Jarir+al-Tabari%7C%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation" id="CITEREF.E1.B9.ACabar.C4.81n.C4.AB">Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad, <i>al-Mu'jam al-Kabīr</i></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=al-Mu%27jam+al-Kab%C4%ABr&rft.aulast=%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%81n%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Sulaym%C4%81n+ibn+A%E1%B8%A5mad&rft.au=%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%81n%C4%AB%2C%26%2332%3BSulaym%C4%81n+ibn+A%E1%B8%A5mad&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> The isnad provided by Ibn Ishaq reads: Ibn Mumayd-Salamah-Muhammad Ibn Ishaq-Yazid bin Ziyad al-Madani-Muhammad bin Ka’b al-Qurazi. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://google.com/search?q=cache:L8y7tpwLb_YJ:www.tafsir.com/default.asp%3Fsid%3D22%26tid%3D34398+When+he+spoke,+the+Shaytan+THREW+%28SOME+FALSEHOOD%29+INTO+HIS+SPEECH&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=1" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> Tafsir ibn Khatir on Sura 22</li>
<li id="cite_note-EoB-256-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-EoB-256_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRubin1997">Rubin, Uri (1997), <i>The eye of the beholder : the life of Muḥammad as viewed by the early Muslims : a textual analysis</i>, Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press (published 1995), p. 256, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/087850110X" title="Special:BookSources/087850110X">087850110X</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+eye+of+the+beholder+%3A+the+life+of+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+as+viewed+by+the+early+Muslims+%3A+a+textual+analysis&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Uri&rft.au=Rubin%2C%26%2332%3BUri&rft.date=1997&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B256&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Darwin+Press&rft.isbn=087850110X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAl-R.C4.81z.C4.AB1981"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʻUmar</a> (1981), <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir_al-Kabir_%28al-Razi%29" rel="nofollow"><i>Tafsīr al-Fakhr al-Rāzī : al-mushahhar bi-al-Tafsīr al-kabīr wa-Mafātīḥ al-ghayb</i></a>, <b>23</b>, Dār al-Fikr, p. 51</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tafs%C4%ABr+al-Fakhr+al-R%C4%81z%C4%AB+%3A+al-mushahhar+bi-al-Tafs%C4%ABr+al-kab%C4%ABr+wa-Maf%C4%81t%C4%AB%E1%B8%A5+al-ghayb&rft.aulast=Al-R%C4%81z%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Fakhr+al-D%C4%ABn+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+%CA%BBUmar&rft.au=Al-R%C4%81z%C4%AB%2C%26%2332%3BFakhr+al-D%C4%ABn+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+%CA%BBUmar&rft.date=1981&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B51&rft.pub=D%C4%81r+al-Fikr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTafsir_al-Kabir_%2528al-Razi%2529&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJohn_D._Erickson1998">John D. Erickson (1998), <i>Islam and Postcolonial Narrative</i>, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Postcolonial+Narrative&rft.aulast=John+D.+Erickson&rft.au=John+D.+Erickson&rft.date=1998&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> EoQ, <i>Satanic Verses.</i> For scholars that accept the historicity, see <ul><li>Michael Cook, <i>Muhammad.</i> In <i>Founders of Faith,</i> Oxford University Press, 1986, page 309.</li>
<li>Etan Kohlberg, <i>A Medieval Muslim Scholar at Work: Ibn Tawus and His Library.</i> Brill, 1992, page 20.</li>
<li>F.E. Peters, <i>The Hajj,</i> Princeton University Press, 1994, page 37. See also <i>The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition,</i> Princeton University Press, 2003, page 94.</li>
<li>William Muir, <i>The Life of Mahomet,</i> Smith, Elder 1878, page 88.</li>
<li>John D. Erickson, <i>Islam and Postcolonial Narrative.</i> Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 140.</li>
<li>Thomas Patrick Hughes, <i>A Dictionary of Islam,</i> Asian Educational Services, page 191.</li>
<li>Maxime Rodinson, <i>Prophet of Islam,</i> Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2002, page 113.</li>
<li>Montgomery Watt, <i>Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman.</i> Oxford University Press 1961, page 60.</li>
<li>Daniel J. Sahas, <i>Iconoclasm.</i> Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, Brill Online.</li>
</ul></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> Watt, <i>Muhammad at Mecca</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-W-EOI-14">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-W-EOI_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-W-EOI_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> "Muhammad", <i>Encyclopedia of Islam Online</i>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> Encyclopedia of Islam, "al-Kuran"</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> Burton, "Those are the high-flying cranes", <i>Journal of Semitic Studies (JSS)</i> 15</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> G.R. Hawting, <i>The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam.</i> Cambridge University Press, 1999, page 135.</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> Quoted by I.R Netton in "Text and Trauma: An East-West Primer" (1996) p. 86, Routledge</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> Maxime Rodinson, <i>Mohammed.</i> Allen Lane the Penguin Press, 1961, page 106.</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> Maxime Rodinson, <i>Mohammed.</i> Allen Lane the Penguin Press, 1961, pages 107-8.</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> Halliday, Fred, <i>100 Myths about the Middle East</i>,</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> G. R. Hawting, <i>The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History</i>, pp. 134-135</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <i>Eye of the Beholder</i>, p. 21</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> Muhammad Husayn Haykal, <i>Hayat Muhammad,</i> 9th edition (Cairo, Maktaba an-Nahda al-Misriya, 1964, pp.164-7)</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPuya2008">Puya, Aqa Mahdi. (2008), <a class="external text" href="http://www.concentrationinprayer.com/documents/Verse43.pdf" rel="nofollow"><i>Aqa Mahdi Puya view, Satanic Verses</i></a>, Mahdi Puya</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aqa+Mahdi+Puya+view%2C+Satanic+Verses&rft.aulast=Puya&rft.aufirst=Aqa+Mahdi.&rft.au=Puya%2C%26%2332%3BAqa+Mahdi.&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=Mahdi+Puya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.concentrationinprayer.com%2Fdocuments%2FVerse43.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Satanic_Verses"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since June 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.al-islam.org/quran/" rel="nofollow">http://www.al-islam.org/quran/</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <i>Tafsir</i>, Vol. IX</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> Rubin, p. 165.</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> Rubin, p. 166</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> translated in G. R. Hawting, <i>The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History</i>, pp. 131-132</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_verses#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <i>Ibid</i>, pp. 13</li>
</ol></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFFazlur_Rahman1994">Fazlur Rahman (1994), <i>Major Themes in the Qur'an</i>, Biblioteca Islamica, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88297-051-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88297-051-8">0-88297-051-8</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+Themes+in+the+Qur%27an&rft.aulast=Fazlur+Rahman&rft.au=Fazlur+Rahman&rft.date=1994&rft.pub=Biblioteca+Islamica&rft.isbn=0-88297-051-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFJohn_Burton1970">John Burton (1970), "Those Are the High-Flying Cranes", <i>Journal of Semitic Studies</i> <b>15</b> (2): 246–264, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjss%2F15.2.246" rel="nofollow">10.1093/jss/15.2.246</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Those+Are+the+High-Flying+Cranes&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Semitic+Studies&rft.aulast=John+Burton&rft.au=John+Burton&rft.date=1970&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=246%E2%80%93264&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fjss%2F15.2.246&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFUri_Rubin1995">Uri Rubin (1995), <i>The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims: A Textual Analysis</i>, The Darwin Press, Inc., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87850-110-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87850-110-X">0-87850-110-X</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eye+of+the+Beholder%3A+The+Life+of+Muhammad+as+Viewed+by+the+Early+Muslims%3A+A+Textual+Analysis&rft.aulast=Uri+Rubin&rft.au=Uri+Rubin&rft.date=1995&rft.pub=The+Darwin+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=0-87850-110-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFG._R._Hawting1999">G. R. Hawting (1999), <i>The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65165-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65165-4">0-521-65165-4</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Idolatry+and+the+Emergence+of+Islam%3A+From+Polemic+to+History&rft.aulast=G.+R.+Hawting&rft.au=G.+R.+Hawting&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-65165-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFN.C4.81sir_al-D.C4.ABn_al-Alb.C4.81n.C4.AB1952">Nāsir al-Dīn al-Albānī (1952), <i>Nasb al-majānīq li-nasfi qissat al-gharānīq (The Erection of Catapults for the Destruction of the Story of the Gharānīq)</i></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nasb+al-maj%C4%81n%C4%ABq+li-nasfi+qissat+al-ghar%C4%81n%C4%ABq+%28The+Erection+of+Catapults+for+the+Destruction+of+the+Story+of+the+Ghar%C4%81n%C4%ABq%29&rft.aulast=N%C4%81sir+al-D%C4%ABn+al-Alb%C4%81n%C4%AB&rft.au=N%C4%81sir+al-D%C4%ABn+al-Alb%C4%81n%C4%AB&rft.date=1952&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Satanic_Verses"></span></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satanic_Verses&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Commentators">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Commentators">Commentators</span></h3><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Polemics/sverses.html" rel="nofollow">"Those Are The High Flying Claims" (Refutation of the Christian missionary writings on the so-called "Satanic verses")</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MH_LM/story_of_the_goddesses.htm" rel="nofollow">The Story of the Goddesses</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.bismikaallahuma.org/archives/2005/those-are-the-high-flying-cranes/" rel="nofollow">The "Satanic Verses" story was never taken seriously by Islamic scholars</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.islamonline.net/English/In_Depth/mohamed/1424/misconception/article04.shtml" rel="nofollow">Muhammad: The man and the message</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.livingislam.org/n/stcr_e.html" rel="nofollow">STORY OF THE CRANES or "SATANIC VERSES"</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></div>This page was last modified on 4 August 2011 at 20:36.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-57311921109391223442011-08-13T19:21:00.001-04:002011-08-18T15:40:36.170-04:00FLOPS [petaFLOP[homonym of failed schemes)]<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">FLOPS</h1><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><table class="infobox"><caption>Computer performance</caption> <tbody>
<tr> <th>Name</th> <th>FLOPS</th> </tr>
<tr> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yotta-" title="Yotta-">yotta</a>FLOPS</th> <td>10<sup>24</sup></td> </tr>
<tr> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetta-" title="Zetta-">zetta</a>FLOPS</th> <td>10<sup>21</sup></td> </tr>
<tr> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exa-" title="Exa-">exa</a>FLOPS</th> <td>10<sup>18</sup></td> </tr>
<tr> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peta-" title="Peta-">peta</a>FLOPS</th> <td>10<sup>15</sup></td> </tr>
<tr> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera-" title="Tera-">tera</a>FLOPS</th> <td>10<sup>12</sup></td> </tr>
<tr> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giga-" title="Giga-">giga</a>FLOPS</th> <td>10<sup>9</sup></td> </tr>
<tr> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega-" title="Mega-">mega</a>FLOPS</th> <td>10<sup>6</sup></td> </tr>
<tr> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilo-" title="Kilo-">kilo</a>FLOPS</th> <td>10<sup>3</sup></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, <b>FLOPS</b> (or <b>flops</b> or <b>flop/s</b>, for <b>floating point operations per second</b>) is a measure of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">performance</a>, especially in fields of scientific calculations that make heavy use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point" title="Floating point">floating point</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculation" title="Calculation">calculations</a>, similar to the older, simpler, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">instructions per second</a>. Since the final <i>S</i> stands for "second", conservative speakers consider "FLOPS" as both the singular and plural of the term, although the singular "FLOP" is frequently encountered. Alternatively, the singular <b>FLOP</b> (or <b>flop</b>) is used as an abbreviation for "<b>FL</b>oating-point <b>OP</b>eration", and a flop count is a count of these operations (e.g., required by a given algorithm or computer program). In this context, "flops" is simply the plural rather than a rate.<br />
Although it is in common use, FLOPS is not an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> unit. An expression like <img alt="{}_{1\,\mathrm{flops}}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/0/b/7/0b752111856dce39e9ff6399c30192c4.png" /> is actually interpreted as <img alt="{}_{f_{flop} = 1\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}\,\Leftrightarrow\, n_{flops} = 1}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/7/a/9/7a9e146bf68c7e3fe9b126f111a0dba3.png" />.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_SX-9" title="NEC SX-9">SX-9</a> supercomputer was the world's first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">vector processor</a> to exceed 100 gigaFLOPS per single core. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a> dubbed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Roadrunner" title="IBM Roadrunner">Roadrunner</a> was the first to reach a sustained performance of 1 petaFLOPS measured by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linpack" title="Linpack">Linpack</a> benchmark. As of June 2011, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">500 fastest supercomputers</a> in the world combine for 58.9 petaFLOPS of computing power.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
For comparison, a hand-held calculator performs relatively few FLOPS. Each calculation request, such as to add or subtract two numbers, requires only a single operation, so there is rarely any need for its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_time" title="Response time">response time</a> to exceed what the operator can physically use. A computer response time below 0.1 second in a calculation context is usually perceived as instantaneous by a human operator,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> so a simple calculator needs only about 10 FLOPS to be considered functional.<br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#Measuring_performance"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Measuring performance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#Records"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Records</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#Future_developments"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Future developments</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#Cost_of_computing"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Cost of computing</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#Hardware_costs"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hardware costs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#Operation_costs"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Operation costs</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#Floating_point_operation_and_integer_operation"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Floating point operation and integer operation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FLOPS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Measuring performance">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Measuring_performance">Measuring performance</span></h2>In order for FLOPS to be useful as a measure of floating-point performance, a standard <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchmark_%28computing%29" title="Benchmark (computing)">benchmark</a> must be available on all computers of interest. One example is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINPACK" title="LINPACK">LINPACK</a> benchmark.<br />
There are many factors in computer performance other than raw floating-point computing speed, such as I/O performance, interprocessor communication, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">cache coherence</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_hierarchy" title="Memory hierarchy">memory hierarchy</a>. This means that supercomputers are in general only capable of a fraction of their "theoretical peak" FLOPS throughput (obtained by adding together the theoretical peak FLOPS performance of every element of the system). Even when operating on large highly parallel problems, their performance will be bursty, mostly due to the residual effects of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amdahl%27s_law" title="Amdahl's law">Amdahl's law</a>. Real benchmarks therefore measure both peak actual FLOPS performance as well as sustained FLOPS performance.<br />
Supercomputer ratings, like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a>, usually derive theoretical peak FLOPS as a product of number of cores, cycles per second each core runs at, and number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_precision_floating-point_format" title="Double precision floating-point format">double-precision</a> (64 bit) FLOPS each core can ideally perform, thanks to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMD" title="SIMD">SIMD</a> or otherwise. Despite different processor architectures can achieve different parallelism on single core, most mainstream ones, like recent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a> models, claim a factor of four. Some ratings adopted the factor as a given constant, and use it to compute peak values for all architectures, often leading to huge difference from sustained performance.<br />
For ordinary (non-scientific) applications, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> operations (measured in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_instructions_per_second" title="Million instructions per second">MIPS</a>) are far more common. Measuring floating point operation speed, therefore, does not predict accurately how the processor will perform on just any problem. However, for many scientific jobs such as data analysis, a FLOPS rating is effective.<br />
Historically, the earliest reliably documented serious use of the Floating Point Operation as a metric appears to be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">AEC</a> justification to Congress for purchasing a Control Data <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_6600" title="CDC 6600">CDC 6600</a> in the mid-1960s.<br />
The terminology is currently so confusing that until April 24, 2006, U.S. export control was based upon measurement of "Composite Theoretical Performance" (CTP) in millions of "Theoretical Operations Per Second" or MTOPS. On that date, however, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Industry_and_Security" title="Bureau of Industry and Security">Bureau of Industry and Security</a> amended the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_Administration_Regulations" title="Export Administration Regulations">Export Administration Regulations</a> to base controls on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjusted_Peak_Performance" title="Adjusted Peak Performance">Adjusted Peak Performance</a> (APP) in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_TeraFLOPS" title="Weighted TeraFLOPS">Weighted TeraFLOPS</a> (WT).<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FLOPS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Records">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Records">Records</span></h2>In June 2006, a new computer was announced by Japanese research institute <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIKEN" title="RIKEN">RIKEN</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDGRAPE-3" title="MDGRAPE-3">MDGRAPE-3</a>. The computer's performance tops out at one petaFLOPS, almost two times faster than the Blue Gene/L, but MDGRAPE-3 is not a general purpose computer, which is why it does not appear in the Top500.org list. It has special-purpose <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_%28computing%29" title="Pipeline (computing)">pipelines</a> for simulating molecular dynamics.<br />
By 2007, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corporation" title="Intel Corporation">Intel Corporation</a> unveiled the experimental <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-core" title="Multi-core">multi-core</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teraflops_Research_Chip" title="Teraflops Research Chip">POLARIS</a> chip, which achieves 1 TFLOPS at 3.13 GHz. The 80-core chip can raise this result to 2 TFLOPS at 6.26 GHz, although the thermal dissipation at this frequency exceeds 190 watts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
On June 26, 2007, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> announced the second generation of its top supercomputer, dubbed Blue Gene/P and designed to continuously operate at speeds exceeding one petaFLOPS. When configured to do so, it can reach speeds in excess of three petaFLOPS.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In June 2007, Top500.org reported the fastest computer in the world to be the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Gene" title="Blue Gene">IBM Blue Gene/L</a> supercomputer, measuring a peak of 596 TFLOPS.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray_XT4" title="Cray XT4">Cray XT4</a> hit second place with 101.7 TFLOPS.<br />
On October 25, 2007, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> Corporation of Japan issued a press release<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> announcing its SX series model <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SX-9" title="SX-9">SX-9</a>, claiming it to be the world's fastest vector supercomputer. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SX-9" title="SX-9">SX-9</a> features the first CPU capable of a peak vector performance of 102.4 gigaFLOPS per single core.<br />
On February 4, 2008, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">NSF</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a> opened full scale research runs on an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a> supercomputer named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Advanced_Computing_Center#Ranger" title="Texas Advanced Computing Center">Ranger</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> the most powerful supercomputing system in the world for open science research, which operates at sustained speed of half a petaflop.<br />
On May 25, 2008, an American military supercomputer built by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, named '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Roadrunner" title="IBM Roadrunner">Roadrunner</a>', reached the computing milestone of one petaflop by processing more than 1.026 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrillion" title="Quadrillion">quadrillion</a> calculations per second. It headed the June 2008<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> and November 2008<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> list of the most powerful supercomputers (excluding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">grid computers</a>). The computer is located at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, and the computer's name refers to the New Mexico <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">state bird</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Roadrunner" title="Greater Roadrunner">Greater Roadrunner</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In June 2008, AMD released ATI Radeon HD4800 series, which are reported to be the first GPUs to achieve one teraFLOP scale. On August 12, 2008 AMD released the ATI Radeon HD 4870X2 graphics card with two <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_R770" title="Radeon R770">Radeon R770</a> GPUs totaling 2.4 teraFLOPS.<br />
In November 2008, an upgrade to the Cray XT Jaguar supercomputer at the Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) raised the system's computing power to a peak 1.64 “petaflops,” or a quadrillion mathematical calculations per second, making Jaguar the world’s first petaflop system dedicated to open research. In early 2009 the supercomputer was named after a mythical creature, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraken" title="Kraken">Kraken</a>. Kraken was declared the world's fastest university-managed supercomputer and sixth fastest overall in the 2009 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> list, which is the global standard for ranking supercomputers. In 2010 Kraken was upgraded and can operate faster and is more powerful.<br />
In 2009, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray" title="Cray">Cray</a> Jaguar performed at 1.75 petaFLOPS, beating the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Roadrunner" title="IBM Roadrunner">Roadrunner</a> for the number one spot on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> list.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In October 2010, China unveiled the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianhe-I" title="Tianhe-I">Tianhe-I</a>, a supercomputer that operates at a peak computing rate of 2.5 petaflops.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In June 2011, it was announced that Japan had reached 8.162 petaflops with it's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_computer" title="K computer">K computer</a>. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> It is still under construction, and at present has 68,544 8-core <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC64_VIIIfx" title="SPARC64 VIIIfx">SPARC64 VIIIfx</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">processors</a> in 672 cabinets, giving a total of 548,352 cores. It is named after the Japanese word "<a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%AC#Japanese" title="wikt:京">kei</a>", which stands for 10 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrillion" title="Quadrillion">quadrillion</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> corresponding to the target speed of 10 petaflops.<br />
As of 2010, the fastest six-core PC <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">processor</a> reaches 109 GFLOPS (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core_i7" title="Intel Core i7">Intel Core i7</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulftown_%28microprocessor%29" title="Gulftown (microprocessor)">980 XE</a>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> in double precision calculations. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPUs</a> are considerably more powerful. For example, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla" title="Nvidia Tesla">Nvidia Tesla</a> C2050 GPU computing processors perform around 515 GFLOPS<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nvidia.com_16-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-nvidia.com-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> in double precision calculations, and the AMD FireStream 9270 peaks at 240 GFLOPS.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ati.amd.com_17-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-ati.amd.com-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> In single precision performance, Nvidia Tesla C2050 computing processors perform around 1.03 TFLOPS and the AMD FireStream 9270 cards peak at 1.2 TFLOPS. Both Nvidia and AMD's consumer gaming GPUs may reach higher FLOPS. For example, AMD’s HemlockXT 5970<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_18-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-autogenerated1-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> reaches 928 GFLOPS in double precision calculations with two GPUs on board and the Nvidia GTX 480 reaches 672 GFLOPS<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_19-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-autogenerated2-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> with one GPU on board.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a> uses the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> to link <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> to achieve more FLOPS:<br />
<ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding@Home" title="Folding@Home">Folding@Home</a> is sustaining over 4.1 native petaFLOPS as of July 2011<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> or 6.6 x86 PFLOPS (x86 flops are an approximate measurement of the speed of a calculation on an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>-based processor, different from native flops<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup>). It is the first computing project of any kind to cross the 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 native petaFLOPS milestone. This level of performance is primarily enabled by the cumulative effort of a vast array of powerful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> units.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>The entire <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOINC" title="BOINC">BOINC</a> network averages about 5.3 PFLOPS as of July 25, 2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>As of July 2011, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MilkyWay@Home" title="MilkyWay@Home">MilkyWay@Home</a> computes at over 460 TFLOPS, with a large amount of this work coming from GPUs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>As of July 2011, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@Home" title="SETI@Home">SETI@Home</a>, which began in 1999, computes data averages more than 500 TFLOPS.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>As of July 2011, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home" title="Einstein@Home">Einstein@Home</a> is crunching more than 190 TFLOPS.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>As of July 2011, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Internet_Mersenne_Prime_Search" title="Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search">GIMPS</a>, which began in 1996, is sustaining 59 TFLOPS.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FLOPS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Future developments">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Future_developments">Future developments</span></h3>In May 2008, a collaboration was announced between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">SGI</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corporation" title="Intel Corporation">Intel</a> to build a 1 PFLOPS computer, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades_%28supercomputer%29" title="Pleiades (supercomputer)">Pleiades</a>, in 2009, scaling up to 10 PFLOPS by 2012.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> At the same time, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> intended to build a 20 PFLOPS supercomputer, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Sequoia" title="IBM Sequoia">Sequoia</a>, at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> until 2011.<br />
Given the current speed of progress, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a> are projected to reach 1 exaFLOPS (EFLOPS) in 2019.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray,_Inc." title="Cray, Inc.">Cray, Inc.</a> announced in December 2009 a plan to build a 1 EFLOPS supercomputer before 2020.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> Erik P. DeBenedictis of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandia_National_Laboratories" title="Sandia National Laboratories">Sandia National Laboratories</a> theorizes that a zettaFLOPS (ZFLOPS) computer is required to accomplish full weather modeling, which could cover a two week time span accurately.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> Such systems might be built around 2030.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
On March 4, 2010, Solomon Assefa <i>et al.</i> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> published a paper in the journal <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_%28journal%29" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> revealing their discovery/invention of ultra fast and noise free <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanophotonics" title="Nanophotonics">nanophotonic</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_photodiode" title="Avalanche photodiode">avalanche photodetectors</a>, which are poised to bring about the exaflop light circuit era.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tadias.com_34-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-tadias.com-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup>"We are now working on integrating all of our devices onto a microprocessor alongside transistors," revealed Assefa.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> "The Avalanche Photodetector achievement, which is the last in a series of prior reports from IBM Research, is the last piece of the puzzle that completes the development of the “nanophotonics toolbox” of devices necessary to build the on-chip interconnects".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tadias.com_34-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-tadias.com-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> "“With optical communications embedded into the processor chips, the prospect of building power-efficient computer systems with performance at the Exaflop level might not be a very distant future.” <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tadias.com_34-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-tadias.com-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
On December 2, 2010, the US Air Force unveiled a defense supercomputer made up of 1,760 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playstation_3" title="Playstation 3">Playstation 3</a> consoles that can run 500 trillion floating point operations per second.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In 2008 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bamford" title="James Bamford">James Bamford</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_Factory" title="The Shadow Factory">The Shadow Factory</a> reported that <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA" title="NSA">NSA</a> told the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a> it would need an exaflop computer by 2018.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FLOPS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cost of computing">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cost_of_computing">Cost of computing</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FLOPS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hardware costs">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Hardware_costs">Hardware costs</span></h3>The following is a list of examples of computers that demonstrates how drastically performance has increased and price has decreased. The "cost per GFLOPS" is the cost for a set of hardware that would theoretically operate at one billion floating point operations per second. During the era when no single computing platform was able to achieve one GFLOPS, this table lists the total cost for multiple instances of a fast computing platform which speed sums to one GFLOPS. Otherwise, the least expensive computing platform able to achieve one GFLOPS is listed.<br />
<table class="wikitable"><tbody>
<tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Approximate cost per GFLOPS</th> <th>Technology</th> <th>Comments</th> </tr>
<tr> <td>1961</td> <td>US $1,100,000,000,000 ($1.1 trillion)</td> <td>About 17 million <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_1620" title="IBM 1620">IBM 1620</a> units costing $64,000 each</td> <td>The 1620's multiplication operation takes 17.7 ms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>1984</td> <td>$15,000,000</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray_X-MP" title="Cray X-MP">Cray X-MP</a></td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>1997</td> <td>$30,000</td> <td>Two 16-processor <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_%28computing%29" title="Beowulf (computing)">Beowulf</a> clusters with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Pro" title="Pentium Pro">Pentium Pro</a> microprocessors<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span class="sorttext">April 2000</span></td> <td>$1,000</td> <td><a class="external text" href="http://tsg.anu.edu.au/Projects/Beowulf/" rel="nofollow">Bunyip Beowulf cluster</a></td> <td>Bunyip was the first sub-US$1/MFLOPS computing technology. It won the Gordon Bell Prize in 2000.</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span class="sorttext">May 2000</span></td> <td>$640</td> <td><a class="external text" href="http://aggregate.org/KLAT2/" rel="nofollow">KLAT2</a></td> <td>KLAT2 was the first computing technology which scaled to large applications while staying under US$1/MFLOPS.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span class="sorttext">August 2003</span></td> <td>$82</td> <td><a class="external text" href="http://aggregate.org/KASY0/" rel="nofollow">KASY0</a></td> <td>KASY0 was the first sub-US$100/GFLOPS computing technology.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span class="sorttext">August 2007</span></td> <td>$48</td> <td><a class="external text" href="http://www.calvin.edu/%7Eadams/research/microwulf/" rel="nofollow">Microwulf</a></td> <td>As of August 2007, this 26.25 GFLOPS "personal" Beowulf cluster can be built for $1256.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span class="sorttext">March 2011</span></td> <td>$1.80</td> <td><a class="external text" href="http://hpu4science.org/" rel="nofollow">HPU4Science</a></td> <td>This $30,000 cluster was built using only commercially available "gamer" grade hardware.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><br />
The trend toward placing ever more transistors inexpensively on an integrated circuit follows <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a>. This trend explains the rising speed and falling cost of computer processing.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FLOPS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Operation costs">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Operation_costs">Operation costs</span></h3>In energy cost, according to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green500" title="Green500">Green500</a> list, as of June 2011 the most efficient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> supercomputer runs at 2097.19 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS_per_watt" title="FLOPS per watt">MFLOPS per watt</a>. This translates to an energy requirement of 0.477 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a> per <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFLOPS" title="GFLOPS">GFLOPS</a>, however this energy requirement will be much greater for less efficient supercomputers.<br />
Hardware costs for low cost supercomputers may be less significant than energy costs when running continuously for several years.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FLOPS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Floating point operation and integer operation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Floating_point_operation_and_integer_operation">Floating point operation and integer operation</span></h2>Floating point operation per second or FLOPS, measures the computing ability of a computer. Example of floating point operation is the calculation of mathematical equations. FLOPS is a good indicator to measure performance on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSP" title="DSP">DSP</a>, supercomputers, robotic motion control, and scientific simulations. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_instructions_per_second#Million_instructions_per_second" title="Million instructions per second">MIPS</a> is used to measure the integer performance of a computer. Examples of integer operation is data movement (A to B) or value testing (If A = B, then C). MIPS as a performance benchmark is adequate for the computer when it is used in database query, word processing, spreadsheets, or to run multiple virtual operating systems.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> Frank H. McMahon, of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), invented the term FLOPS and MFLOPS (MegaFLOPS) so that he could compare the so-called Supercomputers of the day by the number of floating point calculations they did per second. This was much better than using the prevalent MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second) to compare computers as this statistic usually had little bearing on the arithmetic capability of the machine.<br />
<b>Fixed point (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">Integers</a>).</b> These designations refer to the format used to store and manipulate numeric representations of data. Fixed-point are designed to represent and manipulate integers – positive and negative whole numbers – for example 16 bits, yielding up to 65,536 possible bit patterns (2<sup>16</sup>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<b>Floating-point (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number" title="Real number">Real Numbers</a>).</b> The encoding scheme for floating point numbers is more complicated than for fixed point. The basic idea is the same as used in scientific notation, where a mantissa is multiplied by ten raised to some exponent. For instance, 5.4321 × 10<sup>6</sup>, where 5.4321 is the mantissa and 6 is the exponent. Scientific notation is exceptional at representing very large and very small numbers. For example: 1.2 × 10<sup>50</sup>, the number of atoms in the earth, or 2.6 × 10<sup>−23</sup>, the distance a turtle crawls in one second compared to the diameter of our galaxy. Notice that numbers represented in scientific notation are normalized so that there is only a single nonzero digit left of the decimal point. This is achieved by adjusting the exponent as needed. Floating point representation is similar to scientific notation, except everything is carried out in base two, rather than base ten. While several similar formats are in use, the most common is <i>ANSI/IEEE Std. 754-1985.</i> This standard defines the format for 32-bit numbers called <i>single precision</i>, as well as 64-bit numbers called <i>double precision</i> and longer numbers called <i>extended precision</i> (used for intermediate results). Floating point can support a much wider range of values than fixed point, with the ability to represent very small numbers and very large numbers.<br />
With fixed-point notation, the gaps between adjacent numbers always equal a value of one, whereas in floating-point notation, gaps between adjacent numbers are not uniformly spaced—the gap between any two numbers is approximately ten million times smaller than the value of the numbers (ANSI/IEEE Std. 754 standard format), with large gaps between large numbers and small gaps between small numbers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<b>Dynamic Range and Precision.</b> The exponentiation inherent in <i>floating-point computation assures a much larger dynamic range – the largest and smallest numbers that can be represented -</i> which is especially important when processing data sets which are extremely large or where the range may be unpredictable. As such, <i>floating-point processors are ideally suited for computationally intensive applications.</i> It is also important to consider fixed and floating-point formats in the context of <i>precision – the size of the gaps between numbers.</i> Every time a processor generates a new number via a mathematical calculation, that number must be rounded to the nearest value that can be stored via the format in use. Rounding and/or truncating numbers during processing naturally yields quantization error or ‘noise’ - the deviation between actual values and quantized values. Since the gaps between adjacent numbers can be much larger with fixed-point processing when compared to floating-point processing, round-off error can be much more pronounced. As such, <i>floating-point processing yields much greater precision than fixed-point processing, distinguishing floating-point processors as the ideal CPU when computing accuracy is a critical requirement.</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FLOPS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><div class="noprint tright portal" style="border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 85%; line-height: 110%; max-width: 175px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024.jpg"><img alt="Internet map 1024.jpg" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/28px-Internet_map_1024.jpg" width="28" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em;"><i><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Computer_Science" title="Portal:Computer Science">Computer Science portal</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Bell_Prize" title="Gordon Bell Prize">Gordon Bell Prize</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28computing%29" title="Orders of magnitude (computing)">Orders of magnitude (computing)</a></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FLOPS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.top500.org/stats/list/37/procclass" rel="nofollow">"Number of Processors share for 06/2011"</a>. <i>TOP500 Supercomputing Site</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 23, 2011</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Number+of+Processors+share+for+06%2F2011&rft.atitle=TOP500+Supercomputing+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.top500.org%2Fstats%2Flist%2F37%2Fprocclass&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:FLOPS"></span>.</li>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.bit-tech.net/hardware/2007/04/30/the_arrival_of_teraflop_computing/2" rel="nofollow">The Arrival of TeraFLOP Computing | bit-tech.net</a></li>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://top500.org/news/2007/06/23/29th_top500_list_world_s_fastest_supercomputers_released" rel="nofollow">"29th TOP500 List of World's Fastest Supercomputers Released"</a>. Top500.org. June 23, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 8, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=29th+TOP500+List+of+World%27s+Fastest+Supercomputers+Released&rft.atitle=&rft.date=June+23%2C+2007&rft.pub=Top500.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftop500.org%2Fnews%2F2007%2F06%2F23%2F29th_top500_list_world_s_fastest_supercomputers_released&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:FLOPS"></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.tacc.utexas.edu/resources/hpcsystems/" rel="nofollow">"University of Texas at Austin, Texas Advanced Computing Center"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 13, 2010</span>. "Any researcher at a U.S. institution can submit a proposal to request an allocation of cycles on the system."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=University+of+Texas+at+Austin%2C+Texas+Advanced+Computing+Center&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tacc.utexas.edu%2Fresources%2Fhpcsystems%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:FLOPS"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Sharon Gaudin (June 9, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&taxonomyName=hardware&articleId=9095318&taxonomyId=12&intsrc=kc_top" rel="nofollow">"IBM's Roadrunner smashes 4-minute mile of supercomputing"</a>. Computerworld<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 10, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=IBM%27s+Roadrunner+smashes+4-minute+mile+of+supercomputing&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Sharon+Gaudin&rft.au=Sharon+Gaudin&rft.date=June+9%2C+2008&rft.pub=Computerworld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Faction%2Farticle.do%3Fcommand%3DviewArticleBasic%26taxonomyName%3Dhardware%26articleId%3D9095318%26taxonomyId%3D12%26intsrc%3Dkc_top&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:FLOPS"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.top500.org/lists/2008/11/press-release" rel="nofollow">Austin ISC08</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Fildes, Jonathan (June 9, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7443557.stm" rel="nofollow">"Supercomputer sets petaflop pace"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 8, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Supercomputer+sets+petaflop+pace&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Fildes&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Fildes%2C%26%2332%3BJonathan&rft.date=June+9%2C+2008&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F7443557.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:FLOPS"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Greenberg, Andy (November 16, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/15/supercomputer-ibm-jaguar-technology-cio-network-cray.html?feed=rss_popstories" rel="nofollow">"Cray Dethrones IBM In Supercomputing"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cray+Dethrones+IBM+In+Supercomputing&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft.au=Greenberg%2C%26%2332%3BAndy&rft.date=November+16%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F15%2Fsupercomputer-ibm-jaguar-technology-cio-network-cray.html%3Ffeed%3Drss_popstories&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:FLOPS"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11644252" rel="nofollow">"China claims supercomputer crown"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. October 28, 2010.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+claims+supercomputer+crown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.date=October+28%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-11644252&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:FLOPS"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-10/china-unveils-2507-petaflop-supercomputer-worlds-fastest" rel="nofollow">China Unveils 2.507-Petaflop Supercomputer, the World's Fastest | Popular Science</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.top500.org/lists/2011/06/press-release" rel="nofollow">Japan Reclaims Top Ranking on Latest TOP500 List of World’s Supercomputers | TOP500 Supercomputing Sites</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_numerals#Large_numbers" title="Japanese numerals">Japanese numbers</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i7-980x_extreme_edition_-_ready_for_sick_scores/8" rel="nofollow">Intel's Core i7-980X Extreme Edition - Ready for Sick Scores?: Mathematics: Sandra Arithmetic, Crypto, Microsoft Excel - Techgage</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-nvidia.com-16"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-nvidia.com_16-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.nvidia.com/object/product_tesla_C2050_C2070_us.html" rel="nofollow">NVIDIA Tesla Personal Supercomputer</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-ati.amd.com-17"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-ati.amd.com_17-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.amd.com/us/products/workstation/firestream/firestream-9270/pages/firestream-9270.aspx" rel="nofollow">AMD FireStream™ 9270 GPU Compute Accelerator</a></li>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://boincstats.com/stats/project_graph.php?pr=milkyway" rel="nofollow">"MilkyWay@Home Credit overview"</a>. BOINC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 25, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MilkyWay%40Home+Credit+overview&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=BOINC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboincstats.com%2Fstats%2Fproject_graph.php%3Fpr%3Dmilkyway&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:FLOPS"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.boincstats.com/stats/project_graph.php?pr=sah" rel="nofollow">"SETI@Home Credit overview"</a>. BOINC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 25, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=SETI%40Home+Credit+overview&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=BOINC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boincstats.com%2Fstats%2Fproject_graph.php%3Fpr%3Dsah&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:FLOPS"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://de.boincstats.com/stats/project_graph.php?pr=einstein" rel="nofollow">"Einstein@Home Credit overview"</a>. BOINC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 25, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Einstein%40Home+Credit+overview&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=BOINC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fde.boincstats.com%2Fstats%2Fproject_graph.php%3Fpr%3Deinstein&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:FLOPS"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.mersenne.org/primenet" rel="nofollow">"Internet PrimeNet Server Distributed Computing Technology for the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search"</a>. <i>GIMPS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 25, 2011</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Internet+PrimeNet+Server+Distributed+Computing+Technology+for+the+Great+Internet+Mersenne+Prime+Search&rft.atitle=GIMPS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mersenne.org%2Fprimenet&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:FLOPS"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.heise.de/english/newsticker/news/107683" rel="nofollow">"NASA collaborates with Intel and SGI on forthcoming petaflops super computers"</a>. <i>Heise online</i>. May 9, 2008.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NASA+collaborates+with+Intel+and+SGI+on+forthcoming+petaflops+super+computers&rft.jtitle=Heise+online&rft.date=May+9%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heise.de%2Fenglish%2Fnewsticker%2Fnews%2F107683&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:FLOPS"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Thibodeau, Patrick (June 10, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.infoworld.com/article/08/06/10/IBM_breaks_petaflop_barrier_1.html" rel="nofollow">"IBM breaks petaflop barrier"</a>. <i>InfoWorld</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=IBM+breaks+petaflop+barrier&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.aulast=Thibodeau&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Thibodeau%2C%26%2332%3BPatrick&rft.date=June+10%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F08%2F06%2F10%2FIBM_breaks_petaflop_barrier_1.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:FLOPS"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=222000288" rel="nofollow">Cray studies exascale computing in Europe:</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">DeBenedictis, Erik P. (2005). <a class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1062325" rel="nofollow">"Reversible logic for supercomputing"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Computing frontiers</i>. New York, NY: ACM Press. pp. 391–402. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1595930191" title="Special:BookSources/1595930191">1595930191</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Reversible+logic+for+supercomputing&rft.atitle=Proceedings+of+the+2nd+conference+on+Computing+frontiers&rft.aulast=DeBenedictis&rft.aufirst=Erik+P.&rft.au=DeBenedictis%2C%26%2332%3BErik+P.&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B391%E2%80%93402&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=ACM+Press&rft.isbn=1595930191&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:FLOPS"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.h-online.com/newsticker/news/item/IDF-Intel-says-Moore-s-Law-holds-until-2029-734779.html" rel="nofollow">"IDF: Intel says Moore's Law holds until 2029"</a>. <i>Heise Online</i>. April 4, 2008.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=IDF%3A+Intel+says+Moore%27s+Law+holds+until+2029&rft.jtitle=Heise+Online&rft.date=April+4%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-online.com%2Fnewsticker%2Fnews%2Fitem%2FIDF-Intel-says-Moore-s-Law-holds-until-2029-734779.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:FLOPS"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Assefa, Solomon; Xia, Fengnian; Vlasov, Yurii A. (2010). "Reinventing germanium avalanche photodetector for nanophotonic on-chip optical interconnects". <i>Nature</i> <b>464</b> (7285): 80–84. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.464...80A" rel="nofollow">2010Natur.464...80A</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08813" rel="nofollow">10.1038/nature08813</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20203606" rel="nofollow">20203606</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reinventing+germanium+avalanche+photodetector+for+nanophotonic+on-chip+optical+interconnects&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Assefa&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rft.au=Assefa%2C%26%2332%3BSolomon&rft.au=Xia%2C%26%2332%3BFengnian&rft.au=Vlasov%2C%26%2332%3BYurii+A.&rft.date=2010&rft.volume=464&rft.issue=7285&rft.pages=80%E2%80%9384&rft_id=info:bibcode/2010Natur.464...80A&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature08813&rft_id=info:pmid/20203606&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:FLOPS"></span>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-tadias.com-34">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-tadias.com_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-tadias.com_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-tadias.com_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.tadias.com/03/08/2010/research-discovery-by-ethiopian-scientist-at-ibm/" rel="nofollow">Research Discovery By Ethiopian Scientist At IBM at Tadias Magazine</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/research_projects.nsf/pages/photonics.index.html" rel="nofollow">IBM Research | IBM Research | Silicon Integrated Nanophotonics</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/41904" rel="nofollow">Avalanche photodetector breaks speed record - physicsworld.com</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-12/air-forces-new-supercomputer-made-1760-playstation-3s" rel="nofollow">Air Force Unveils Fastest Defense Supercomputer, Made of 1,760 PlayStation 3s | Popular Science</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> p339, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Factory" title="Shadow Factory">Shadow Factory</a>, Bamford</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61-ibm1401.html" rel="nofollow">IBM 1961 BRL Report</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://loki-www.lanl.gov/papers/sc97/" rel="nofollow">Loki and Hyglac</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://aggregate.org/KLAT2/" rel="nofollow">The Aggregate</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://aggregate.org/KASY0/" rel="nofollow">The Aggregate - KASY0</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20070912061302/http://www.calvin.edu/%7Eadams/research/microwulf/" rel="nofollow">Microwulf: A Personal, Portable Beowulf Cluster</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> Adam Stevenson, Yann Le Du, and Mariem El Afrit. "<a class="external text" href="http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2011/03/high-performance-computing-on-gamer-pcs-part-1-hardware.ars" rel="nofollow">High-performance computing on gamer PCs</a>." <i>Ars Technica</i>. March 31, 2011.</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-45">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.dspguide.com/ch28/4.htm" rel="nofollow">Floating point vs fixed-point.</a> Retrieved on December 25, 2009.</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.dspguide.com/ch28/1.htm" rel="nofollow">Data manipulation and math calculation.</a> Retrieved on December 25, 2009.</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.dspguide.com/ch4/2.htm" rel="nofollow">Integer</a> Retrieved on December 25, 2009.</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.dspguide.com/ch4/3.htm" rel="nofollow">Floating Point</a> Retrieved on December 25, 2009.</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.analog.com/en/embedded-processing-dsp/content/Fixed-Point_vs_Floating-Point_DSP/fca.html" rel="nofollow">Summary: Fixed point (integer) vs Floating point</a> Retrieved on December 25, 2009.</li>
</ol></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FLOPS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://einstein.phys.uwm.edu/server_status.php" rel="nofollow">Current Einstein@Home benchmark</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.boincstats.com/stats/project_graph.php?pr=bo" rel="nofollow">BOINC projects global benchmark</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://mersenne.org/primenet/" rel="nofollow">Current GIMPS throughput</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://top500.org/" rel="nofollow">Top500.org</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.linuxhpc.org/" rel="nofollow">LinuxHPC.org</a> Linux High Performance Computing and Clustering Portal</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.winhpc.org/" rel="nofollow">WinHPC.org</a> Windows High Performance Computing and Clustering Portal</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://svn.oscar.openclustergroup.org/php/clusters_register.php?sort=rpeak" rel="nofollow">Oscar Linux-cluster ranking list by CPUs/types and respective FLOPS</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.mosis.org/forms/mosis_forms/ECCN_CTP_Computation.pdf" rel="nofollow">Information on how to calculate "Composite Theoretical Performance" (CTP)</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://investors.cray.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=98390&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=873357&highlight=" rel="nofollow">Information on the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Cray XT system.</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.perceus.org/portal/" rel="nofollow">Infiscale Cluster Portal - Free GPL HPC</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.roylongbottom.org.uk/index.htm" rel="nofollow">Source code, pre-compiled versions and results for PCs</a> - <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linpack" title="Linpack">Linpack</a>, Livermore Loops, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whetstone" title="Whetstone">Whetstone</a> MFLOPS</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.roylongbottom.org.uk/cpuspeed.htm" rel="nofollow">PC CPU Performance Comparisons %MFLOPS/MHz - CPU, Caches and RAM</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.intel.com/support/processors/xeon/sb/CS-020863.htm" rel="nofollow">Xeon export compliance metrics</a>, including GFLOPS</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.hpcwire.com/features/IBM-Brings-NVIDIA-GPUs-Onboard-94190024.html" rel="nofollow">IBM Brings NVIDIA Tesla GPUs Onboard (May 2010)</a></li>
</ul><div class="articleFeedback" id="mw-articlefeedback"><div class="articleFeedback-panel"> <div class="articleFeedback-buffer articleFeedback-ui"> <div class="articleFeedback-switch articleFeedback-switch-report articleFeedback-visibleWith-form" rel="report">View page ratings</div><div class="articleFeedback-title articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">Rate this page</div><div class="articleFeedback-explanation articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"><a class="articleFeedback-explanation-link" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article%20Feedback%20Tool">What's this?</a></div><div class="articleFeedback-ratings"><div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="trustworthy"> <div class="articleFeedback-label">Trustworthy</div><div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div><div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div><div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="objective"> <div class="articleFeedback-label">Objective</div><div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div><div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div><div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="complete"> <div class="articleFeedback-label">Complete</div><div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div><div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div><div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="wellwritten"> <div class="articleFeedback-label">Well-written</div><div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div><div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div></div><div class="articleFeedback-options"> <div class="articleFeedback-expertise articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> <input disabled="disabled" id="articleFeedback-expertise-general" type="checkbox" value="general" /><label class="articleFeedback-expertise-disabled" for="articleFeedback-expertise-general">I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional)</label> </div></div><div class="articleFeedback-notices articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"> </div></div></div></div><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer_benchmarks" title="Category:Computer benchmarks">Computer benchmarks</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Units_of_frequency" title="Category:Units of frequency">Units of frequency</a></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-3929590176140098662011-07-03T01:14:00.003-04:002011-07-03T01:14:44.101-04:00Cinco de Mayo<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Cinco de Mayo</h1><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div class="dablink">Not to be confused with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Independence_Day" title="Mexican Independence Day">Mexican Independence Day</a>, which occurs on September 16.</div><table cellspacing="5" class="infobox" style="width: 22em;"><tbody>
<tr> <th class="" colspan="2" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">Cinco de Mayo</th> </tr>
<tr class=""> <td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BattleofPuebla2.jpg" title="Cinco de Mayo"><img alt="Cinco de Mayo" height="294" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/BattleofPuebla2.jpg/225px-BattleofPuebla2.jpg" width="225" /></a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Puebla" title="Battle of Puebla">Battle of Puebla</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Observed by</th> <td class="">US Americans, mixed nationality;<br />
citizens of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla,_Puebla" title="Puebla, Puebla">Puebla, Puebla</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Type</th> <td class="">Multinational</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Date</th> <td class="">May 5, 1862</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Observances</th> <td class="">Celebration in the United States of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American" title="Mexican-American">Mexican-American</a> culture and experiences. Only somewhat celebrated in Mexico.<br />
Food, music, folkloric dancing</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><b>Cinco de Mayo</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> for "fifth of May") is a holiday held on <b>May 5</b>. It is celebrated nationwide in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and regionally in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, primarily in the state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NatGeo_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-NatGeo-1">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-list_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-list-2">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-globe_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-globe-3">[4]</a></sup> where the holiday is called <i>El Dia de la Batalla de Puebla</i> (English: The Day of the Battle of Puebla).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup> The date is observed in the United States as a celebration of Mexican heritage and pride,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup> and to commemorate the cause of freedom and democracy during the first years of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-egpnews9337_8-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-egpnews9337-8">[9]</a></sup> In the state of Puebla, the date is observed to commemorate the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_army" title="Mexican army">Mexican army</a>'s unlikely victory over <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> forces at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Puebla" title="Battle of Puebla">Battle of Puebla</a> on May 5, 1862, under the leadership of General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Zaragoza" title="Ignacio Zaragoza">Ignacio Zaragoza Seguín</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-9">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-thomas.loc.gov_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-thomas.loc.gov-10">[11]</a></sup> Contrary to widespread popular belief, Cinco de Mayo is not <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grito_de_Dolores" title="Grito de Dolores">Mexico's Independence Day</a>—the most important national patriotic holiday in Mexico.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DN_12-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-DN-12">[13]</a></sup><br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#Events_leading_to_Cinco_de_Mayo"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Events leading to Cinco de Mayo</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#The_French_invasion"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">The French invasion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#The_Mexican_victory"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">The Mexican victory</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#Events_after_the_Battle"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Events after the Battle</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#Significance"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Significance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#Consequences_to_the_United_States"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Consequences to the United States</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#Observances"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Observances</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#History_of_observance"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">History of observance</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#Mexico"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mexico</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#Elsewhere"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Elsewhere</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cinco_de_Mayo,_1901_poster.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="281" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cinco_de_Mayo%2C_1901_poster.jpg/200px-Cinco_de_Mayo%2C_1901_poster.jpg" width="200" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cinco_de_Mayo,_1901_poster.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>1901 poster for Cinco de Mayo: "May 5, 1862 and the siege of Puebla." Photo courtesy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University" title="Southern Methodist University">SMU</a></div></div></div><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Events leading to Cinco de Mayo">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Events_leading_to_Cinco_de_Mayo">Events leading to Cinco de Mayo</span></h3>Cinco de Mayo has its roots in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="French intervention in Mexico">French occupation of Mexico</a>, which took place in the aftermath of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican-American War of 1846-48</a>, the Mexican Civil War of 1858, and the 1860 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">Reform Wars</a>. These wars left the Mexican Treasury in ruins and nearly bankrupt. On July 17, 1861, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> issued a moratorium in which all foreign debt payments would be suspended for two years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-13">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-14">[15]</a></sup> In response, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> sent naval forces to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> to demand reimbursement. Britain and Spain negotiated with Mexico and withdrew, but France, at the time ruled by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, decided to use the opportunity to establish a Latin empire in Mexico that would favor French interests, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a>.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The French invasion">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="The_French_invasion">The French invasion</span></h3>Late in 1861, a well-armed French fleet stormed Veracruz, landing a large French force and driving President Juárez and his government into retreat.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-15">[16]</a></sup> Moving on from Veracruz towards <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, the French army encountered heavy resistance from the Mexicans near Puebla, at the Mexican forts of Loreto and Guadalupe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mexonline.com_16-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-mexonline.com-16">[17]</a></sup> The 8,000-strong French army attacked the much more poorly equipped Mexican army of 4,000. Yet, on May 5, 1862,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-17">[18]</a></sup> the Mexicans managed to decisively crush the French army, the best army of the time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-18">[19]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Mexican victory">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="The_Mexican_victory">The Mexican victory</span></h3>The victory represented a significant morale boost to the Mexican army and the Mexican people at large. In the description of The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Channel" title="History Channel">History Channel</a>, "Although not a major strategic win in the overall war against the French, Zaragoza's success at Puebla represented a great symbolic victory for the Mexican government and bolstered the resistance movement."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-19">[20]</a></sup> The description of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine was: "The Puebla victory came to symbolize unity and pride for what seemed like a Mexican David defeating a French Goliath."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-time.com_20-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-time.com-20">[21]</a></sup> It helped establish a much-needed sense of national unity and patriotism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mexonline.com_16-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-mexonline.com-16">[17]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Events after the Battle">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Events_after_the_Battle">Events after the Battle</span></h3>The Mexican victory, however, was short-lived. Thirty thousand troops and a full year later, the French were able to depose the Mexican army, capture Mexico City, and establish <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Emperor Maximilian I</a> as ruler of Mexico.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mexonline.com_16-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-mexonline.com-16">[17]</a></sup> However, the French victory was also short-lived, lasting only 3 years, from 1864 to 1867. With the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Civil_War" title="U.S. Civil War">U.S. Civil War</a> over in 1865, the U.S. was able to provide more assistance to Mexico to expel the French, after which Maximilian I was executed by the Mexicans, along with his Mexican generals Miramón and Mejía, in the Cerro de las Campanas, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queretaro" title="Queretaro">Queretaro</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mexonline.com_16-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-mexonline.com-16">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-21">[22]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Significance">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Significance">Significance</span></h2>The Battle of Puebla was important for at least two reasons. First, although considerably outnumbered, the Mexicans defeated a much better-equipped French army. "This battle was significant in that the 4,000 Mexican soldiers were greatly outnumbered by the well-equipped French army of 8,000 that had not been defeated for almost 50 years."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-22">[23]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-23">[24]</a></sup> Second, it was significant because since the Battle of Puebla, no country in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Americas" title="The Americas">the Americas</a> has been invaded by any other European military force.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-24">[25]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consequences to the United States">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Consequences_to_the_United_States">Consequences to the United States</span></h2>Some historians have argued that France's real goal was to help break up the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America" title="United States of America">American Union</a>, at the time in the midst of a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Civil_War" title="U.S. Civil War">civil war</a>, by helping the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">southern Confederacy</a>:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-25">[26]</a></sup> "The Mexicans had won a great victory that kept Napoleon III from supplying the confederate rebels for another year, allowing the United States to build the greatest army the world had ever seen. This grand army smashed the Confederates at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a> just 14 months after the battle of Puebla, essentially ending the Civil War." The consequence of Cinco de Mayo to the United States has been thus recognized: "The defeat of the French army had consequences for America as well...the French defeat denied Napoleon III the opportunity to resupply the Confederate rebels for another year."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-26">[27]</a></sup><br />
Donald W. Miles adds, "At the time, there were fears in the United States that the French would use Mexico as a base to back the Confederacy, so President Lincoln and his Secretary of State went out of their way to appear 'neutral' in the Mexican situation. They did not want to take on the French and the Confederates at the same time".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-27">[28]</a></sup> Dr. Miles goes on to explain that "Napoleon III had hesitated to take on the United States directly, but now the news of the Civil War changed everything". It meant that the Americans would be occupied with their conflict between North and South for some time. Upon hearing the Spaniards and the British had sailed off to grab the customs house in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> to start collecting their duties, Napoleon decided he would not only send the French navy, but would also start looking for someone to place as emperor in Mexico. He would then use Mexico as a base to help the Confederates win their war against the United States. Napoleon saw this as an opportunity not to be missed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-28">[29]</a></sup> Dr. Miles then concludes, "The Emperor of France ordered his generals to spend a few months taking on Mexico and then - using Mexico as a 'base' - help the Confederates win their war against the United States. What if they had succeded? The United States would never become the significant world power it is today...the Mexicans not only took their nation back, but influenced the outcome of the U.S. Civil War."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-29">[30]</a></sup><br />
Historian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justo_Sierra" title="Justo Sierra">Justo Sierra</a> has written in his <i>Political Evolution of the Mexican People</i>, that had Mexico not defeated the French in Puebla on May 5, 1862, France would have gone to the aid of the South in the U.S. Civil War and the United States' destiny could have been very different.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-30">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-31">[32]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Observances">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Observances">Observances</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cinco_de_Mayo_performers_at_White_House.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="270" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Cinco_de_Mayo_performers_at_White_House.jpg/170px-Cinco_de_Mayo_performers_at_White_House.jpg" width="170" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cinco_de_Mayo_performers_at_White_House.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Cinco de Mayo performers at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></div></div></div>On June 7, 2005, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Congress" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> issued a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_Resolution" title="Concurrent Resolution">Concurrent Resolution</a> calling on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> to issue a proclamation calling upon the people of the United States to observe Cinco de Mayo with appropriate ceremonies and activities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-thomas.loc.gov_10-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-thomas.loc.gov-10">[11]</a></sup><br />
In a 1998 study in the <i>Journal of American Culture</i> it was reported that there were more than 120 official U.S. celebrations of Cinco de Mayo, and they could be found in 21 different states. An update in 2006, found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more, according to José Alamillo, professor of ethnic studies at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_University" title="Washington State University">Washington State University</a> in Pullman, who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-32">[33]</a></sup><br />
In the United States Cinco de Mayo has taken on a significance beyond that in Mexico.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MexCon_33-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-MexCon-33">[34]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-34">[35]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-go_35-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-go-35">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mn_36-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-mn-36">[37]</a></sup> The date is perhaps best recognized in the United States as a date to celebrate the culture and experiences of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_American" title="Mexican American">Americans of Mexican ancestry</a>, much as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day" title="St. Patrick's Day">St. Patrick's Day</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> are used to celebrate those of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_American" title="Irish American">Irish</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American" title="German American">German</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_American" title="Chinese American">Chinese</a> ancestry respectively. Similar to those holidays, Cinco de Mayo is observed by many Americans regardless of ethnic origin. Celebrations tend to draw both from traditional Mexican symbols, such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgen_de_Guadalupe" title="Virgen de Guadalupe">Virgen de Guadalupe</a>, and from prominent figures of Mexican descent in the United States, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="César Chávez">César Chávez</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ahorre_37-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-Ahorre-37">[38]</a></sup> To celebrate, many display Cinco de Mayo banners while <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_district" title="School district">school districts</a> hold special events to educate pupils about its historical significance. Special events and celebrations highlight Mexican culture, especially in its music and regional dancing. Examples include <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baile_Folklorico" title="Baile Folklorico">baile folklórico</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariachi" title="Mariachi">mariachi</a></i> demonstrations held annually at the Plaza del <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_de_Los_Angeles" title="Pueblo de Los Angeles">Pueblo de Los Angeles</a>, near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olvera_Street" title="Olvera Street">Olvera Street</a>. Commercial interests in the United States have capitalized on the celebration, advertising Mexican products and services, with an emphasis on beverages,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-times_38-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-times-38">[39]</a></sup> foods, and music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Alb_39-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-Alb-39">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Corona_40-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-Corona-40">[41]</a></sup><br />
<h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History of observance">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_observance">History of observance</span></h4><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cinco_de_mayo_bush.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cinco_de_mayo_bush.jpg/220px-Cinco_de_mayo_bush.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cinco_de_mayo_bush.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Cinco de Mayo dancers greeted by U.S. President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></div></div></div>Mexicans and Latinos living in California during the American Civil War are credited with being the first to celebrate Cinco de Mayo in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-egpnews9337_8-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-egpnews9337-8">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-41">[42]</a></sup><br />
According to a paper published by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the modern American focus on that day first started in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s" title="1860s">1860s</a> in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico. "Far up in the gold country town of Columbia (now <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_State_Historic_Park" title="Columbia State Historic Park">Columbia State Park</a>) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifles shots and fireworks, sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UCLA_42-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-UCLA-42">[43]</a></sup> A 2007 UCLA Newsroom article notes that "The holiday, which has been celebrated in California continuously since 1863, is virtually ignored in Mexico."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UCLA_42-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-UCLA-42">[43]</a></sup> TIME magazine reports that "Cinco de Mayo started to come into vogue in 1940s America during the rise of the Chicano movement."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-time.com_20-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-time.com-20">[21]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPI" title="UPI">United Press International</a> reports that "The holiday crossed over into the United States in the 1950s and 1960s but didn't gain popularity until the 1980s when marketers, especially beer companies, capitalized on the celebratory nature of the day and began to promote it."<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Mexico">Mexico</span></h3>Cinco de Mayo is a regional holiday limited primarily to the state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>. There is some limited recognition of the holiday in other parts of the country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MexOnLine_43-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-MexOnLine-43">[44]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Elsewhere">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cinco26.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="181" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cinco26.jpg/170px-Cinco26.jpg" width="170" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cinco26.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Cinco de Mayo celebration in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a></div></div></div>Events tied to Cinco de Mayo also occur outside Mexico and the United States. For example, a sky-diving club near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, holds a Cinco de Mayo skydiving event.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vanc_44-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-Vanc-44">[45]</a></sup> In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a>, in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, there is an annual Cinco de Mayo <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_guitar" title="Air guitar">air guitar</a> competition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cayman_45-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-Cayman-45">[46]</a></sup> As far away as the island of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, revelers are encouraged to drink Mexican beer on May 5.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Malta_46-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_note-Malta-46">[47]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">History of Mexico</a></li>
</ul><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.mexonline.com/cinco-de-mayo.htm" rel="nofollow"><i>Cinco de Mayo.</i> Mexico Online: The Oldest and most trusted online guide to Mexico.</a> Retrieved February 6, 2009.</li>
<li id="cite_note-NatGeo-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-NatGeo_1-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/0505_060505_cinco_de_mayo.html" rel="nofollow">"The anniversary of the victory is celebrated only sporadically in Mexico" - National Geographic</a> Accessed December 4, 2007</li>
<li id="cite_note-list-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-list_2-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.qppstudio.net/publicholidays2009/mexico.htm" rel="nofollow">List of Public and Bank Holidays in Mexico</a> April 14, 2008. This list indicates that Cinco de Mayo is not a <i>día feriado obligatorio</i> ("obligatory holiday"), but is instead a holiday that can be voluntarily observed.</li>
<li id="cite_note-globe-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-globe_3-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/04/30/cinco_to_drinko_not_for_me_amigo/" rel="nofollow">Cinco de Mayo is not a federal holiday in México</a> Accessed May 5, 2009</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.colegiorex.mx/eventos/dia-de-la-batalla-de-puebla" rel="nofollow"><i>Día de la Batalla de Puebla</i>. 5 May 2011. "Dia de la Batalla de Puebla: 5 de Mayo de 1862."</a> Colegio Rex: Marina, Mazatlan. Retrieved 25 May 2011.</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.sanmiguelguide.com/batalla-de-puebla.htm" rel="nofollow"><i>Día de la Batalla de Puebla (5 de Mayo).</i> Guia de San Miguel.</a> Retrieved 25 May 2011.</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.freedomcurrent.com/trendingnews/happy-battle-of-puebla-day.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Happy “Battle of Puebla” Day.</i></a> Retrieved 25 May 2011.</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,660217535,00.html" rel="nofollow">Statement by Mexican Consular official</a> Accessed May 8, 2007.</li>
<li id="cite_note-egpnews9337-8">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-egpnews9337_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-egpnews9337_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://egpnews.com/?p=9337" rel="nofollow"><i>Cinco de Mayo: The Real Story.</i></a> Cinco de Mayo: The Real Story, Part 1: While viewed as a Mexican holiday, the date has more meaning in the US. David E. Hayes-Bautista. Retrieved April 14, 2011.</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/0505_060505_cinco_de_mayo.html" rel="nofollow">National Geographic: Defeat of French forces by Mexican Army</a> Retrieved February 6, 2009.</li>
<li id="cite_note-thomas.loc.gov-10">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-thomas.loc.gov_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-thomas.loc.gov_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/R?r109:FLD001:H04151" rel="nofollow">Library of Congress (U.S.A.) Declaration</a> Retrieved February 6, 2009.</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Stefan Lovgren (2006-05-05). <a class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/0505_060505_cinco_de_mayo.html" rel="nofollow">"Cinco de Mayo, From Mexican Fiesta to Popular U.S. Holiday"</a>. National Geographic<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cinco+de+Mayo%2C+From+Mexican+Fiesta+to+Popular+U.S.+Holiday&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Stefan+Lovgren&rft.au=Stefan+Lovgren&rft.date=2006-05-05&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2F05%2F0505_060505_cinco_de_mayo.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cinco_de_Mayo"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DN-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-DN_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Lauren Effron (2010-05-05). <a class="external text" href="http://news.discovery.com/history/cinco-de-mayo-not-mexicos-independence-day.html" rel="nofollow">"Cinco de Mayo: NOT Mexico's Independence Day"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cinco+de+Mayo%3A+NOT+Mexico%27s+Independence+Day&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Lauren+Effron&rft.au=Lauren+Effron&rft.date=2010-05-05&rft.pub=%5B%5BDiscovery+Channel%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.discovery.com%2Fhistory%2Fcinco-de-mayo-not-mexicos-independence-day.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cinco_de_Mayo"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://clnet.ucla.edu/cinco.html" rel="nofollow">"University of California at Los Angeles"</a>. Clnet.ucla.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=University+of+California+at+Los+Angeles&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Clnet.ucla.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclnet.ucla.edu%2Fcinco.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cinco_de_Mayo"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Herz, May. <a class="external text" href="http://www.inside-mexico.com/featurecinco.htm" rel="nofollow">"Cinco de Mayo."</a>. Inside Mexico<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cinco+de+Mayo.&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Herz%2C+May&rft.au=Herz%2C+May&rft.pub=Inside+Mexico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inside-mexico.com%2Ffeaturecinco.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cinco_de_Mayo"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/cinco-de-mayo" rel="nofollow">"Cinco de Mayo"</a>. History.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cinco+de+Mayo&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=History.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fcinco-de-mayo&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cinco_de_Mayo"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-mexonline.com-16">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-mexonline.com_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-mexonline.com_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-mexonline.com_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-mexonline.com_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.mexonline.com/cinco-de-mayo.htm" rel="nofollow">"Cinco de Mayo"</a>. Mexico Online. 2007-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cinco+de+Mayo&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2007-04-25&rft.pub=Mexico+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mexonline.com%2Fcinco-de-mayo.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cinco_de_Mayo"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/cinco-de-mayo" rel="nofollow">Cinco de Mayo.</a> [Internet]. 2011. The History Channel website. Accessed 5 May 2011.</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://thebulletin.us/articles/2009/05/07/arts_culture/monkeybrains/doc49fa6aad6bd12177671001.txt" rel="nofollow">Philadelphia News Article reporting Mexican were outnumbered 2-to-1</a> The Bulletin: Philadelphia's Family Newspaper, "Cinco De Mayo: Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May", May 7, 2009. By Cheryl VanBuskirk. Retrieved May 10, 2010.</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/cinco-de-mayo" rel="nofollow">History Channel.com</a> Retrieved May 14, 2010.</li>
<li id="cite_note-time.com-20">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-time.com_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-time.com_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1986906_1986905_1986833,00.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Happy Cinco de Mayo: Top 10 Drunkest Holidays.</i>. Time. By Frances Romero. Wednesday, May. 05, 2010.</a> Retrieved May 14, 2010.</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.inside-mexico.com/featurecinco.htm" rel="nofollow">Cinco de Mayo</a> inside-mexico.com</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://thebulletin.us/articles/2009/05/07/arts_culture/monkeybrains/doc49fa6aad6bd12177671001.txt" rel="nofollow">Philadelphia News Article reporting Mexican were outnumbered 2-to-1</a> The Bulletin: Philadelphia's Family Newspaper, "Cinco De Mayo: Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May", May 7, 2009. By Cheryl VanBuskirk. Retrieved June 5, 2009. <b>Note:</b> The French had in fact been defeated by the Russians at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Petropavlovsk" title="Siege of Petropavlovsk">Siege of Petropavlovsk</a> in 1854.</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/timeline/10.html" rel="nofollow">PBS Reports French Army Knew No Defeat for Almost 50 Years.</a> Retrieved February 6, 2009.</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://thebulletin.us/articles/2009/05/07/arts_culture/monkeybrains/doc49fa6aad6bd12177671001.txt" rel="nofollow">The Philadelphia Bulletin "This was the last time any army from another continent invaded (Note: "invaded", not "attacked") the Americas."</a> The Bulletin: Philadelphia's Family Newspaper, "Cinco De Mayo: Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May", May 7, 2009. By Cheryl VanBuskirk. Retrieved June 5, 2009. <b>Note</b> that since Cinco de Mayo no army from another continent has <i>invaded</i> the Americas. The War of the Falklands War, for example, was fought in the Americas but the Islands were invaded by a military from the Americas (the Argentine military). They were subsequently attacked (not <i>invaded</i>) by the UK. Another example, Pearl Harbor, experienced an attack, not an <i>invasion</i> by the Japanese. The only possible exception to the Cinco de Mayo claim above might be the brief occupation/invasion of two of the Alaskan Aleutian Islands by the Japanese military during WWII. This event, however, was so insignificant as to be virtually negligible: the islands invaded had a total population of 12 Americans and some 45 natives, the invasion was short-lived, and the battle fought there had no notoriety other than the psychological effect on the Americans that the Japanese had invaded American territory again (Alaska was not yet a full-fledged state). In short, the military importance of this small, frozen piece of "land" was nowhere comparable to superior military significance of the Battle of Puebla.</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.vivacincodemayo.org/history.htm" rel="nofollow">"Viva Cinco de Mayo"</a>. Viva Cinco de Mayo.<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Viva+Cinco+de+Mayo&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Viva+Cinco+de+Mayo.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivacincodemayo.org%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cinco_de_Mayo"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/04/cinco-de-mayo-history-of_n_195769.html" rel="nofollow">"''Cinco De Mayo: History of the Holiday.'' Huffington Post"</a>. Huffingtonpost.com. 2009-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%27%26%2339%3BCinco+De+Mayo%3A+History+of+the+Holiday.%27%26%2339%3B+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2009-05-05&rft.pub=Huffingtonpost.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2009%2F05%2F04%2Fcinco-de-mayo-history-of_n_195769.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cinco_de_Mayo"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> Cinco de Mayo: what is everybody celebrating?. The Story Behind Mexico's Battle of Puebla. By Donald W. Miles. New York: iUniverse, Press. 2006. Page xv.</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <i>Cinco de Mayo: what is everybody celebrating?. The Story Behind Mexico's Battle of Puebla.</i>. By Donald W. Miles. New York: iUniverse, Press. 2006. Page 7.</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <i>Cinco de Mayo: what is everybody celebrating?. The Story Behind Mexico's Battle of Puebla.</i>. By Donald W. Miles. New York: iUniverse, Press. 2006. Page 279.</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.banderasnews.com/0705/edat-frenchdefeat.htm" rel="nofollow">"''Mexico's Lasting European Influence.'' By Jose Antonio Burciaga. Free Lance-Star Publishing. May, 2007. (First released in The Hispanic News Link. 1981.)"</a>. Banderasnews.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%27%26%2339%3BMexico%27s+Lasting+European+Influence.%27%26%2339%3B+By+Jose+Antonio+Burciaga.+Free+Lance-Star+Publishing.+May%2C+2007.+%28First+released+in+The+Hispanic+News+Link.+1981.%29&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Banderasnews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banderasnews.com%2F0705%2Fedat-frenchdefeat.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cinco_de_Mayo"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/174689" rel="nofollow">The Political Evolution of the Mexican People. By Justo Sierra. Translated by Charles Ramsdell. Austin, TX: The University of Texas Press. 1969. (As presented by JSTOR: Truted Archive for Scholarship. Review: by Robert L. Bidwell. © 1971. Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami.)</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Stefan Lovgren in Los Angeles. <a class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/01/100505-cinco-de-mayo-history/" rel="nofollow">"''Cinco de Mayo History: From Bloodshed to Beer Fest.'' National Geographic"</a>. News.nationalgeographic.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%27%26%2339%3BCinco+de+Mayo+History%3A+From+Bloodshed+to+Beer+Fest.%27%26%2339%3B+National+Geographic&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Stefan+Lovgren+in+Los+Angeles&rft.au=Stefan+Lovgren+in+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=News.nationalgeographic.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F01%2F100505-cinco-de-mayo-history%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cinco_de_Mayo"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MexCon-33"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-MexCon_33-0">^</a></b> "In historical terms, the battle that communities across America are preparing to celebrate this weekend isn't that significant, says John Renteria, director of Centro Civico Mexicano. The May 5, 1862, Battle of Puebla is barely even noticed in Mexico, Renteria said. But the celebration of the defeat of French invaders by an outnumbered Mexican army, led by a Texas-born general, is becoming distinctly American. "It's become more of a cultural, commercial phenomenon in terms of building awareness and educating the public about the Mexican culture," Renteria said. "It's really a U.S. day, not a Mexico thing, and that's fine with us." <a class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,660217535,00.html" rel="nofollow">Statement by Mexican Consular official</a> Accessed May 8, 2007.</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://clnet.ucla.edu/cinco.html" rel="nofollow">"Cinco de Mayo has become more of [an American] holiday than a Mexican one."</a> accessed May 5, 2007</li>
<li id="cite_note-go-35"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-go_35-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://gomexico.about.com/od/festivalsholidays/p/cinco_de_mayo.htm" rel="nofollow">"Cinco de Mayo has become a day for celebrating Mexican culture in the United States, and celebrations there easily outshine those in Mexico."</a> Accessed May 8, 2007</li>
<li id="cite_note-mn-36"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-mn_36-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.mndaily.com/articles/2003/05/05/38887" rel="nofollow">"Today, the holiday is celebrated more in the United States than in Mexico"</a> Accessed October 30, 2007 <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20071118214433/http://www.mndaily.com/articles/2003/05/05/38887" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> November 18, 2007 at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ahorre-37"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-Ahorre_37-0">^</a></b> In some locations with significant non-Mexican hispanic communities, such as Florida, the celebration has grown to include non-Mexicans. <a class="external text" href="http://www.ahorre.com/noticias/info/negocios_pequenos/cinco_de_mayo_an_excuse_to_party_in_us/" rel="nofollow">Ahorre.com</a> Accessed May 8, 2007.</li>
<li id="cite_note-times-38"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-times_38-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01EFDA173CF931A35756C0A9659C8B63&n=Top/News/Business/Small%20Business/Marketing%20and%20Advertising" rel="nofollow">"[Cinco de Mayo] gives us an opportunity ... to really get a jump-start on the summer beer-selling season"</a> New York Times Business section; May 2, 2003. Accessed October 30, 2007</li>
<li id="cite_note-Alb-39"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-Alb_39-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.abqtrib.com/news/2007/may/04/cinco-de-mayos-history-neglected-its-excuse-party/" rel="nofollow">"From my perspective as a marketing professional, Cinco de Mayo has morphed into a national holiday designed by Fifth Avenue to sell alcohol and excite consumership around a party-type theme."</a> Accessed May 5, 2007.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Corona-40"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-Corona_40-0">^</a></b> "Cinco de Mayo is not just a fiesta anymore, the gringos have taken it on as a good sales pitch." <a class="external text" href="http://latino.si.edu/researchandmuseums/presentations/alamillo_papers.html" rel="nofollow">Smithsonian Institution paper</a> Accessed May 8, 2007. "It's a commercial entry point for people who want to penetrate the Latino market," said Felix Gutierrez, a journalism professor at the University of Southern California's Annenberg School for Communication in Los Angeles." <a class="external text" href="http://www.ahorre.com/noticias/info/negocios_pequenos/cinco_de_mayo_an_excuse_to_party_in_us/" rel="nofollow">Ahorre.com</a> Accessed May 8, 2007.</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cesla.med.ucla.edu/v1/Documents/Research%20Papers/02.Hayes-Chamberlin%20Spr%2007%20pgd.pdf?a621a6c71915b50125a63189ade5e8cc=16527cd6dff1bf5a21f4c3697d83cc5a" rel="nofollow">"''Cinco de Mayo's First Seventy-Five Years in Alta California: From Spontaneous Behavior to Sedimented Memory, 1862 to 1937. The Southern California Quarterly, HSSC, 2007. Hayes-Bautista, David E.; Chamberlin, Cynthia L.''"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%27%26%2339%3BCinco+de+Mayo%27s+First+Seventy-Five+Years+in+Alta+California%3A+From+Spontaneous+Behavior+to+Sedimented+Memory%2C+1862+to+1937.+The+Southern+California+Quarterly%2C+HSSC%2C+2007.+Hayes-Bautista%2C+David+E.%3B+Chamberlin%2C+Cynthia+L.%27%26%2339%3B&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cesla.med.ucla.edu%2Fv1%2FDocuments%2FResearch%2520Papers%2F02.Hayes-Chamberlin%2520Spr%252007%2520pgd.pdf%3Fa621a6c71915b50125a63189ade5e8cc%3D16527cd6dff1bf5a21f4c3697d83cc5a&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cinco_de_Mayo"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-UCLA-42">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-UCLA_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-UCLA_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <i>Southern California Quarterly</i> "Cinco de Mayo's First Seventy-Five Years in Alta California: From Spontaneous Behavior to Sedimented Memory, 1862 to 1937" Spring 2007 (see <a class="external text" href="http://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/Cinco-de-Mayo-Observance-Is-Important-7891.aspx?RelNum=7891" rel="nofollow">American observation of Cinco de Mayo started in California</a>) accessed October 30, 2007. See also <a class="external text" href="http://egpnews.com/?p=9337" rel="nofollow">History of observance of Cinco de Mayo in United States</a> accessed May 9, 2009.</li>
<li id="cite_note-MexOnLine-43"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-MexOnLine_43-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.mexonline.com/cinco-de-mayo.htm" rel="nofollow">"[Cinco de Mayo] is primarily a regional holiday celebrated in the Mexican state capital city of Puebla and throughout the state of Puebla, with some limited recognition in other parts of Mexico."</a> Accessed May 5, 2007</li>
<li id="cite_note-Vanc-44"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-Vanc_44-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.vancouver-skydiving.bc.ca/events.html" rel="nofollow">"Cinco de Mayo Skydiving Boogie"</a> Accessed 2008-05-05.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cayman-45"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-Cayman_45-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.caymannetnews.com/news-7106--6-6--.html" rel="nofollow">Cayman Cinco de Mayo air guitar</a> Accessed 2008-05-05.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Malta-46"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo#cite_ref-Malta_46-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.independent.com.mt/news.asp?newsitemid=68464" rel="nofollow">Celebration in Malta</a>. Accessed 2008-05-05.</li>
</ol></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cinco_de_Mayo" title="commons:Category:Cinco de Mayo">Cinco de Mayo</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/cinco-de-mayo" rel="nofollow">Cinco De Mayo Videos on The History Channel</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.life.com/gallery/42272/cinco-de-mayo-fun-mariachi#index/0" rel="nofollow">Cinco de Mayo Fun: Mariachi!</a> - slideshow by <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_magazine" title="Life magazine">Life magazine</a></i></li>
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<div id="siteNotice"> <div id="localNotice"> </div></div><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Dominique Strauss-Kahn sexual assault case</h1><div id="bodyContent"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#p-search">search</a> </div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_-_Strauss-Kahn_meeting_in_Toulouse_for_the_2007_French_presidential_election_0032_2007-04-13_cropped.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="300" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_-_Strauss-Kahn_meeting_in_Toulouse_for_the_2007_French_presidential_election_0032_2007-04-13_cropped.jpg/200px-Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_-_Strauss-Kahn_meeting_in_Toulouse_for_the_2007_French_presidential_election_0032_2007-04-13_cropped.jpg" width="200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_-_Strauss-Kahn_meeting_in_Toulouse_for_the_2007_French_presidential_election_0032_2007-04-13_cropped.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Strauss-Kahn in <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> at a meeting regarding the 2007 French presidential election</div></div></div><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn" title="Dominique Strauss-Kahn">Dominique Strauss-Kahn</a></b> was charged with the <b>sexual assault and attempted rape</b> of a housekeeper at the <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Sofitel_New_York_Hotel" title="Sofitel New York Hotel">Sofitel New York Hotel</a> on May 14, 2011. He has denied all charges and pleaded not guilty.<br />
At the time of the alleged attack, Strauss-Kahn was the head of the <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) and considered to be a leading candidate for the <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/French_presidential_election,_2012" title="French presidential election, 2012">2012 French Presidency</a>. Four days after his arrest, he resigned his post at the IMF. <i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> remarked that his early resignation came at a critical time for the world economy and would make the task of finding a replacement for him still more urgent and complicated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Economist_0-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-Economist-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Strauss-Kahn's arrest precipitated intense media interest worldwide. Images of him in custody were widely disseminated in US media causing controversy in France where such images are illegal and considered degrading. After the arrest there was widespread speculation that the allegations were a setup by political opponents. A number of his close and intimate friends, including his present and former wives, defended him, stressing that violence was not part of his nature. Others criticized his conduct with women, while the media response provoked a discussion of sexism in French culture.<br />
On May 19, Strauss-Kahn was indicted by a <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> to stand trial and could face more than 25 years in prison if convicted. After posting $1 million bail, he was placed under house arrest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CSM9_1-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-CSM9-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> He was arraigned on June 6 and pleaded not guilty. The next court date is set for July 18, 2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYTimes6-6_2-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-NYTimes6-6-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#Arrest_and_pre-trial_proceedings"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Arrest and pre-trial proceedings</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#Support_and_opposition"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Support and opposition</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#Conspiracy_speculation"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Conspiracy speculation</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#Reactions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Reactions</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#Media_coverage"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Media coverage</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#Resignation_and_impact"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Resignation and impact</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#Economic"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Economic</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#Political"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Political</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul></td></tr>
</tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Arrest and pre-trial proceedings">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Arrest_and_pre-trial_proceedings">Arrest and pre-trial proceedings</span></h2>On May 14, 2011, Strauss-Kahn was arrested and charged with the sexual assault and attempted rape of a housekeeper at the Sofitel New York Hotel in Manhattan earlier that day. After calling the hotel and asking them to bring his missing cell phone to the airport, he was met by police and taken from his Paris-bound flight at New York City's <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a> minutes before takeoff and was later charged on several counts of sexual assault plus <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Unlawful_imprisonment" title="Unlawful imprisonment">unlawful imprisonment</a>. Strauss-Kahn is accused of having forced the housekeeper to submit to anal sex, to perform oral sex on him, and attempting to force her to have intercourse with him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/U.S._State_Department" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a> determined that Strauss-Kahn does not have <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">diplomatic immunity</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Strauss-Kahn appeared in court on May 16. During the proceedings the prosecution stated that the housekeeper, who is an immigrant from the West African state of <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> had provided a detailed account of the alleged assault, had picked Strauss-Kahn out of a lineup, and that <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> evidence recovered at the site was being tested.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Strauss-Kahn, who had earlier agreed to a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Forensic_examination" title="Forensic examination">forensic examination</a>, pleaded not guilty.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cbs_9-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-cbs-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> The judge detained him without bail pending the grand jury investigation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cbs_9-1"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-cbs-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Strauss-Kahn hired New York lawyer <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Benjamin_Brafman" title="Benjamin Brafman">Benjamin Brafman</a> to represent him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-vancouver_10-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-vancouver-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> He was reported as having sought public relations advice from a Washington-based consulting firm.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HuffPo_11-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-HuffPo-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> His defense team hired a private detective agency to investigate the housekeeper's past.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The housekeeper is represented by Kenneth Thompson and Douglas Wigdor of Thompson Wigdor LLP, a two-partner law firm whose areas of expertise include employment law and civil rights cases.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Thompson hired a Paris lawyer to look for women in France who may have been victimized by Strauss-Kahn.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
On May 19, 2011, Strauss-Kahn was indicted by a Manhattan <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> on seven criminal counts, two of which are first-degree criminal sexual acts, each of which is punishable by a sentence of up to 25 years in prison.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AFP_sentence_16-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-AFP_sentence-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Bail was set at <span style="white-space: nowrap;">$1 million</span> with 24-hour home detention and electronic monitoring.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Telegraph_18-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-Telegraph-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> After Strauss-Kahn turned over his passport and posted an additional <span style="white-space: nowrap;">$5 million</span> bail bond,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CSM9_1-1"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-CSM9-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> he was placed under house arrest in a residence<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> in <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Strauss-Kahn was arraigned on June 6, 2011, and pleaded not guilty.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cnn060611_21-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-cnn060611-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Outside the court, lawyers for the parties made statements. Benjamin Brafman, for Strauss-Kahn, said: "In our judgment, once the evidence has been reviewed, it will be clear that there was no element of forcible compulsion in this case whatsoever. Any suggestion to the contrary is simply not credible." Kenneth Thompson, for the housekeeper, said: "She is going to come into this courthouse, get on that witness stand and tell the world what Dominique Strauss-Kahn did to her."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYTimes6-6_2-1"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-NYTimes6-6-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
However, on June 30, 2011, there were reports that the case against Strauss-Kahn was in jeopardy due to the prosecution team's having uncovered "major holes in the credibility" of his accuser. According to the <i>New York Times</i>, "prosecutors do not believe much of what the accuser has told them . . . [and she] has repeatedly lied about the circumstances or about herself."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT6-30_24-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-NYT6-30-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> As a result, a special hearing was scheduled for July 1st, the following day, to reconsider Strauss-Kahn's bail conditions.<br />
The next regular court date is set for July 18, 2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cnn060611_21-1"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-cnn060611-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Support and opposition">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Support_and_opposition">Support and opposition</span></h2>Strauss-Kahn's wife, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Anne_Sinclair" title="Anne Sinclair">Anne Sinclair</a>, who was in Paris when he was arrested, said: "I don’t believe for a single second the accusations of sexual assault by my husband."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT21_25-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-NYT21-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> Friends of the couple said their 20 year old marriage remained strong despite the new strains and that the allegations were unlikely to separate them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AP-5-23_26-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-AP-5-23-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
While considered a womanizer and described by <i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Le_Journal_du_Dimanche" title="Le Journal du Dimanche">Le Journal du Dimanche</a></i> as <i>un grand séducteur</i> ("a grand seducer"),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> a number of close friends nevertheless said the allegations were out of character.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-guardian_29-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-guardian-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> His previous wife, Brigitte Guillemette, did not deny her former husband was attracted to the opposite sex but insisted that violence was not part of his temperament and that the allegations were "unthinkable and impossible."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Telegraph17_30-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-Telegraph17-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> The Spanish writer Carmen Llera, a former lover, defended him in an open letter, declaring that " ...violence is not part of his culture."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Journalist and essayist <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Kahn" title="Jean-François Kahn">Jean-François Kahn</a> apologised for initially characterizing the allegations as a <i>troussage de domestique</i> (literally, stripping or having casual, forced sex with a servant) and retired from journalism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a>, leader of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Front_National_%28France%29" title="Front National (France)">Front National</a>, described Strauss-Kahn as <i>un harceleur quasi-pathologique</i> ("a near-pathological harasser") and criticised both the ruling <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/UMP" title="UMP">UMP</a> and Socialist parties for ignoring his flaws.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bernard_Debr%C3%A9" title="Bernard Debré">Bernard Debré</a>, a UMP member of the <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" title="National Assembly of France">National Assembly of France</a>, described the allegations as a humiliation for France.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conspiracy speculation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Conspiracy_speculation">Conspiracy speculation</span></h3>Immediately following the arrest, the media speculated that Strauss-Kahn might have been the victim of a setup.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-stitchUp_39-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-stitchUp-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> In an interview with <i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a></i> on April 28, 2011, Strauss-Kahn had stated he was "worried his political opponent, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>, would try to frame him with a fake rape".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NBC_41-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-NBC-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Paris politician and advocate of <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> <a class="extiw" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Sabban" title="fr:Michèle Sabban">Michèle Sabban</a> said she was convinced there was an international plot to frame him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-stitchUp_39-1"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-stitchUp-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> Strauss-Kahn's political opponent <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Henri_de_Raincourt" title="Henri de Raincourt">Henri de Raincourt</a>, a minister from the ruling UMP party, stated, "one cannot exclude thinking about a setup."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Economist_0-1"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-Economist-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
A poll conducted two days after the arrest found that some 57% of the French public believed he was the "victim of a smear campaign".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FT_43-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-FT-43"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i> commented that the poll was a violation of the 2000 <a class="new" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Law_Guigou&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Law Guigou (page does not exist)">law Guigou</a> that "requires that no such polls be taken about someone protected by the <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">presumption of innocence</a>", calling the conspiracy theories a sign of a "democracy in regression".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Two weeks after the arrest, Russian <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> expressed his personal doubts about the allegations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Telegraph5-29_47-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-Telegraph5-29-47"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> Defending Strauss-Kahn, Putin said: "It's hard for me to evaluate the hidden political motives but I cannot believe that it looks the way it was initially introduced. It doesn't sit right in my head."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reactions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Reactions">Reactions</span></h2>The case prompted response from feminists in both the US and France, who criticised French coverage of the allegations and apparent dismissal of the woman's claims. The reaction led to a rally at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Pompidou_Centre" title="Pompidou Centre">Pompidou Centre</a> on May 22, 2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-davies_50-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-davies-50"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> French sociologist <a class="extiw" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Th%C3%A9ry" title="fr:Irène Théry">Irène Théry</a> published two articles in <i>Le Monde</i> commenting on the affair and defending French feminism against American attacks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In response to the allegations <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/UNITE_HERE" title="UNITE HERE">UNITE HERE</a>, the biggest union in the hospitality industry, said that hotels should provide sexual harassment training for workers. A <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>/<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Daily_Beast" title="Daily Beast">Daily Beast</a> poll found it was common for married men to cheat on their wives on business trips, with 3% of poll respondents claiming to have "made a pass at a hotel worker".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Newsweek6-5_55-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-Newsweek6-5-55"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> When Strauss-Kahn appeared in court on June 6, a group of room attendants, members of the <a class="new" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=New_York_Hotel_Trades_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" title="New York Hotel Trades Council (page does not exist)">New York Hotel Trades Council</a> (NYHTC), arrived on a bus arranged by the union and demonstrated in front of the courtroom.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Media coverage">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 332px;"><a class="image" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_media_circus.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="186" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_media_circus.jpg/330px-Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_media_circus.jpg" width="330" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_media_circus.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Media circus in front of Strauss-Kahn's apartment</div></div></div><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> noted that a media circus had begun because the case involved three elements of viewer interest: sex, politics, and money.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> The media impact of the case after the arrest was measured by the French media analysis firm <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Kantar_Group" title="Kantar Group">Kantar Media</a>. They found that during the first ten days of the scandal, 'DSK' appeared on the front page of more than 150,000 national newsapapers around the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
On May 17, <i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Paris_Match" title="Paris Match">Paris Match</a></i> published the name of the housekeeper.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Paris_Match_May_17.2C_2011_61-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-Paris_Match_May_17.2C_2011-61"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> Other French newspapers quickly followed suit in naming her, eventually adding photos and details of her private life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> On June 14, the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> followed the lead begun by other anglophone media in running an "unusually extensive" story on the housekeeper's background, while continuing to withhold her name.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the media does not normally identify by name persons making an accusation of rape, although nothing legally prohibits them from doing so.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Former French justice minister <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Guigou" title="Élisabeth Guigou">Élisabeth Guigou</a>, architect of the 2000 law Guigou on the presumption of innocence, said she found the televised images of Struass-Kahn at the preliminary bail proceedings absolutely disgusting and described the coverage as a pre-trial indictment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Jack_Lang_%28French_politician%29" title="Jack Lang (French politician)">Jack Lang</a>, a former <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Minister_of_Culture_%28France%29" title="Minister of Culture (France)">Minister of Culture</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Minister_of_National_Education_%28France%29" title="Minister of National Education (France)">Minister of Education</a>, described the published images of Strauss-Kahn as a lynching and wondered why Strauss-Kahn had not been granted bail at his first application since, according to Lang, the case was not that serious. He later apologised.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-davies_50-1"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-davies-50"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Economist_0-2"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-Economist-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_perp_walk.jpg"><img alt="A white-haired man in a black overcoat and dress shirt with his hands behind his back at the center of a small group of men walking toward the camera. The two men on either side are wearing jackets with gold badges clipped to the lapels and ties. They are holding the arms of the man in the center. A fourth man, also in a jacket and tie, is visible in the rear." class="thumbimage" height="279" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_perp_walk.jpg/220px-Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_perp_walk.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_perp_walk.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Images of Strauss-Kahn's <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Perp_walk" title="Perp walk">perp walk</a> were condemned in France, where it is illegal to publish such photos before the subject is convicted.</div></div></div>Hugh Schofield of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> (BBC) reported that Strauss-Kahn's arrest and incarceration had provoked a national trauma in France far deeper than anyone could have imagined: images of Strauss-Kahn's post-arrest <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Perp_walk" title="Perp walk">perp walk</a> had "reawakened an anti-Americanism that is latent in many French souls. ... such humiliating pictures would never be taken in France – indeed the French law on the presumption of innocence bans 'degrading photographs of prisoners awaiting trial.'"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC19_67-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-BBC19-67"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bernard-Henri_L%C3%A9vy" title="Bernard-Henri Lévy">Bernard-Henri Lévy</a>, the French philosopher and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Public_intellectual#Public_intellectual_life" title="Public intellectual">media intellectual</a>, declared that Strauss-Kahn had already been found guilty in the court of public opinion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bernard-Henri_Levy_May_23.2C_2011_69-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-Bernard-Henri_Levy_May_23.2C_2011-69"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Resignation and impact">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Resignation_and_impact">Resignation and impact</span></h2>Strauss-Kahn resigned from his position as head of the IMF on May 18, 2011. In his letter of resignation he denied with the greatest possible firmness all of the allegations. He said he wanted to protect the IMF and devote all his energies to proving his innocence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Economic">Economic</span></h3>On June 14, the IMF announced two candidates had been shortlisted for the post of managing director of the IMF. These were <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Agustin_Carstens" title="Agustin Carstens">Agustin Carstens</a>, governor of the Mexican central bank, and <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Christine Lagarde</a>, French finance minister.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup> On June 28, the IMF announced they had selected Lagarde.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Political">Political</span></h3>Though he had not officially declared his candidacy, Strauss-Kahn had been expected to be a leading <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/French_presidential_election,_2012" title="French presidential election, 2012">candidate for the 2012 French Presidency</a> for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/French_Socialist_Party" title="French Socialist Party">Socialist Party</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-France24_74-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-France24-74"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> Preliminary polling suggested he was favored to defeat the incumbent, Nicolas Sarkozy,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-75"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> but his arrest left the party unsure how to proceed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-VOA-new-poll_76-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-VOA-new-poll-76"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> However a June 12 opinion poll showed its contenders maintaining their lead over Sarkozy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-77"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
On June 28, party leader <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Martine_Aubry" title="Martine Aubry">Martine Aubry</a> announced her candidacy for the presidency, joining <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> and <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal" title="Ségolène Royal">Ségolène Royal</a> amongst <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/French_Socialist_Party_presidential_primary,_2011" title="French Socialist Party presidential primary, 2011">party contenders</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-Economist-0">^ <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_ref-Economist_0-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_ref-Economist_0-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_ref-Economist_0-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/18712833" rel="nofollow">"The downfall of DSK"</a>, <i>The Economist</i>, May 19, 2011</li>
<li id="cite_note-CSM9-1">^ <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_ref-CSM9_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_ref-CSM9_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2011/0519/Strauss-Kahn-indicted-by-grand-jury-is-granted-1-million-cash-bail" rel="nofollow">"Strauss-Kahn indicted by grand jury, is granted $1 million cash bond"</a>, <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a></i>, May 19, 2011.</li>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Lichfiled, John (June 4, 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/john-lichfield/john-lichfield-the-french-more-relaxed-about-sex-its-a-myth-2292848.html" rel="nofollow">"John Lichfield: The French more relaxed about sex? It's a myth"</a>. <i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/john-lichfield/john-lichfield-the-french-more-relaxed-about-sex-its-a-myth-2292848.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/john-lichfield/john-lichfield-the-french-more-relaxed-about-sex-its-a-myth-2292848.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 4, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=John+Lichfield%3A+The+French+more+relaxed+about+sex%3F+It%27s+a+myth&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Independent%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Lichfiled&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Lichfiled%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.date=June+4%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fcommentators%2Fjohn-lichfield%2Fjohn-lichfield-the-french-more-relaxed-about-sex-its-a-myth-2292848.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Newsweek6-5-55"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_ref-Newsweek6-5_55-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2011/06/05/hotel-confidential.print.html" rel="nofollow">"Hotel Confidentia"</a>. Newsweek. June 5, 2011<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2011/06/05/hotel-confidential.print.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.newsweek.com/2011/06/05/hotel-confidential.print.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Hotel+Confidentia&rft.atitle=&rft.date=June+5%2C+2011&rft.pub=Newsweek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2011%2F06%2F05%2Fhotel-confidential.print.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-France24-74"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_ref-France24_74-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Thibault LIEURADE (May 17, 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20110517-strauss-kahn-affair-throws-socialists-disarray-presidential-election-2012-france" rel="nofollow">"Strauss-Kahn affair throws Socialists into disarray"</a>. France 24<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20110517-strauss-kahn-affair-throws-socialists-disarray-presidential-election-2012-france" rel="nofollow">http://www.france24.com/en/20110517-strauss-kahn-affair-throws-socialists-disarray-presidential-election-2012-france</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Strauss-Kahn+affair+throws+Socialists+into+disarray&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Thibault+LIEURADE&rft.au=Thibault+LIEURADE&rft.date=May+17%2C+2011&rft.pub=France+24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20110517-strauss-kahn-affair-throws-socialists-disarray-presidential-election-2012-france&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_ref-75">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Maitre, Marie (9 May 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/05/09/uk-france-politics-poll-idUKTRE7472CX20110509" rel="nofollow">"France's Sarkozy may not make 2012 runoff"</a>. Reuters<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/05/09/uk-france-politics-poll-idUKTRE7472CX20110509" rel="nofollow">http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/05/09/uk-france-politics-poll-idUKTRE7472CX20110509</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 June 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=France%27s+Sarkozy+may+not+make+2012+runoff&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Maitre&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft.au=Maitre%2C%26%2332%3BMarie&rft.date=9+May+2011&rft.pub=Reuters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F05%2F09%2Fuk-france-politics-poll-idUKTRE7472CX20110509&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-VOA-new-poll-76"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_ref-VOA-new-poll_76-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Lisa Bryant (May 20, 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/english/news/europe/IMF-Chief-Scandal-Throws-French-Elections-A-Curveball-122346384.html" rel="nofollow">"IMF Chief Scandal Throws French Elections A Curveball"</a>. Voice of America<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.voanews.com/english/news/europe/IMF-Chief-Scandal-Throws-French-Elections-A-Curveball-122346384.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.voanews.com/english/news/europe/IMF-Chief-Scandal-Throws-French-Elections-A-Curveball-122346384.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=IMF+Chief+Scandal+Throws+French+Elections+A+Curveball&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Lisa+Bryant&rft.au=Lisa+Bryant&rft.date=May+20%2C+2011&rft.pub=Voice+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Feurope%2FIMF-Chief-Scandal-Throws-French-Elections-A-Curveball-122346384.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_ref-77">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Frost, Laurence. <a class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-12/france-s-hollande-widens-poll-lead-on-sarkozy-socialist-rival.html" rel="nofollow">"France’s Hollande Widens Poll Lead on Sarkozy, Socialist Rival"</a>. Bloomberg<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-12/france-s-hollande-widens-poll-lead-on-sarkozy-socialist-rival.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-12/france-s-hollande-widens-poll-lead-on-sarkozy-socialist-rival.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 June 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=France%E2%80%99s+Hollande+Widens+Poll+Lead+on+Sarkozy%2C+Socialist+Rival&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft.au=Frost%2C%26%2332%3BLaurence&rft.pub=Bloomberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-06-12%2Ffrance-s-hollande-widens-poll-lead-on-sarkozy-socialist-rival.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7370911872226679194#cite_ref-78">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Samuel, Henry (28 June 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/8601153/Martine-Aubry-to-launch-campaign-to-be-French-Socialist-Party-presidential-candidate.html" rel="nofollow">"Martine Aubry to launch campaign to be French Socialist Party presidential candidate"</a>. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/8601153/Martine-Aubry-to-launch-campaign-to-be-French-Socialist-Party-presidential-candidate.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/8601153/Martine-Aubry-to-launch-campaign-to-be-French-Socialist-Party-presidential-candidate.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 June 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Martine+Aubry+to+launch+campaign+to+be+French+Socialist+Party+presidential+candidate&rft.jtitle=%27%27%5B%5BThe+Daily+Telegraph%5D%5D%27%27&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Samuel%2C%26%2332%3BHenry&rft.date=28+June+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Ffrance%2F8601153%2FMartine-Aubry-to-launch-campaign-to-be-French-Socialist-Party-presidential-candidate.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
</ol></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; border-left: #aaa 1px solid; border-right: #aaa 1px solid; border-top: #aaa 1px solid;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="23" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="40" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Wikinews has news related to: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Dominique_Strauss-Kahn" title="wikinews:Category:Dominique Strauss-Kahn">Dominique Strauss-Kahn</a></b></i></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><ul><li><span class="citation news">Fessenden, Ford; Gröndahl, Mika; Carter, Shan (May 22, 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/05/22/nyregion/hotel-diagram.html?ref=nyregion&gwh=95D30C4DC916A5D11D4334C9DFD641D8" rel="nofollow">"Interactive diagram of Hotel"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/05/22/nyregion/hotel-diagram.html?ref=nyregion&gwh=95D30C4DC916A5D11D4334C9DFD641D8" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/05/22/nyregion/hotel-diagram.html?ref=nyregion&gwh=95D30C4DC916A5D11D4334C9DFD641D8</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 26, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Interactive+diagram+of+Hotel&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Fessenden&rft.aufirst=Ford&rft.au=Fessenden%2C%26%2332%3BFord&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ndahl%2C%26%2332%3BMika&rft.au=Carter%2C%26%2332%3BShan&rft.date=May+22%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2011%2F05%2F22%2Fnyregion%2Fhotel-diagram.html%3Fref%3Dnyregion%26gwh%3D95D30C4DC916A5D11D4334C9DFD641D8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case</a>"</div><div class="catlinks" id="catlinks"> <div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Category:2011_in_the_United_States" title="Category:2011 in the United States">2011 in the United States</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Category:Crime_in_New_York_City" title="Category:Crime in New York City">Crime in New York City</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Category:Political_sex_scandals" title="Category:Political sex scandals">Political sex scandals</a></span></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-8763882521153742442011-06-26T00:29:00.001-04:002011-06-26T00:31:33.484-04:00Murderers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Supporting War against the prosecution on two fronts, and lying against me to do. 1990 to present.<br />
Overseas threats......................of prosecution</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7370911872226679194.post-56289252480370791052011-06-15T17:36:00.000-04:002011-06-15T17:36:08.606-04:00World IPv6 Day (numerical symbolisms)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">World IPv6 Day</h1><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="contentSub"> (Redirected from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_ipv6_day&redirect=no" title="World ipv6 day">World ipv6 day</a>)</div><b>World IPv6 Day</b> is an event sponsored and organized by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> and several large content providers to test public <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6_deployment" title="IPv6 deployment">IPv6 deployment</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-isoc_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_ipv6_day#cite_note-isoc-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> It started at 00:00 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> on June 8, 2011 and will end 23:59 the same day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-howtojoin_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_ipv6_day#cite_note-howtojoin-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> The main motivation for the event is to evaluate the real world effects of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6_brokenness_and_DNS_whitelisting" title="IPv6 brokenness and DNS whitelisting">IPv6 brokenness</a> seen by various synthetic tests. To this end, during World IPv6 Day major web companies and other industry players have enabled IPv6 on their main websites for 24 hours. The goal is to motivate organizations across the industry – Internet service providers, hardware makers, operating system vendors and web companies – to prepare their services for IPv6 to ensure a successful transition as IPv4 address space runs out.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-corporate-motivation_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_ipv6_day#cite_note-corporate-motivation-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The test primarily consists of websites publishing <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAAA_record" title="AAAA record">AAAA records</a>, allowing IPv6 capable hosts to connect using IPv6. Although <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> (ISP) have been encouraged to participate, they are not expected to deploy anything active on that day, just increase their readiness to handle support issues.<br />
Many companies and organisations have committed to participating in the experiment, including the largest <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engines</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking" title="Social networking">social networking</a> websites and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_backbone" title="Internet backbone">internet backbone</a> & <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_distribution_networks" title="Content distribution networks">content distribution networks</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-isoclist_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_ipv6_day#cite_note-isoclist-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_IPv6_Day&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-isoc-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_ipv6_day#cite_ref-isoc_0-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.worldipv6day.org/" rel="nofollow">"About World IPv6 Day"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=About+World+IPv6+Day&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldipv6day.org%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_IPv6_Day"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-howtojoin-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_ipv6_day#cite_ref-howtojoin_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://isoc.org/wp/worldipv6day/how-to-join/" rel="nofollow">"World IPv6 Day - How to Participate"</a>. Internet Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 January 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=World+IPv6+Day+-+How+to+Participate&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Internet+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisoc.org%2Fwp%2Fworldipv6day%2Fhow-to-join%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_IPv6_Day"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-corporate-motivation-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_ipv6_day#cite_ref-corporate-motivation_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://test-ipv6.com/ipv6day.html" rel="nofollow">"Corporate reasons to move to IPv6"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Corporate+reasons+to+move+to+IPv6&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftest-ipv6.com%2Fipv6day.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_IPv6_Day"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-isoclist-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_ipv6_day#cite_ref-isoclist_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://isoc.org/wp/worldipv6day/participants/" rel="nofollow">"World IPv6 Day - List of Participants"</a>. Internet Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 February 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=World+IPv6+Day+-+List+of+Participants&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Internet+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisoc.org%2Fwp%2Fworldipv6day%2Fparticipants%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_IPv6_Day"></span></li>
</ol><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_IPv6_Day&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><ul><li><span class="official website"><a class="external text" href="http://www.worldipv6day.org/" rel="nofollow">Official website</a></span></li>
</ul><table class="metadata plainlinks stub" style="background: transparent;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_network.png"><img alt="Stub icon" height="35" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Crystal_Clear_app_network.png/35px-Crystal_Clear_app_network.png" width="35" /></a></td> <td><i>This computer networking article is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_IPv6_Day&action=edit" rel="nofollow">expanding it</a>.</i></td> </tr>
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<tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: none; padding: 0.5em; text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US-GreatSeal-Obverse.svg"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States." height="140" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/US-GreatSeal-Obverse.svg/140px-US-GreatSeal-Obverse.svg.png" width="140" /></a></th> </tr>
<tr> <th>Full title</th> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Joint resolution concerning the war powers of Congress and the President.</td> </tr>
<tr> <th>Enacted by the</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/93rd_United_States_Congress" title="93rd United States Congress">93rd United States Congress</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbddff; font-size: 100%; text-align: center;">Citations</th> </tr>
<tr> <th>Public Law</th> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law_%28United_States%29" title="Public law (United States)">Pub.L.</a> 93-148</td> </tr>
<tr> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a></th> <td>87 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> 555</td> </tr>
<tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbddff; font-size: 100%; text-align: center;">Codification</th> </tr>
<tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbddff; font-size: 100%; text-align: center;"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d093:HJ00542:@@@S" rel="nofollow">Legislative history</a></span></th> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2"><ul><li><b>Introduced in the House as</b> <a class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.93hjres542" rel="nofollow">H.J.Res. 542</a> <b>by</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_J._Zablocki" title="Clement J. Zablocki">Clement J. Zablocki</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">WI</a>) <b>on</b> May 3, 1973</li>
<li><b>Committee consideration by:</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">House Foreign Affairs</a></li>
<li><b>Passed the House on</b> July 18, 1973 (244–170)</li>
<li><b>Passed the Senate on</b> July 20, 1973 ()</li>
<li><b>Reported by the joint conference committee on</b> October 4, 1973; <b>agreed to by the Senate on</b> October 10, 1973 (75–20) <b>and by the House on</b> October 12, 1973 (238–123)</li>
<li><b>Vetoed by President</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> <b>on</b> October 24, 1973</li>
<li><b>Overridden by the House on</b> November 7, 1973 (284–135)</li>
<li><b>Overridden by the Senate and became law on</b> November 7, 1973 (75–18)</li>
</ul></td> </tr>
<tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbddff; font-size: 100%; text-align: center;">Major amendments</th> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbddff; font-size: 100%; text-align: center;">Relevant Supreme Court cases</th> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2"><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="background: #f9f9f9; border-spacing: 0.2em 0; border-spacing: 0.4em 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0 0 1.0em 1.0em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr> <th class="" style="font-size: 115%; font-size: 145%; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.15em; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congressional</a> opposition<br />
to U.S. involvement in <br />
<div style="line-height: 1.3em;">wars and interventions</div></th> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; padding-bottom: 1.0em; padding: 0.2em 0 0.4em;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" class="thumbborder" height="32" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="60" /></a></span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; padding-top: 1.2em;">1812 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">North America</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 1.0em; padding-top: 0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States">House Federalists’ Address</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.2em;">1847 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 1.0em; padding-top: 0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot_Resolutions" title="Spot Resolutions">Spot Resolutions</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.2em;">1917 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 1.0em; padding-top: 0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette,_Sr.#Opposition_to_American_involvement_in_World_War_I" title="Robert M. La Follette, Sr.">Filibuster of the Armed Ship Bill</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.2em;">1935–1939</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 1.0em; padding-top: 0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_1930s" title="Neutrality Acts of 1930s">Neutrality Acts</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.2em;">1935–1940</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 1.0em; padding-top: 0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_Amendment" title="Ludlow Amendment">Ludlow Amendment</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.2em;">1970 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 1.0em; padding-top: 0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGovern%E2%80%93Hatfield_Amendment" title="McGovern–Hatfield Amendment">McGovern–Hatfield Amendment</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.2em;">1970 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Southeast Asia</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 1.0em; padding-top: 0;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper%E2%80%93Church_Amendment" title="Cooper–Church Amendment">Cooper–Church Amendment</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.2em;">1971 Vietnam</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 1.0em; padding-top: 0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution#Repeal" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Repeal of Tonkin Gulf Resolution</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.2em;">1973 Southeast Asia</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 1.0em; padding-top: 0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case%E2%80%93Church_Amendment" title="Case–Church Amendment">Case–Church Amendment</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.2em;">1973</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 1.0em; padding-top: 0;"><b class="selflink">War Powers Resolution</b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.2em;">1974</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 1.0em; padding-top: 0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes%E2%80%93Ryan_Act" title="Hughes–Ryan Act">Hughes–Ryan Amendment</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.2em;">1976 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angola</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 1.0em; padding-top: 0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Amendment" title="Clark Amendment">Clark Amendment</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.2em;">1982 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 1.0em; padding-top: 0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boland_Amendment" title="Boland Amendment">Boland Amendment</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.2em;">2007 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 1.0em; padding-bottom: 1.4em; padding-top: 0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007#February_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">House Concurrent Resolution 63</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: right;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><span style="white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: -0.12em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:U.S._Congressional_opposition_to_war" title="Template:U.S. Congressional opposition to war"><span title="View this template">v</span></a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._Congressional_opposition_to_war" title="Template talk:U.S. Congressional opposition to war"><span title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:U.S._Congressional_opposition_to_war&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>The <b>War Powers Resolution of 1973</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_50_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 50 of the United States Code">50 U.S.C.</a> 1541-1548)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> is a federal law intended to check the power of the President in committing the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of Congress. The resolution was adopted in the form of a United States Congress <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_resolution" title="Joint resolution">joint resolution</a>; this provides that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> can send <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States" title="Military of the United States">U.S. armed forces</a> into action abroad only by authorization of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> or in case of "a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces."<br />
The War Powers Resolution requires the President to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action and forbids armed forces from remaining for more than 60 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days" title="Days">days</a>, with a further 30 day withdrawal period, without an authorization of the use of military force or a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a>. The resolution was passed by two-thirds of Congress, overriding a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_veto" title="Presidential veto">presidential veto</a>.<br />
Despite the apparent non-ambiguity of its language, the War Powers Resolution has been regularly ignored by presidents of both parties,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup> some even declaring their belief that the act is unconstitutional.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup><br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#Questions_regarding_constitutionality"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Questions regarding constitutionality</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_Powers_Resolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>Under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, war powers are divided. Congress has the power to declare war, raise and support the armed forces, control the war funding (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8:_Powers_of_Congress" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 8</a>), and has "Power … to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution … all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof", while the President is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the military (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_2:_Presidential_powers" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 2</a>). It is generally agreed that the commander-in-chief role gives the President power to repel attacks against the United States and makes the President responsible for leading the armed forces.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2011">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> In addition and as with all acts of the Congress, the President has the right to sign or veto congressional acts, such as a declaration of war.<br />
During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a> wars, the United States found itself involved for many years in situations of intense conflict without a declaration of war. Many members of Congress became concerned with the erosion of congressional authority to decide when the United States should become involved in a war or the use of armed forces that might lead to war. The War Powers Resolution was passed by both the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> but was vetoed by President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>. By a two-thirds vote in each house, Congress <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto_override" title="Veto override">overrode</a> the veto and enacted the joint resolution into law on November 7, 1973.<br />
Presidents have submitted 118 reports to Congress as a result of the War Powers Resolution, although only one (the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez_incident" title="Mayagüez incident"><i>Mayagüez</i> incident</a>) cited Section 4(a)(1) specifically stated that forces had been introduced into hostilities or imminent danger.<br />
Congress invoked the War Powers Resolution in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon" title="Multinational Force in Lebanon">Multinational Force in Lebanon</a> Resolution (P.L. 98-119), which authorized the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marines</a> to remain in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanon</a> for 18 months. In addition, P.L. 102-1, authorizing the use of U.S. armed forces concerning the Iraqi aggression against Kuwait, stated that it constituted specific statutory authorization within the meaning of the War Powers Resolution.<br />
On November 9, 1993, the House used a section of the War Powers Resolution to state that U.S. forces should be withdrawn from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Somalia#Somali_Civil_War" title="History of Somalia">Somalia</a> by March 31, 1994; Congress had already taken this action in appropriations legislation. More recently under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">President Clinton</a>, war powers were at issue in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">former Yugoslavia</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnia</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Iraq_%28December_1998%29" title="Bombing of Iraq (December 1998)">Iraq</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Haiti</a>, and under President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in responding to terrorist attacks against the U.S. after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001</a>. "[I]n 1999, President Clinton kept the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">bombing campaign in Kosovo</a> going for more than two weeks after the 60-day deadline had passed. Even then, however, the Clinton legal team opined that its actions were consistent with the War Powers Resolution because Congress had approved a bill funding the operation, which they argued constituted implicit authorization. That theory was controversial because the War Powers Resolution specifically says that such funding does not constitute authorization."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup><br />
After <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">combat operations against Iraqi forces</a> ended on February 28, 1991, the use of force to obtain Iraqi compliance with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> resolutions remained a war powers issue, even with the enactment of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Iraq_Resolution_of_2002" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002">Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq</a> (P.L. 107-243), in October 2002.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PL107-243_6-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_note-PL107-243-6">[7]</a></sup><br />
May 20, 2011, marked the 60th day of US combat in Libya (as part of the UN resolution) but the deadline arrived without President Obama seeking specific authorization from the US Congress.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup> However since the US leadership was transferred to NATO <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup> and since US involvement is somewhat limited, President Obama had notified Congress that no authorization was needed. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_note-9">[10]</a></sup> On Friday, June 3, 2011, the US House of Representatives had voted to rebuke President Obama for maintaining an American presence in the NATO operations in Libya, which would be a violation of the War Powers Resolution.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_Powers_Resolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Questions regarding constitutionality">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Questions_regarding_constitutionality">Questions regarding constitutionality</span></h2><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">Separation of powers under the United States Constitution</a></div>The War Powers Resolution has been controversial since it became law.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_note-12">[13]</a></sup> In passing the resolution, Congress specifically cites the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper Clause</a> for its authority.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_note-13">[14]</a></sup> Under the Necessary and Proper Clause, it is specifically provided that the Congress shall have the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution, not only its own powers but also all other powers vested by the Constitution in the <i>Government of the United States</i>, or in <i>any department or officer</i> thereof.<br />
Because it limits the President's authority in the use of force without an official resolution or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a> by Congress, there is controversy as to whether the provisions of the resolution are consistent with the Constitution. Presidents have therefore drafted reports to Congress required of the President to state that they are "consistent with" the War Powers Resolution rather than "pursuant to" so as to take into account the presidential position that the Resolution is unconstitutional.<br />
One argument for the unconstitutionality of the War Powers Resolution by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Bobbitt" title="Philip Bobbitt">Philip Bobbitt</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_note-14">[15]</a></sup> argues "The power to make war is not an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumerated_power" title="Enumerated power">enumerated power</a>" and the notion that to "declare" war is to "commence" war is a "contemporary textual preconception". Bobbitt contends that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Framers</a> of the Constitution believed that statutory authorization was the route by which the United States would be committed to war, and that 'declaration' was meant for only <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total wars</a>, as shown by the history of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> with France (1798–1800). In general, constitutional powers are not so much separated as "linked and sequenced"; Congress's control over the armed forces is "structured" by appropriation, while the President commands; thus the act of declaring war should not be fetishized. Bobbitt also argues that "A democracy cannot ... tolerate secret policies" because they undermine the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_%28political%29" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a> of governmental action.<br />
A second constitutionality argument concerns a possible breach of the 'separation of powers' doctrine, and whether this Resolution changes the balance between the Legislative and Executive functions. This type of constitutional controversy is similar to one that occurred under President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_%281867%29" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act (1867)</a>. In that prior instance, the Congress passed a law (over the veto of the then-President) that required the President to secure Congressional approval for the removal of Cabinet members and other executive branch officers. The Act was not declared unconstitutional by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" title="U.S. Supreme Court">Supreme Court of the United States</a> until 1926<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_note-15">[16]</a></sup> ; therefore, when the Act was violated by Johnson, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeached</a> him; action in the Senate to remove him failed by one vote.<br />
Here, the separation of powers issue is whether the War Powers Resolution requirements for Congressional approval and presidential reporting to Congress change the constitutional balance established in Articles I and II, namely that Congress is explicitly granted the sole authority to declare war, "make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces" (Article 1, Section 8), and to control the funding of those same forces, while the Executive allegedly has inherent authority as Commander in Chief. This argument does not address the other reporting requirements imposed on other executive officials and agencies by other statutes, nor does it address the provisions of Article I, Section 8 that explicitly gives Congress the authority to "make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces."<br />
The constitution specifically states that Congress is authorized "to provide and maintain a Navy" (Article 1 Section 8). The idea of "maintenance" of a Navy implies that Naval Forces would be a permanent fixture of national defense. There is no provision in the Constitution for the maintenance of a standing Army. Provisions are made for Congress to "raise and support" land forces. "Raise" implies that the forces must be formed, or not currently in existence. The founders' strategy for national defense was based upon a bottom-up approach (armed citizenry organized into local militia) which could be federalized according to law, as prescribed in the Militia Acts of 1792. In modern circumstances the availability of a standing Army, and the President of the United States being authorized as "Commander in Chief," implies his ability as a military commander to employ forces necessary to fulfill his oath to defend the constitution.<br />
There is also an unresolved legal question, discussed by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Raymond_White" title="Byron Raymond White">Justice White</a> in <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_v._Chadha" title="INS v. Chadha">INS v. Chadha</a></i> of whether a "key provision of the War Powers Resolution", namely <a class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode50/usc_sec_50_00001544----000-.html" rel="nofollow">50 U.S.C. 1544(c)</a>, constitutes an improper legislative veto. (See <i>Chadha</i>, <a class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=462&invol=919" rel="nofollow">462 U.S. 919, 971</a>.) That section 1544(c) states "such forces shall be removed by the President if the Congress so directs by concurrent resolution". Justice White argues in his dissent in <i>Chadha</i> that, under the <i>Chadha</i> ruling, 1544(c) would be a violation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentment_Clause" title="Presentment Clause">Presentment Clause</a>. The majority in <i>Chadha</i> does not resolve the issue. Justice White does not address or evaluate in his dissent whether that section would fall within the inherent Congressional authority under Article I Section 8 to "make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces."<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_Powers_Resolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Clause" title="War Powers Clause">War Powers Clause</a> (of the Constitution)</li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_Powers_Resolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2><div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode50/usc_sup_01_50_10_33.html" rel="nofollow">Full text of the War Powers Resolution (50 U.S.C 1541–1548)</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Feldman, Noah (February 4, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/04/magazine/04WWLN_lede.t.html" rel="nofollow">"Whose War Powers?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Whose+War+Powers%3F&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft.au=Feldman%2C%26%2332%3BNoah&rft.date=February+4%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F02%2F04%2Fmagazine%2F04WWLN_lede.t.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:War_Powers_Resolution"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Feldman, Noah (January 8, 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/08/magazine/08court.html?pagewanted=print" rel="nofollow">"Our Presidential Era: Who Can Check the President?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Our+Presidential+Era%3A+Who+Can+Check+the+President%3F&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft.au=Feldman%2C%26%2332%3BNoah&rft.date=January+8%2C+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F01%2F08%2Fmagazine%2F08court.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dprint&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:War_Powers_Resolution"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2008/07/11/wrestling-over-war-powers.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.newsweek.com/2008/07/11/wrestling-over-war-powers.html</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld, Donald</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=_wIcpxMOjD4C&printsec=frontcover" rel="nofollow"><i>Known and Unknown: A Memoir</i></a>, Penguin, 2011. Cf. especially <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=_wIcpxMOjD4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=known+and+unknown&hl=en&ei=0VGmTf-PKuW10QGSxunpCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=war%20powers%20resolution&f=false" rel="nofollow">Chapter 1</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Savage" title="Charlie Savage">Savage, Charlie</a> (2011-04-01) <a class="external text" href="http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/01/clock-ticking-on-war-powers-resolution/" rel="nofollow">Clock Ticking on War Powers Resolution</a>, <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i></li>
<li id="cite_note-PL107-243-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_ref-PL107-243_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/107th_Congress" title="107th Congress">107th Congress</a> (10 October 2002). <a class="external text" href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ243.107" rel="nofollow">"Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002"</a> (text). United States Government Printing Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Authorization+for+Use+of+Military+Force+Against+Iraq+Resolution+of+2002&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=107th+Congress&rft.au=107th+Congress&rft.date=10+October+2002&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrwebgate.access.gpo.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetdoc.cgi%3Fdbname%3D107_cong_public_laws%26docid%3Df%3Apubl243.107&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:War_Powers_Resolution"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/05/20/lawmakers-demand-explanation-white-house-libya-deadline-arrives/" rel="nofollow">Libya War Deadline Arrives</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12876696" rel="nofollow">"Libya: Nato assumes control of military operation"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. March 27, 2011.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Libya%3A+Nato+assumes+control+of+military+operation&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.date=March+27%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-12876696&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:War_Powers_Resolution"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2011/05/white-house-on-war-powers-deadline-limited-us-role-in-libya-means-no-need-to-get-congressional-autho.html" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jun/3/bipartisan-congress-rebuffs-obama-libya-mission/" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Steinhauer, Jennifer (June 3, 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/world/africa/04policy.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all" rel="nofollow">"House Rebukes Obama for Continuing Libyan Mission Without Its Consent"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=House+Rebukes+Obama+for+Continuing+Libyan+Mission+Without+Its+Consent&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Steinhauer&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Steinhauer%2C%26%2332%3BJennifer&rft.date=June+3%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F06%2F04%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F04policy.html%3F_r%3D1%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:War_Powers_Resolution"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1079/is_n2140_v88/ai_6876296" rel="nofollow">"The war powers resolution"</a>. US Department of State Bulletin. 1988-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-07-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+war+powers+resolution&rft.atitle=&rft.date=1988-09-15&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State+Bulletin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1079%2Fis_n2140_v88%2Fai_6876296&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:War_Powers_Resolution"></span> "The War Powers Resolution has been controversial from the day it was adopted over President Nixon's veto. Since 1973, executive officials and many Members of Congress have criticized various aspects of the resolution repeatedly."</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> War Powers Joint Resolution, §2(b)</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> "War Powers: An Essay on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hart_Ely" title="John Hart Ely">John Hart Ely</a>'s <i>War and Responsibility: Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath</i>," <i>Michigan Law Quarterly</i> 92, no. 6 (May 1994): 1364–1400</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://supreme.justia.com/us/272/52/case.html" rel="nofollow">"Myers v. United States, 272 U. S. 52 (1926)"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Myers+v.+United+States%2C+272+U.+S.+52+%281926%29&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fus%2F272%2F52%2Fcase.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:War_Powers_Resolution"></span></li>
</ol></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_Powers_Resolution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><ul><li><span class="citation web">Grimmett, Richard Z. (February 14, 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33532.pdf" rel="nofollow">"CRS Report for Congress: War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance"</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-09-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=CRS+Report+for+Congress%3A+War+Powers+Resolution%3A+Presidential+Compliance&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Grimmett&rft.aufirst=Richard+Z.&rft.au=Grimmett%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+Z.&rft.date=February+14%2C+2006&rft.pub=%5B%5BFederation+of+American+Scientists%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fnatsec%2FRL33532.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:War_Powers_Resolution"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation web">United States Congress (November 7, 1973). <a class="external text" href="http://www.thecre.com/fedlaw/legal22/warpow.htm" rel="nofollow">"War Powers Act of 1973 (Public Law 93-148)"</a>. The Center for Regulatory Effectiveness<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-09-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=War+Powers+Act+of+1973+%28Public+Law+93-148%29&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=United+States+Congress&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft.date=November+7%2C+1973&rft.pub=The+Center+for+Regulatory+Effectiveness&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecre.com%2Ffedlaw%2Flegal22%2Fwarpow.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:War_Powers_Resolution"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation web">United States Congress (October 31, 1998). <a class="external text" href="http://www.iraqwatch.org/government/US/Legislation/ILA.htm" rel="nofollow">"H.R.4655: Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 (Public Law 105-338)"</a>. <i>IraqWatch.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-09-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=H.R.4655%3A+Iraq+Liberation+Act+of+1998+%28Public+Law+105-338%29&rft.atitle=IraqWatch.org&rft.aulast=United+States+Congress&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft.date=October+31%2C+1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqwatch.org%2Fgovernment%2FUS%2FLegislation%2FILA.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:War_Powers_Resolution"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation web">United States Congress (September 18, 2001). <a class="external text" href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ040.107" rel="nofollow">"Public Law 107-40: Joint Resolution: To authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the recent attacks launched against the United States (S.J. Res. 23)"</a> (text). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-09-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Public+Law+107-40%3A+Joint+Resolution%3A+To+authorize+the+use+of+United+States+Armed+Forces+against+those+responsible+for+the+recent+attacks+launched+against+the+United+States+%28S.J.+Res.+23%29&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=United+States+Congress&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft.date=September+18%2C+2001&rft.pub=%5B%5BUnited+States+Government+Printing+Office%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrwebgate.access.gpo.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetdoc.cgi%3Fdbname%3D107_cong_public_laws%26docid%3Df%3Apubl040.107&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:War_Powers_Resolution"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation web">United States Congress (October 16, 2002). <a class="external text" href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ243.107" rel="nofollow">"Public Law 107-243: Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 (H. J. Res. 114)"</a> (text). United States Government Printing Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-09-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Public+Law+107-243%3A+Authorization+for+the+Use+of+Military+Force+Against+Iraq+Resolution+of+2002+%28H.+J.+Res.+114%29&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=United+States+Congress&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft.date=October+16%2C+2002&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrwebgate.access.gpo.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetdoc.cgi%3Fdbname%3D107_cong_public_laws%26docid%3Df%3Apubl243.107&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:War_Powers_Resolution"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation web">Kinkopf, Neil. <a class="external text" href="http://www.acslaw.org/pdf/Kinkopf-Surge.pdf" rel="nofollow">"The Congress as Surge Protector"</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>). American Constitution Society for Law and Policy. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-09-30</span>. "The Supreme Court has been clear and unambiguous. When Congress, acting in the vast areas of overlapping power, tells the President 'no', the President must comply."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Congress+as+Surge+Protector&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Kinkopf&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Kinkopf%2C%26%2332%3BNeil&rft.pages=p.+2&rft.pub=American+Constitution+Society+for+Law+and+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acslaw.org%2Fpdf%2FKinkopf-Surge.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:War_Powers_Resolution"></span></li>
<li><span class="citation web">Doumar, Robert G. (January 8, 2003). <a class="external text" href="http://pacer.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinion.pdf/027338.P.pdf" rel="nofollow">"<i>Hamdi v. Rumsfeld</i> Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Norfolk (CA-02-439-2)"</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>). <i>USCourts.gov</i>. United States Judiciary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-09-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%27%27Hamdi+v.+Rumsfeld%27%27+Appeal+from+the+United+States+District+Court+for+the+Eastern+District+of+Virginia%2C+at+Norfolk+%28CA-02-439-2%29&rft.atitle=USCourts.gov&rft.aulast=Doumar&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft.au=Doumar%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+G.&rft.date=January+8%2C+2003&rft.pub=United+States+Judiciary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpacer.ca4.uscourts.gov%2Fopinion.pdf%2F027338.P.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:War_Powers_Resolution"></span></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_Powers_Resolution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="38" /></td> <td class="mbox-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <br />
<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_Powers_Resolution" title="wikisource:Special:Search/War Powers Resolution">War Powers Resolution</a></b></i></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/warpower.asp" rel="nofollow">Avalon Project - War Powers Resolution</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/crs/RL31185.pdf" rel="nofollow">The War Powers Resolution: After Twenty-Eight Years Nov. 15, 2001 PDF</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/crs/waract.htm" rel="nofollow">War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance Sep. 11, 2001 HTML</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/crs/IB81050_020108.pdf" rel="nofollow">War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance Jan. 8, 2002 PDF</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/crs/crs_ib81050.pdf" rel="nofollow">War Powers Resolution : Presidential Compliance Mar. 16, 2004 PDF</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/crs/ib81050.pdf" rel="nofollow">War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance Nov. 15, 2004 PDF</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl32267.htm" rel="nofollow">The War Powers Resolution: After Thirty Years</a></li>
</ul><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Congressional_opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War" title="Category:Congressional opposition to the Vietnam War">Congressional opposition to the Vietnam War</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_federal_defense_and_national_security_legislation" title="Category:United States federal defense and national security legislation">United States federal defense and national security legislation</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1973_in_law" title="Category:1973 in law">1973 in law</a></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com