Wachovia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the financial services company. For the geographic location of the same name (after which the bank was named), see Wachovia, North Carolina.
 | |
| Type | Division of Wells Fargo |
|---|---|
| Genre | Financial Services |
| Founded | 1908 |
| Headquarters | Charlotte, North Carolina, United States |
| Owner(s) | Wells Fargo |
| Employees | 121,890[1] |
| Website | www.wachovia.com |
Starting in 2009, the Wachovia brand is being absorbed into the Wells Fargo brand in a process that is initially estimated to last three years.[2] In July 2009, Wachovia Securities became Wells Fargo Advisors.[3] The merger of Wells Fargo and Wachovia bank charters was completed on March 20, 2010.[4][5]
Contents[show] |
[edit] Business lines
As an independent company, Wachovia provided a broad range of banking, asset management, wealth management, and corporate and investment banking products and services (many of these business areas have converted, or are in the process of converting, to management and branding under Wells Fargo). At its height, it was one of the largest providers of financial services in the United States, operating financial centers in 21 states and Washington, D.C., with locations from Connecticut to Florida and west to California.[6] Wachovia provides global services through more than 40 offices around the world.
It served retail brokerage clients under the name Wachovia Securities nationwide as well as in six Latin American countries, and investment banking clients in selected industries nationwide.[7] In 2009, Wachovia Securities was the first Wachovia business to be converted to the Wells Fargo brand, when the business became Wells Fargo Advisors. Wachovia also operated Calibre, its wealth management services to ultra-high net worth families with net worth exceeding $25 million.[8] In 2010, Calibre was renamed Wells Fargo Family Wealth.
The company's corporate and institutional capital markets and investment banking groups operated under the Wachovia Securities brand, while its asset management group operated under the Evergreen Investments brand until 2010, when the Evergreen fund family merged with Wells Fargo Advantage Funds, and institutional and high net worth products merged with Wells Capital Management and its affiliates.
Wachovia's private equity arm operated as Wachovia Capital Partners.[9] Additionally, the asset-based lending group operated as Wachovia Capital Finance.[10]
[edit] Origin of corporate name
Main article: Wachovia, North Carolina
Wachovia (pronounced /wəˈkoʊviə/ wə-KOE-vee-ə) has its origins in the Latin form of the Austrian name Wachau.[6] When Moravian settlers arrived in Bethabara, North Carolina, in 1753, they gave this name to the land they acquired, because it resembled the Wachau valley along the Danube River.[6] The area formerly known as Wachovia now makes up most of Forsyth County, and the largest city is now Winston-Salem.[edit] First Union
Main article: First Union Corporation
to become First Union National Bank of North Carolina. First Union Corporation was incorporated in 1967. Other predecessor companies include the Bank of North America, the first bank proposed, chartered and incorporated in America on December 31, 1781.
[edit] Wachovia
[edit] Merger of First Union and Wachovia
On April 16, 2001, Charlotte-based First Union Corporation announced it would merge with Winston-Salem based Wachovia Corporation. As an important part of the deal, First Union would shed its name and assumed the Wachovia identity and stock ticker (NYSE: WB).This merger was viewed with great surprise by the financial press and security analysts.[13] While Wachovia had been viewed as an acquisition candidate after running into problems with earnings and credit quality in 2000, the suitor shocked analysts as many speculated that Wachovia would be sold to SunTrust.[14]
The deal met with skepticism and criticism. Analysts, remembering the problems with the CoreStates acquisition, were concerned about First Union's ability to merge with another large company. Winston-Salem's citizens and politicians suffered a blow to their civic pride because Wachovia's corporate headquarters would move to Charlotte, a larger city than Winston-Salem. The city of Winston-Salem was concerned both by job losses and the loss of stature from losing a major corporate headquarters. First Union was concerned by the potential deposit attrition and customer loss in the city.[15] First Union responded to these concerns by placing the wealth management and Carolinas-region headquarters in Winston-Salem.
On May 14, 2001, Atlanta-based SunTrust announced a rival takeover bid for Wachovia, the first hostile takeover attempt in the banking sector in many years. In its effort to make the deal appeal to investors, SunTrust argued that it would provide a smoother transition than First Union and offered a higher cash price for Wachovia stock than First Union.[16]
Wachovia's board of directors rejected SunTrust's offer and supported the merger with First Union. SunTrust continued its hostile takeover attempt, leading to a bitter battle over the summer between SunTrust and First Union.[17] Both banks increased their offers for Wachovia, took out newspaper ads, mailed letters to shareholders, and initiated court battles to challenge each other's takeover bids.[18] On August 3, 2001, Wachovia shareholders approved the First Union deal, rejecting SunTrust's attempts to elect a new board of directors for Wachovia and ending SunTrust's hostile takeover attempt.[19]
Another problem concerned each bank's credit card division. In April 2001, Wachovia agreed to sell its $8 billion credit card portfolio to Bank One. The cards, which would have still been branded as Wachovia, would have been issued through Bank One's First USA division. First Union had sold its credit card portfolio to MBNA in August 2000.[20] After entering into negotiations, the new Wachovia agreed to buy back its portfolio from Bank One in September 2001 and resell it to MBNA. Wachovia paid Bank One a $350 million termination fee.
On September 4, 2001, First Union and Wachovia officially merged to form the new Wachovia Corporation, though First Union was the surviving entity. In order to prevent a repeat of the CoreStates problems, the new Wachovia took its time phasing-in the conversion of legacy Wachovia computer systems to First Union systems. The company first began converting systems in the southeast United States (where both banks had branches), before moving to the Northeast, where First Union branches only had to change their signs to reflect the new company name and logo. This process ended on August 18, 2003, almost 2 years after the merger took place.[21]
In comparison to the CoreStates purchase, the merger of First Union and Wachovia was billed as a success by analysts. The company's deliberate pace of conversion seems to have prevented any large-scale customer attrition. In fact, every year since the merger, Wachovia has been ranked number one in customer satisfaction among major banks by the University of Michigan's annual American Customer Satisfaction Index.[22]
When Wachovia and First Union merged, Charlotte, North Carolina's One, Two, and Three First Union buildings became One, Two, and Three Wachovia Center (respectively), and the 55-story First Union Financial Center in downtown Miami became the Wachovia Financial Center. The merger also affected the names of the indoor professional sports arenas in Philadelphia and Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Formerly known as the First Union Center and the First Union Spectrum (both Philadelphia) and First Union Arena (Wilkes-Barre), they were renamed the Wachovia Center (now known as Wells Fargo Center), Wachovia Spectrum, and Wachovia Arena at Casey Plaza (now known as Mohegan Sun Arena at Casey Plaza), respectively.
The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors (up to the Wachovia and First Union merger of 2001). The list is not comprehensive.
Wachovia (merged 2001) |
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[edit] Acquisitions
Between 2001 and 2006, Wachovia bought several other financial services companies in an attempt to become a national bank and comprehensive financial services company.[edit] Prudential Securities
Wachovia Securities and the Prudential Securities Division of Prudential Financial, Inc. combined to form Wachovia Securities LLC on July 1, 2003. Wachovia owns 62% of this entity, while Prudential Financial owns the remaining 38%.[23] At the time, the new firm had client assets of $532.1 billion, making it the nation's third largest full service retail brokerage firm based on assets.[23]Michael Serricchio, a broker for Prudential Securities, was called to active duty in the Air Force reserve in September 2001. At the time, he was handling about 250 accounts with assets totaling $15 million and earning $80000 a year. He was not offered his old position back after his military stint was over, instead being given a job to make cold calls for a $2,000-a-month advance on his commissions. Wachovia also shuffled all of Serricchio's clients away, leaving him with just 4. He sued Wachovia, who had purchased Prudential Securities. A jury found that Wachovia had breached the Uniformed Services Employment and Re-employment Rights Act by intentionally making Serricchio an offer that they knew that he would reject.[24][25]
[edit] Metropolitan West Securities
On October 22, 2003, Wachovia announced it would acquire Metropolitan West Securities, an affiliate company of Metropolitan West Financial.[26] This acquisition added a portfolio of over $50 billion of securities on loan to the Wachovia Global Securities Lending division.[edit] SouthTrust
On November 1, 2004, Wachovia completed the acquisition of Birmingham, Alabama-based SouthTrust Corporation, a transaction valued at $14.3 billion. The merger created the largest bank in the southeast United States, the fourth largest bank in terms of holdings, and the second largest in terms of number of branches. Integration was completed by the end of 2005.[27][edit] Failed MBNA purchase
In June 2005, Wachovia negotiated to purchase monoline credit card company MBNA. However, the deal fell through when Wachovia balked at MBNA's purchase price. Within a week of the deal's collapse, MBNA entered into an agreement to be purchased by Wachovia's chief rival, Bank of America. Wachovia received $100 million out of this deal, the result of an agreement Wachovia predecessor First Union made in 2000 when it sold its credit card portfolio to MBNA. This agreement required MBNA to pay this sum if it were ever sold to a competitor. In late 2005 Wachovia announced that it would end its relationship with MBNA and start up its own credit card division so that the bank could issue its own Visa cards[edit] Westcorp
[edit] Golden West Financial
Wachovia agreed to purchase Golden West Financial for a little under $25.5 billion on May 7, 2006.[29][30] This acquisition gave Wachovia an additional 285-branch network spanning 10 states. Wachovia greatly raised its profile in California, where Golden West held $32 billion in deposits and operated 123 branches.[29]Golden West, which operated branches under the name World Savings Bank, was the second largest savings and loan in the United States. The business was a small savings and loan in the San Francisco Bay area when it was purchased in 1963 for $4 million by Herbert and Marion Sandler. Golden West specialized in option ARMs loans, marketed under the name "Pick-A-Pay." These loans gave the borrower a choice of payment plans, including the option to defer paying a part of the interest owed, which was then added onto the balance of the loan. In 2006, Golden West Financial was named the "Most Admired Company" in the mortgage services business by Fortune magazine.[31] By the time Wachovia announced its acquisition, Golden West had over $125 billion in assets and 11,600 employees. By October 2, 2006 Wachovia had closed the acquisition of Golden West Financial Corporation. The Sandlers agreed to remain on the board at Wachovia.[29]
The Sandlers sold their firm at the top of the market, saying that they were growing older and wanted to devote themselves to philanthropy. A year earlier, in 2005, World Savings lending had started to slow, after more than quadrupling since 1998. Some current and former Wachovia officials say that the merger was agreed to in days and that it was impossible to conduct a thorough vetting of World Savings’ loans. They noted that the creditworthiness of World Savings borrowers edged down from 2004 to 2006, while Pick-A-Pay borrowers had credit scores well below the industry average for traditional loans. World Savings lending volume dipped again in 2006 shortly after the sale to Wachovia was initiated. In 2007, after the merger, World Savings, now known as Wachovia Mortgage began to attract more borrowers by taking a step that some regulators[who?] were starting to frown upon, and which the former World Savings management had been resisting for years: it allowed borrowers to make monthly payments based on an annual interest rate of just 1 percent. While Wachovia Mortgage continued to scrutinize borrowers’ ability to manage increased payments, the move to rock-bottom rates lured customers whose financial reliability was harder to verify.[32] More than 70% of the Pick-A-Pay loans were made in California, Florida and Arizona, where home prices have declined severely. New York Times reporter Floyd Norris has called World Savings a "ticking timebomb" that created "zombie homeowners".[33]
While Wachovia Chairman and CEO G. Kennedy "Ken" Thompson had described Golden West as a "crown jewel",[34] investors did not react positively to the deal at the time. Analysts have since said that Wachovia purchased Golden West at the peak of the US housing boom. Wachovia Mortgage's mortgage-related problems led to Wachovia suffering writedowns and losses that far exceeded the price paid in the acquisition, ending up in the fire-sale of Wachovia to Wells Fargo.[35]
[edit] A.G. Edwards
[edit] Historical data (2000-2008)
 Asset & Liability |  Asset/Liability |  Net Income |
Wachovia, excluding subsidiaries, was the fourth largest bank at the end of 2008.
[edit] 2007-2009 financial crisis
Exposed to risky loans, such as adjustable rate mortgages acquired during the Golden West acquisition, Wachovia began to experience heavy losses in its loan portfolios during the subprime mortgage crisis.[38][39]In the first quarter of 2007, Wachovia reported $2.3 billion in earnings, including acquisitions and divestitures.[40] However, in the second quarter of 2008, Wachovia reported a much larger than anticipated $8.9 billion loss.[41]
On June 2, 2008, Wachovia chief executive officer Ken Thompson was forced to retire. He'd been head of Wachovia since 2000, while it was still known as First Union.[42] The board replaced him on an interim basis with Chairman Lanty Smith. Smith had already replaced Thompson as chairman a month earlier.
On July 9, 2008, Wachovia hired Treasury Undersecretary Bob Steel as chief executive, in hopes that his experience would lead the company out of its difficulties.[43]
[edit] Government intervention
After Steel took over, he insisted that Wachovia would stay independent. However, its stock price plunged 27 percent during trading on September 26 due to the seizure of Washington Mutual the previous night. On the same day, several businesses and institutional depositors withdrew money from their accounts in order to drop their balances below the $100,000 insured by the FDIC—an event known in banking circles as a "silent run." Ultimately, Wachovia lost a total of $5 billion in deposits that day—about one percent of the bank's total deposits.[44] The large outflow of deposits attracted the attention of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, which regulates national banks. Federal regulators pressured Wachovia to put itself up for sale over the weekend. Had Wachovia failed, it would have been a severe drain on the FDIC's insurance fund due to its size (it operated one of the largest branch networks on the East Coast).[45][46]As business halted for the weekend, Wachovia was already in FDIC-brokered talks with Citigroup and Wells Fargo. Wells Fargo initially emerged as the frontrunner to acquire the ailing Wachovia's banking operations, but backed out due to concerns over Wachovia's commercial loans. With no deal in place as September 28 dawned, regulators were concerned that Wachovia wouldn't have enough short-term funding to open for business the next day. In order to obtain enough liquidity to do business, banks usually depend on short-term loans to each other. However, the markets had been so battered by a credit crisis related to the housing bubble that banks were skittish about making such loans. Under the circumstances, regulators feared that if customers pulled out more money, Wachovia wouldn't have enough liquidity to meet its obligations.[46]
When FDIC Chairwoman Sheila Bair got word of Wachovia's situation, she decided to have the Comptroller of the Currency seize Wachovia's banking assets and place them under the receivership of the FDIC. The FDIC would then sell the assets to the highest bidder. Bair felt this would best protect the small banks. However, several Federal regulators, led by New York Fed President Tim Geithner, felt such a course would be politically unjustifiable so soon after WaMu's seizure.[47]
After a round of mediation between Geithner and Bair, the FDIC declared that Wachovia was "systemically important" to the health of the economy, and thus could not be allowed to fail. It was the first time the FDIC had made such a determination since the passage of a 1991 law allowing the FDIC to handle large bank failures on short notice. Bair called Steel on September 28 and told him that the FDIC would be auctioning off Wachovia's banking assets.[47]
That night, the FDIC decided to sell Wachovia's banking operations to Citigroup in an "open bank" transfer of ownership. The transaction would have been facilitated by the FDIC, with the concurrence of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve and the Secretary of the Treasury in consultation with the President. The FDIC's open bank assistance procedures normally require the FDIC to find the cheapest way to rescue a failing bank. However, when a bank is deemed "systemically important," the FDIC is allowed to bypass this requirement. Steel had little choice but to agree, and the decision was announced on the morning of September 29, roughly 45 minutes before the markets opened.[46][48][49][50] From this point on, Citigroup became the source of liquidity allowing Wachovia to continue to operate until the acquisition was complete.
In its announcement, the FDIC stressed that Wachovia did not fail and was not placed into receivership. In addition, the FDIC said that the agency would absorb Citigroup's losses above $42 billion; Wachovia's loan portfolio was valued at $312 billion. In exchange for assuming this risk, the FDIC would receive $12 billion in preferred stock and warrants from Citigroup.[48][51][52][53] The transaction would have been an all-stock transfer, with Wachovia Corporation stockholders to have received stock from Citigroup, valuing Wachovia stock at about one dollar per share for a total transaction value of about $2.16 billion. Citigroup would have also assumed Wachovia’s senior and subordinated debt.[51][54] Citigroup intended to sell ten billion dollars of new stock on the open market to recapitalize its purchased banking operations.[51] The proposed closing date for the Wachovia purchase was by the end of the year, 2008.[55]
Wachovia expected to continue as a publicly traded company, retaining its retail brokerage arm, Wachovia Securities and Evergreen mutual funds.[54] At the time, Wachovia Securities had 14,600 financial advisers and managed more than $1 trillion, third in the U.S. after Merrill Lynch and Citigroup's Smith Barney.[51]
The announcement drew some criticism from Wachovia stockholders who felt the dollar-per-share price was too cheap. Some of them planned to try to defeat the deal when it came up for shareholder approval. However, institutional investors such as mutual funds and pension funds controlled 73 percent of Wachovia's stock; individual stockholders would have had to garner a significant amount of support from institutional shareholders to derail the sale. Also, several experts in corporate dealmaking told The Charlotte Observer that such a strategy is very risky since federal regulators helped broker the deal. One financial expert told the Observer that if Wachovia's shareholders voted the deal down, the OCC could have simply seized Wachovia and placed it into the receivership of the FDIC, which would then sell it to Citigroup. Had this happened, Wachovia's shareholders risked being completely wiped out.[56]
[edit] Purchase by Wells Fargo
Though Citigroup was providing the liquidity that allowed Wachovia to continue to operate, Wells Fargo and Wachovia announced on October 3, 2008 they had agreed to merge in an all-stock transaction requiring no FDIC involvement, apparently nullifying the Citigroup deal. Wells Fargo announced it had agreed to acquire all of Wachovia for $15.1 billion in stock. Wachovia preferred the Wells Fargo deal, as it would be worth more than the Citigroup deal and kept all of its businesses intact. Also, there is far less overlap between the banks, as Wells Fargo is dominant in the West and Midwest compared to the redundant footprint of Wachovia and Citibank along the East Coast and South. Both companies' boards unanimously approved the merger on the night of October 2.[57]Citigroup explored their legal options and demanded that Wachovia and Wells Fargo cease discussions, claiming that Wells Fargo engaged in "tortious interference" with an exclusivity agreement between Citigroup and Wachovia. That agreement states in part that until October 6, 2008 "Wachovia shall not, and shall not permit any of its subsidiaries or any of its or their respective officers, directors, [...] to [...] take any action to facilitate or encourage the submission of any Acquisition Proposal.".[58][59]
Citigroup convinced Judge Charles E. Ramos of the New York State Supreme Court to grant a preliminary injunction temporarily blocking the Wells Fargo deal.[60] This ruling was later overturned by Judge James M. McGuire of the New York State Court of Appeals, partly because he believed Ramos did not have the right to rule on the case in Connecticut.[61]
On October 9, 2008, Citigroup abandoned their attempt to purchase Wachovia's banking assets, allowing the Wachovia-Wells Fargo merger to go through. However, Citigroup is still pursuing its $60 billion claims, $20 billion in compensatory and $40 billion in punitive damages, against Wachovia and Wells Fargo for alleged violations of the exclusivity agreement.[62] Citigroup may have been pressured by regulators to back out of the deal; Bair endorsed Wells Fargo's bid because it removed the FDIC from the picture. Geithner was furious, claiming that the FDIC's reversal would undermine the government's ability to quickly rescue failing banks. However, Geithner's colleagues at the Fed were not willing to take responsibility for selling Wachovia.[47]
The Federal Reserve unanimously approved the merger with Wells Fargo on October 12, 2008.[63] The merger is, however, contingent on certain conditions, that the Federal Reserve has yet to announce.[64]
The combined company will be headquartered in San Francisco, home to Wells Fargo. However, Charlotte will be the headquarters for the combined company's East Coast banking operations, and Wachovia Securities will remain in St. Louis. Three members of the Wachovia board will join the Wells Fargo board. It will be the largest bank branch network in the United States.
In filings unsealed two days before the merger approval in a New York federal court, Citigroup argued that its own deal was better for U.S taxpayers and Wachovia shareholders. They said that they had exposed themselves to "substantial economic risk" by stating their intent to rescue Wachovia after less than 72 hours of due diligence. Citigroup had obtained an exclusive agreement in order to protect itself.[65] Wachovia suffered a $23.9 billion loss in the third quarter.[66]
In September 2008, the Internal Revenue Service issued a notice providing tax breaks to companies that acquire troubled banks. According to analysts, these tax breaks were worth billions of dollars to Well Fargo. Vice Chairman Bill Thomas of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission indicated that these tax breaks may have been a factor in Wells Fargo's decision to purchase Wachovia.[67]
Wells Fargo's purchase of Wachovia closed on December 31, 2008.
[edit] Controversies
 | This article's Criticism or Controversy section(s) may mean the article does not present a neutral point of view of the subject. It may be better to integrate the material in those sections into the article as a whole. (September 2008) |
A May 2007 New York Times article described Wachovia's negligence in screening or taking action against companies connected to identity theft.[70] These companies used stolen identities to remove funds from personal Wachovia bank accounts via unsigned checks. The article goes on to say "In all, Wachovia accepted $142 million of unsigned checks from companies that made unauthorized withdrawals from thousands of accounts, federal prosecutors say. Wachovia collected millions of dollars in fees from those companies, even as it failed to act on warnings, according to records." Furthermore, the article adds "In a lawsuit filed last year, the United States attorney in Philadelphia said Wachovia received thousands of warnings that it was processing fraudulent checks, but ignored them."
On April 25, 2008, Wachovia agreed to pay up to $144 million to end the investigation without admitting wrongdoing.[71] The investigation found that Wachovia had failed to conduct suitable due diligence, and that it would have discovered the thefts if it had followed normal procedures. The penalty is one of the largest ever demanded by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.
In April 2008 Wachovia was investigated by United States federal prosecutors as part of a probe into drug money laundering by Mexican and Colombian money-transferring firms. The investigation of the alleged laundering also included other large U.S. banks. Meanwhile at the same time Wachovia announced a $144 million settlement for federal charges that it had failed to stop telemarketers from taking advantage of thousands of elderly consumers.[72]
Wells Fargo has since admitted that its Wachovia unit was involved in money laundering for drug traffickers.[73] In March of 2010 Wachovia agreed to pay a $160 million dollar fine for involvement in Mexican drug cartel money laundering that could total up to $420 billion dollars. [74]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
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- ^ "Wells Fargo Completes Wachovia Purchase". Wells Fargo. 2008-12-31. http://markets.financialcontent.com/mi.charlotte/news/read?GUID=7565492. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ Circles of History, a July 17, 2009 blog entry from the Well Fargo - Wachovia blog
- ^ Integration Update: Combining Bank Charters
- ^ Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Conditional Approval #941
- ^ a b c "Wachovia Company Facts". Wachovia. 2007-04-16. http://www.wachovia.com/inside/page/0,,132_148,00.html. Retrieved 2007-06-14.
- ^ http://www.richmond-finance.com/issue1_wachovia.asp
- ^ "Calibre Wealth Management". Wachovia. 2009-01-01. https://www.calibre.com/foundation/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=1f0a354e20007110VgnVCM1000003f0c1872RCRD&vgnextfmt=default. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/permalink/?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20100324005248&newsLang=en
- ^ https://www.wellsfargo.com/press/2009/20091214_WFCapitalFinance
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- ^ Burrough, Bryan (2003). Barbarians at the Gate. HarperCollins. p. 40. http://books.google.com/books?id=8rVQ6wKWdaYC.
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- ^ "THE MARKETS: Market Place; First Union Pursues Wachovia, Making Offer of $13.1 Billion". The New York Times. 2001-04-17. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/17/business/markets-market-place-first-union-pursues-wachovia-making-offer-13.1-billion.html. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
- ^ "Wachovia and First Union announce Winston-Salem as base for the new Wachovia's Wealth Management Business" Wachovia press release, August 30, 2001
- ^ Atlas, Riva D. (2001-05-15). "SunTrust Makes Bid for Wachovia, Criticizing First Union's Offer". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/15/business/suntrust-makes-bid-for-wachovia-criticizing-first-union-s-offer.html. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
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- ^ Wachovia Corporation (2003-10-22). "Wachovia Announces Agreement To Acquire Metropolitan West Securities, LLC". Press release. http://www.wachovia.com/inside/page/0,,134_307%5E963,00.html. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
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- ^ Wachovia Corporation (2006-03-01). "Wachovia Completes Merger With Westcorp and WFS Financial Inc.". Press release. http://www.wachovia.com/inside/page/0,,134_307%5E1323,00.html. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
- ^ a b c "Wachovia acquires Golden West Financial". Associated Press. 2006-05-08. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12680868/from/RSS/. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
- ^ Wachovia Corporation (2006-05-07). "Wachovia To Acquire Golden West Financial, Nation's Most Admired and 2nd Largest Savings Institution". Press release. http://www.wachovia.com/inside/page/0,,134_307%5E1344,00.html. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
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