Extrasolar planets
There are 126 known extrasolar planets for which the true mass is estimable. There are currently 100 known planets in single planetary systems and 26 known planets in 9 multiple planetary systems (3 with two planets, 3 with three, 1 with four, 1 with five[2], and 1 with six).
The majority of these transit their stars, enabling determination of the inclination of their orbits and hence the true ratio of the masses of the planets to their parent stars. Given a firm determination of the parent star's parallax and some independent means of measuring the star's mass, an absolute value can be derived for the planet's mass. Note also that eclipsing binaries can only have their masses securely determined if spectra for both objects exist, whereas a planet will not have spectra. See, for example, the introduction in ISBS. Transiting planets allows some confidence in expressing the lower limit of the spectroscopically determined mass being near to the real value, as inclination is perforce nearly edge-on to the line of sight. However, as a transiting system is still essentially a single line spectroscopic binary, it is the mass function, and not the mass, that is being determined (see section on single line spectroscopic binaries here). The mass is dependent on a solid determination of the parent star's mass, a value that is generally not well known for singleton stars.
Some extrasolar planets have been detected via astrometry, an example being Epsilon Eridani b. The planets around OGLE-2003-BLG-235L/MOA-2003-BLG-53L, OGLE-2005-BLG-071L and OGLE-2006-BLG-109L were all detected by gravitational microlensing, a method giving the ratio of the mass of the planet to that of the parent star. In these three cases, the parent star has been directly detected, enabling a determination of the actual mass of the system and confirming the companions' planetary nature. The upper limit on the detected flux from MOA-2007-BLG-400L constrains its mass to be less than 0.75 solar masses if it is a main sequence star. Planets "B" and "C" orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257+12 have their masses determined by detection of their gravitational effects on each other. 2M1207b's mass is derived from evolutionary models of substellar objects. The masses of all single stars are derived from evolutionary models.
[edit] Planet data table
Planets in multiple-planet systems are highlighted in yellow, in circumbinary orbits are green, orbiting subdwarf B stars are pink, and orbiting brown dwarfs are orange.
Star | Planet | Mass (Compared to Jupiter) | Mass Error Margin | Radius (Compared to Jupiter) | Orbital period (days) | Semimajor axis (AU) | Orbital eccentricity | Inclination (°) | Discovery year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WASP-26 | b | 1.02 | ±0.03 | 1.32 | 2.7566 | 0.040 | 0 | 82.5 | 2010 |
| WASP-1 | b | 0.89 | ±0.2 | 1.358 | 2.51997 | 0.0382 | 0 | 83.9 | 2006 |
| HAT-P-16 | b | 4.193 | ±0.094 | 1.289 | 2.77596 | 0.0413 | 0.036 | 86.6 | 2010 |
| Upsilon Andromedae | 0.69 | ±0.03 | - | 4.617136 | 0.059 | 0.013 | ≥30 | 1996 | |
| Upsilon Andromedae | 11.59 | - | - | 237.7 | 0.822 | 0.224 | 9.3 | 1999 | |
| Upsilon Andromedae | 10.29 | - | - | 1302.61 | 2.55 | 0.32 | 23.14 | 1999 | |
| WASP-18 | 10.43 | ±0.4 | 1.165 | 0.9414518 | 0.02047 | 0.0088 | 86 | 2009 | |
| HD 15082 | b | <4.1 | - | 1.497 | 1.2198669 | 0.02555 | - | 87.67 | 2010 |
| HD 17156 | b | 3.212 | −0.082 / +0.069 | 1.023 | 21.21688 | 0.1623 | 0.6753 | 86.2 | 2007 |
| WASP-11/HAT-P-10 | b | 0.460 | ±0.028 | 1.045 | 3.7224690 | 0.0439 | 0 | 88.5 | 2008 |
| Epsilon Eridani | b | 1.55 | ±0.24 | - | 2502 | 3.39 | 0.702 | 30.1 | 2000 |
| WASP-22 | b | 0.56 | ±0.02 | 1.12 | 3.53269 | 0.0468 | 0.023 | 89.2 | 2010 |
| XO-3 | b | 11.79 | ±0.59 | 1.217 | 3.1915239 | 0.0454 | 0.26 | 84.2 | 2007 |
| HAT-P-15 | b | 1.946 | ±0.066 | 1.072 | 10.863502 | 0.0964 | 0.190 | 89.1 | 2010 |
| 2M J044144 | b | 7.5 | ±2.5 | - | - | 15 | - | - | 2010 |
| Beta Pictoris | b | 8 | −2 / +5 | - | ~6000 | 12 | - | - | 2008 |
| WASP-12 | b | 1.41 | ±0.1 | 1.83 | 1.091435 | 0.0229 | 0.049 | 83.1 | 2008 |
| COROT-12 | b | 0.917 | −0.065 / +0.070 | 1.44 | 2.828042 | 0.04016 | 0.070 | 85.48 | 2010 |
| COROT-7 | b | 0.0151 | ±0.0025 | 0.150 | 0.853585 | 0.0172 | 0 | 80.1 | 2009 |
| COROT-7 | c | 0.0264 | ±0.0028 | - | 3.698 | 0.046 | 0 | - | 2009 |
| COROT-5 | b | 0.467 | −0.024 / +0.067 | 1.388 | 4.0378962 | 0.04947 | 0.09 | 85.83 | 2008 |
| COROT-1 | b | 1.03 | ±0.12 | 1.49 | 1.5089557 | 0.0254 | 0 | 85.1 | 2007 |
| COROT-4 | b | 0.72 | ±0.08 | 1.19 | 9.20205 | 0.090 | 0 | 90 | 2008 |
| COROT-13 | b | 1.308 | ±0.066 | 0.885 | 4.03519 | 0.051 | 0 | 88.02 | 2010 |
| COROT-14 | b | 7.6 | ±0.6 | 1.09 | 1.51214 | 0.027 | 0 | 79.6 | 2010 |
| HAT-P-9 | b | 0.78 | ±0.09 | 1.4 | 3.92289 | 0.053 | 0 | 86.5 | 2008 |
| XO-4 | b | 1.72 | ±0.2 | 1.34 | 4.12502 | 0.0555 | 0 | 88.7 | 2008 |
| XO-5 | b | 1.077 | ±0.037 | 1.089 | 4.1877539 | 0.0487 | 0 | 86.8 | 2008 |
| XO-2 | b | 0.57 | ±0.06 | 0.973 | 2.615838 | 0.0369 | 0 | ≥88.58 | 2007 |
| HAT-P-13 | b | 0.851 | −0.046 / +0.029 | 1.28 | 2.91626 | 0.0426 | 0.021 | 83.4 | 2009 |
| 55 Cancri | 4.8 | - | - | 5169 | 5.74 | 0.014 | 53 | 2002 | |
| WASP-13 | b | 0.46 | −0.0019 / +0.0017 | 1.21 | 4.35298 | 0.0527 | 0 | 86.9 | 2008 |
| HD 80606 | b | 3.94 | ±0.11 | 1.029 | 111.43637 | 0.449 | 0.93366 | 89.285 | 2001 |
| WASP-19 | b | 1.15 | ±0.08 | 1.31 | 0.7888399 | 0.0164 | 0.02 | 80.8 | 2009 |
| OGLE-TR-211 | b | 1.03 | ±0.2 | 1.36 | 3.67724 | 0.051 | 0 | ≥87.2 | 2007 |
| OGLE-TR-132 | b | 1.14 | ±0.12 | 1.18 | 1.689868 | 0.0306 | 0 | 85 | 2003 |
| OGLE-TR-113 | b | 1.32 | ±0.19 | 1.09 | 1.4324757 | 0.0229 | 0 | 89.4 | 2004 |
| OGLE-TR-111 | b | 0.53 | ±0.11 | 1.067 | 4.0144479 | 0.047 | 0 | 88.1 | 2002 |
| OGLE2-TR-L9 | b | 4.5 | ±1.5 | 1.67 | 2.48553417 | 0.0418 | - | 82.47 | 2008 |
| OGLE-TR-182 | b | 1.01 | ±0.15 | 1.13 | 3.9791 | 0.051 | 0 | 85.7 | 2007 |
| Gliese 436 | b | 0.072 | ±0.0025 | 0.438 | 2.643904 | 0.02872 | 0.150 | 85.8 | 2004 |
| 2M1207 | b | 4 | −1 / +6 | 1.5 | 620000 | 41 | - | - | 2004 |
| PSR B1257+12 | A | 0.000063 | - | - | 25.262 | 0.19 | 0 | ~50 | 1994 |
| PSR B1257+12 | B | 0.013 | - | - | 66.5419 | 0.36 | 0.0186 | 53 | 1992 |
| PSR B1257+12 | C | 0.012 | - | - | 98.2114 | 0.46 | 0.0252 | 47 | 1992 |
| WASP-25 | b | 0.58 | ±0.04 | 1.26 | 3.76483 | 0.0474 | 0 | 87.7 | 2010 |
| HAT-P-3 | b | 0.599 | ±0.028 | 0.890 | 2.899703 | 0.03894 | 0 | 87.24 | 2007 |
| WASP-15 | b | 0.542 | ±0.05 | 1.428 | 3.7520656 | 0.0499 | 0 | 85.5 | 2008 |
| HAT-P-12 | b | 0.211 | ±0.012 | 0.959 | 3.2130598 | 0.0384 | 0 | - | 2009 |
| WASP-16 | b | 0.855 | ±0.059 | 1.008 | 3.1186009 | 0.0421 | 0 | 85.22 | 2009 |
| WASP-14 | b | 7.725 | −0.67 / +0.43 | 1.259 | 2.2437704 | 0.037 | 0.0903 | 84.79 | 2008 |
| WASP-24 | b | 1.032 | −0.037 / +0.038 | 1.104 | 2.3412083 | 0.0359 | 0 | 85.71 | 2010 |
| Gliese 581 | e | 0.006104 | - | - | 3.14942 | 0.03 | 0 | ≥30 | 2009 |
| Gliese 581 | b | 0.0492 | - | - | 5.36874 | 0.041 | 0 | ≥30 | 2005 |
| Gliese 581 | c | 0.01686 | - | - | 12.9292 | 0.07 | 0.17 | ≥30 | 2007 |
| Gliese 581 | g | 0.009765 | - | - | 36.562 | 0.14601 | - | - | 2010 |
| Gliese 581 | d | 0.02231 | - | - | 66.8 | 0.22 | 0.38 | ≥30 | 2007 |
| Gliese 581 | f | 0.02205 | - | - | 433 | 0.758 | - | - | 2010 |
| HAT-P-4 | b | 0.68 | ±0.04 | 1.27 | 3.056536 | 0.0446 | 0 | 89.9 | 2007 |
| Lupus-TR-3 | b | 0.81 | ±0.18 | 0.89 | 3.91405 | 0.0464 | 0 | 88.3 | 2007 |
| WASP-17 | b | 0.49 | −0.056 / +0.059 | 1.66 | 3.7354417 | 0.051 | 0.129 | 87.8 | 2009 |
| XO-1 | b | 0.9 | ±0.07 | 1.3 | 3.941534 | 0.0488 | 0 | 87.7 | 2006 |
| 1RXS J160929.1-210524 | b | 8 | - | 1.7 | ~330 | - | - | 2008 | |
| HD 147506 | HAT-P-2b | 9.09 | ±0.24 | 1.157 | 5.6334729 | 0.06878 | 0.5171 | 86.72 | 2007 |
| PSR B1620-26 | PSR B1620-26 b | 2.5 | ±1 | ~0.8 | ~36500 | 23 | low | 55 | 1993 |
| HD 149026 | b | 0.359 | −0.021 / +0.022 | 0.654 | 2.8758887 | 0.04313 | 0 | 85.3 | 2005 |
| GJ 1214 | b | 0.0179 | ±0.00027 | 0.2415 | 1.5803925 | 0.0143 | <0.27 | 88.62 | 2009 |
| HAT-P-14 | b | 2.232 | ±0.059 | 1.15 | 4.6267669 | 0.0606 | 0.107 | 83.5 | 2010 |
| OGLE-2005-BLG-071L | b | 3.5 | ±0.3 | - | 3600 | 3.6 | - | - | 2005 |
| OGLE-TR-10 | b | 0.63 | ±0.14 | 1.26 | 3.10129 | 0.04162 | 0 | 84.5 | 2002 |
| GSC 03089-00929 | TrES-3 | 1.92 | ±0.23 | 1.295 | 1.30619 | 0.0226 | 0 | 82.15 | 2007 |
| OGLE-2006-BLG-109L | b | 0.727 | ±0.06 | - | 1790 | 2.3 | - | 64 | 2008 |
| OGLE-2006-BLG-109L | c | 0.271 | ±0.022 | - | 4931 | 4.5 | 0.15 | 64 | 2008 |
| GSC 02620-00648 | TrES-4 | 0.919 | ±0.073 | 1.799 | 3.553945 | 0.05091 | 0 | 82.86 | 2006 |
| MOA-2008-BLG-310L | b | 0.23 | ±0.05 | - | - | 1.25 | - | - | 2009 |
| OGLE-2005-BLG-390L | b | 0.018 | - | - | 4800 | 2.6 | - | - | 2006 |
| OGLE-2007-BLG-368L | b | 0.0694 | - | - | - | 3.3 | - | - | 2009 |
| OGLE-TR-56 | b | 1.29 | ±0.12 | 1.30 | 1.211909 | 0.0225 | 0 | 78.8 | 2003 |
| SWEEPS J175853.92−291120.6 | SWEEPS-04 | 3.8 | - | 0.81 | 4.2 | 0.055 | - | ≥87 | 2006 |
| SWEEPS J175902.67−291153.5 | SWEEPS-11 | 9.7 | ±5.6 | 1.13 | 1.796 | 0.03 | - | ≥84 | 2006 |
| OGLE-2003-BLG-235L /MOA-2003-BLG-53L | b | 2.6 | ±0.8 | - | - | 4.3 | - | - | 2004 |
| OGLE-2005-BLG-169L | b | 0.041 | - | - | 3100 | 2.7 | - | - | 2006 |
| MOA-2007-BLG-192L | b | 0.01 | −0.005 / +0.015 | - | - | 0.62 | - | - | 2008 |
| MOA-2007-BLG-400L | b | 0.9 | ±0.4 | - | - | 0.85 or 7.5 | - | - | 2008 |
| HAT-P-5 | b | 1.06 | ±0.11 | 1.26 | 2.788491 | 0.04075 | 0 | 86.75 | 2007 |
| WASP-3 | b | 1.76 | −0.14 / +0.06 | 1.31 | 1.846834 | 0.0317 | 0 | 85.06 | 2007 |
| COROT-11 | b | 2.33 | ±0.34 | 1.43 | 2.99433 | 0.0436 | 0 | 83.17 | 2010 |
| COROT-9 | b | 0.84 | ±0.07 | 1.05 | 95.2738 | 0.407 | 0.11 | >89.9 | 2010 |
| COROT-6 | b | 2.96 | ±0.34 | 1.166 | 8.887 | 0.0855 | <0.1 | - | 2009 |
| Kepler-8 | b | 0.603 | −0.19 / +0.13 | 1.419 | 3.52254 | 0.0483 | 0 | 84.07 | 2010 |
| Kepler-9 | b | 0.252 | ±0.013 | - | 19.24 | 0.140 | 0 | - | 2010 |
| Kepler-9 | c | 0.171 | ±0.013 | - | 38.91 | 0.225 | 0 | - | 2010 |
| Kepler-4 | b | 0.077 | ±0.012 | 0.357 | 3.21346 | 0.0456 | 0 | 89.76 | 2010 |
| GSC 02652-01324 | TrES-1 | 0.61 | ±0.06 | 1.081 | 3.030065 | 0.0393 | 0.135 | 88.2 | 2004 |
| GSC 03549-02811 | TrES-2 | 1.199 | ±0.052 | 1.272 | 2.47063 | 0.03556 | 0 | 83.62 | 2006 |
| Kepler-7 | b | 0.433 | −0.041 / +0.040 | 1.478 | 4.885525 | 0.06224 | 0 | 86.5 | 2010 |
| COROT-10 | b | 2.75 | ±0.14 | 0.97 | 13.2406 | 0.1055 | 0.53 | 88.55 | 2010 |
| COROT-8 | b | 0.22 | ±0.03 | 0.57 | 6.21229 | 0.063 | 0 | 88.4 | 2010 |
| COROT-2 | b | 3.31 | ±0.16 | 1.465 | 1.7429964 | 0.0281 | 0 | 87.84 | 2007 |
| HAT-P-7 | b | 1.8 | −0.059 / +0.063 | 1.421 | 2.2047298 | 0.0379 | 0 | 84.1 | 2008 |
| Kepler-6 | b | 0.669 | −0.030 / +0.025 | 1.323 | 3.23423 | 0.04567 | 0 | 86.8 | 2010 |
| HAT-P-11 | b | 0.081 | ±0.009 | 0.422 | 4.8878162 | 0.053 | 0.198 | 88.5 | 2009 |
| Kepler-5 | b | 2.114 | ±0.064 | 1.431 | 3.54846 | 0.05064 | 0 | 86.3 | 2010 |
| HD 189733 | b | 1.13 | ±0.03 | 1.138 | 2.2185733 | 0.03099 | 0.00 | 85.76 | 2005 |
| WASP-2 | b | 0.914 | ±0.092 | 1.117 | 2.152226 | 0.03138 | 0 | 84.8 | 2006 |
| WASP-7 | b | 0.96 | −0.18 / +0.12 | 0.915 | 4.954658 | 0.0618 | 0 | 89.6 | 2008 |
| HD 209458 | b | 0.685 | −0.014 / +0.015 | 1.32 | 3.52474859 | 0.04707 | 0.07 | 86.677 | 1999 |
| HAT-P-8 | b | 1.52 | −0.16 / +0.18 | 1.5 | 3.07632 | 0.0487 | 0 | 87.5 | 2008 |
| Gliese 876 | d | 0.021 | ±0.001 | - | 1.93778 | 0.02080665 | 0.207 | 50 | 2005 |
| Gliese 876 | c | 0.7142 | ±0.0039 | - | 30.0881 | 0.12959 | 0.25591 | 48.07 | 2001 |
| Gliese 876 | b | 2.2756 | ±0.0045 | - | 61.1166 | 0.208317 | 0.0324 | 48.93 | 1998 |
| Gliese 876 | e | 0.046 | ±0.005 | - | 124.26 | 0.3343 | 0.055 | 59.5 | 2010 |
| Fomalhaut | b | 0.054–3.0 | - | - | ~320000 | ~115 | ~0.11 | ~66 | 2008 |
| ADS 16402 B | HAT-P-1b | 0.524 | ±0.031 | 1.225 | 4.4652934 | 0.0553 | 0.067- | 86.28 | 2006 |
| HR 8799 | d | 10 | ±3 | 1.2 | ~36500 | 24 | ~0 | ~0 | 2008 |
| HR 8799 | c | 10 | ±3 | 1.2 | ~69000 | 38 | ~0 | ~0 | 2008 |
| HR 8799 | b | 7 | −2 / +4 | 1.1 | ~170000 | 68 | ~0 | ~0 | 2008 |
| WASP-21 | b | 0.30 | ±0.01 | 1.07 | 4.322482 | 0.052 | 0 | 88.75 | 2010 |
| WASP-6 | b | 0.503 | −0.038 / +0.019 | 1.224 | 3.361006 | 0.0421 | 0.054 | 88.47 | 2008 |
| WASP-10 | b | 3.06 | −0.21 / +0.23 | 1.08 | 3.0927616 | 0.0371 | 0.057 | 86.8 | 2008 |
| WASP-4 | b | 1.237 | −0.079 / +0.087 | 1.365 | 1.3382282 | 0.0230 | 0 | 89.35 | 2007 |
| WASP-28 | b | 0.91 | ±0.06 | 1.12 | 3.408821 | 0.0455 | 0.046 | 89.1 | 2010 |
| HAT-P-6 | b | 1.057 | ±0.119 | 1.33 | 3.852985 | 0.05235 | 0 | 85.51 | 2007 |
| WASP-29 | b | 0.248 | ±0.02 | 0.74 | 3.923 | 0.0456 | 0 | 87.96 | 2010 |
| WASP-5 | b | 1.637 | ±0.082 | 1.171 | 1.6284246 | 0.02729 | 0 | 85.8 | 2007 |
| WASP-8 | b | 2.23 | - | 1.17 | 8.16 | 0.0793 | - | - | 2008 |
| Star | Planet | Mass (Compared to Jupiter) | Mass Error Margin | Radius (Compared to Jupiter) | Orbital period (days) | Semimajor axis (AU) | Orbital eccentricity | Inclination (°) | Discovery year |